Animals Of Different Genotypes Research Articles

Economically useful parameters and biological characteristics of Hereford cattle

At the stage of producing high-quality beef, the development and implementation of improved methods for obtaining, raising and fattening young cattle in the process of acclimatization, which allows for a more rational use of the biological potential of the breed, becomes relevant. The Hereford breed plays an important role in Russian cattle breeding. For more than 50 years, scientists, together with specialists in the agro-industrial complex, have created several genetic achievements. At the same time, the value of the breed lies in its inherent high reproductive and productive qualities, which are constantly transmitted and progressively develop from generation to generation, taking into account the changing environment of its habitat. In the process of their development, animals of different genotypes, finding themselves in new conditions, acquire other biologically and economically useful characteristics that were previously absent in the population. Hereford cattle are distinguished by high adaptive plasticity, stability, ease of feeding, high growth rates both during the fattening and fattening periods, and high early maturity of meat. Improving the Hereford cattle breed leads to a more rational use of selection and genetic traits, when tall animals are more consistent with the main direction of improving reproductive and productive qualities.

THE INTENSITY OF GROWTH OF YOUNG KALMYK BREED IN THE CONDITIONS OF LLC «MOSKOVSKY»

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, in recent years, the Kalmyk breed has been noted for its products in the meat direction in the development of meat cattle breeding. It is known that the productive properties of young animals are formed on the basis of heredity in the process of complex interaction between the organism and the environment, so the study of growth and development patterns of young animals of different genotypes is of great importance.
 Rations were compiled according to the fodder produced by the farm, depending on the age and sex of the animals. Feeding and housing conditions of experimental young animals before the loss of beet were organized in accordance with the technologies adopted in meat cattle breeding. The article presents research data on the dynamics of the growth and development of purebred Kalmyk in the contracts of Moskovsky LLP. During the research work on the farm, the control groups received 15 heads from birth to 12 months from each male trail: Bulls and female prints from the male Trail Moryak-120541 of group I - II; Bulls and female prints from the male trail Stroyny-2520 of Group III-IV. According to the requirements of the technology of experimental cattle breeding, control groups were fed and cared for at the same level. The control was determined according to the methodology for determining the ratio of maturity, growth dynamics of the live weight of the Young of the group, average daily growth, and absolute growth. The live weight of purebred meat Kalmyk Bulls and females at birth is 29-33 kg, and at 3 months-96-112 kg, at 6 months-149.1-167 kg, respectively, at 9 months-217.7-248 kg., and 245-310 kg at the age of 12 months.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTIVE INDEXES OF BULLS OF MEAT BREEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DNIPROVIAN STEPPE

Introduction. In many countries of the world, beef production is based on specialized meat cattle breeding. In Ukraine, this industry is also gaining strength, the breed composition is expanding, the number of livestock is increasing, and several foreign and domestic breeds of cattle are being grown. In terms of embryonic and post-embryonic growth and development, animals of different genotypes of beef cattle have many similar advantages, but at the same time certain breed differences and peculiarities are noted, which prompted the relevance of our research. The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of growth and development of Ukrainian gray, Ukrainian meat, and light Aquitaine breeds from birth to 30 months of age in the arid conditions of the Dnieper steppe. Methods. In the research farm "Polyvanivka" of the State Institution "Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences" three groups of clinically healthy gobies cattle of 4 heads each of gray Ukrainian, Ukrainian meat, and light Aquitaine breeds were formed. After birth, the animals were raised in the same room, under absolutely identical climatic, technological and fodder conditions until the age of 30 months. Distribution of fodder - by hand, watering of animals - with automatic waterers. Growth was studied according to external indicators of the measurements of body sexes, development - according to live weight, absolute and average daily growth. Modern biological, zootechnical, statistical, analytical methods were used. The results. A comparative assessment of growth and development features of beef cattle breeds (Ukrainian gray, Ukrainian meat, light Aquitaine) from birth to 30 months of age was carried out. The animals were fed with typical fodder for the steppe zone of Ukraine - winter wheat and barley straw, alfalfa hay, milk-wax corn silage, corn and alfalfa green mass, compound feed and mineral additives. External indicators show that all the controlled measurements of the livestock were within the breed norm, but their habit differed slightly: the gray Ukrainian bulls were taller; Ukrainian meat breed - more massive compared to the previous ones; and light Aquitaine - had a tubshaped body with well-developed trunk muscles. In the first months of the experiment, animals of the light Aquitaine breed were slightly behind their Ukrainian peers, but later, due to compensatory growth, they were ahead of their counterparts of the gray Ukrainian and Ukrainian meat breeds. In terms of slaughter performance, gray Ukrainian bulls were inferior to specialized butchers, which had their typical carcass weight, high slaughter yield and pulp yield. Conclusions. Despite the fact that the domestic gray Ukrainian and Ukrainian meat breeds are the most adapted to the dry hot climate, in our experiment, cattle of the light Aquitaine breed showed the highest productivity indicators, although its homeland is a "softer" climatic region. Key words: cattle, breed, bulls, ontogenesis, growth, development, exterior, productivity.

Технологические свойства и качественный состав молока и молочной сыворотки коров в зависимости от влияния генотипов по генам каппа- и бета-казеина

Studies were carried out on 118 cows of black and white Holsteinized breed with certain genotypes according to beta- (CSN2) and kappa-casein (CSN3) genes. The aim of the study was to examine the qualitative composition and technological properties of milk and milk whey of black and white Holsteinized cows obtained by the rennet coagulation studies in the relationship with the genotypes for beta- and kappa-casein genes. The distribution of alleles for the CSN2 gene in the studied population: A1 – 0,424 and A2 – 0,576. The distribution of alleles for the CSN3 gene: A – 0,754 and B – 0,246. Among the cows studied, most of the animals (55,9 %) are carriers of the A1A2 genotype, 29,7 % of the A2A2 and 14,4 % of the A1A1. Carriers of the AA genotype were 57,6 % of the animals, 35,6 % were AB and only 6,8 % were BB. The whey-to-milk ratio showed reliable differences and trends among the groups of animals of different genotypes by CSN2 and CSN3 genes for the indices of MFF, MFP lactose content, dry matter and casein content, which indicates the influence of genotype on the properties of milk during technological processing. Single-factor analysis of variance showed a significant effect of CSN2 gene genotype on rennet clotting and MFP in milk. Also a significant effect of CSN3 gene has been shown on rennet coagulation of milk, milk yield, MFF, MFP, casein content; in this connection it is the most perspective factor for further study and inclusion in breeding programs in order to increase genetic potential of milk productivity and qualitative composition of milk most suitable for processing in the populations of black and white Holstein breed.

Genome-wide analysis in the search for candidate genes associated with meat productivity traits in meat-and-dairy goats

The development of the tourism cluster in the North Caucasus causes the expansion of product range with high consumer characteristics, in particular, a sustainable offer of dairy and meat products labeled as environmentally friendly. In the range of such products with high dietary properties, a special role may be played by goat meat obtained from Karachay goats, which are the most common meat-and-dairy goats in the region. The aim of the work was to search for candidate genes associated with live weight and meat productivity of Karachay goats. GWAS analysis using Goat 50K BeadChip high-density DNA microarray determined a genome-wide level of significance for six SNPs located on chromosomes 5, 6, 10 and 16 associated with the live weight of young animals (4 and 8 months old). Three of the six SNPs within the ± 200 kb region were localized to HMGA2, CRADD, and MAX genes. These genes were selected to study the meat productivity traits of young goats with different genotypes. It was found that in the locus linked with HMGA2 gene, young goats with GG genotype were characterized by the best indicators of meat productivity. Compared to AA genotype animals, they had superiority in pre-slaughter weight, slaughter carcass weight, slaughter yield, boneless meat weight and loin eye area by 8.9%, 13.6%, 4.3% (P<0.05), 10.5% (P<0.05) respectively. Young goat meat of this genotype was characterized by the high protein content of 22.56% and low fat content of 9.12%. For the CRADD gene, animals with GG genotype had a higher pre-slaughter weight, slaughter weight, slaughter carcass yield, boneless meat weight and loin eye area. Animals with AG genotype were characterized by the lowest indicators. According to the above characteristics, the difference between the compared genotypes was 15.8%, 25.7% (P<0.01), 8.4% (P <0.05), 18.3%, and 15.7% (P 0.01) respectively. There were no significant differences in the chemical composition of muscle tissue between animals of different genotypes. HMGA2 and CRADD genes are promising for further research of Karachay goats breeding to increase meat productivity and meat quality.

Formation of economically useful traits in cows of ukrainian brown dairy breed of different genotypes by beta-casein

Recently, scientists have begun to pay more attention to research on the effects of beta-casein on human health. This is due to the presence of beta-casein A1 in milk. Cow's milk is known to contain several variants of beta-casein. However, variants A1 and A2 are the most common. This mutation is a codominant factor. There is a difference in the frequency of each genotype between animals of different breeds. Animals of the Holstein breed are characterized by the predominance of the A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes. 
 The influence of the beta-casein genotype on the formation of economically useful traits of Ukrainian brown dairy cattle has been studied. It was found that the animals met the breed standard in almost all indicators of milk productivity. Between animals of different genotypes the difference on separate economic and useful signs is revealed. Moreover, in different periods and on different grounds, it varied greatly, but was statistically insignificant. The best lactation showed a statistically significant difference between two homozygous genotypes in favor of the A2A2 genotype.
 It has been proven that milk containing beta-casein A1 can contribute to the development of some human diseases. Such diseases include cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, sudden infant death syndrome and various neurological disorders. Milk proteins can also be the cause of allergies. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of the genotype of kappa-casein on the economic and useful traits of animals of the Ukrainian brown dairy breed.
 It is proved that the formation of herds with the A2A2 genotype for beta-casein will not have a negative impact on economic and useful traits and thus ensure the preservation of the desired indicators of livestock productivity of new types of herds. The formation of herds with the A2A2 genotype for beta-casein will not have a negative significant impact on the economic and useful characteristics of animals and thus ensure the preservation of the desired productivity of livestock of new types of herds.

PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF COWS OF DIFFERENT GENOTIPIV AND THEIR ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO HOT WEATHER

Goal. To study the influence of breed affiliation on milk productivity, milk quality indicators and adaptability of animals of different genotypes to the action of hot weather conditions. Methods. Zootechnical, physical and biometric analyzes. Results. According to research results, the highest hopes for 305 days of three lactations are in purebred cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed with the appropriate indicators: for the first lactation – 5029.1 kg, for the second lactation – 5268.5 kg, for the third lactation – 5386.4 kg, which is more than local cows obtained from crossing cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed with bulls of Swiss breed, in terms of lactation, from 93.8 kg to 146.6 kg. For the above-mentioned lactations, local animals have an advantage in fat content of 0.19–0.26% and protein content by 0.14–0.19% and are superior to purebred animals in milk fat yield by 3.0–9.5 kg and protein by 2.6–6.4 kg.
 One of the indicators of milk productivity in breeding work with dairy cattle is the index of constancy of lactation, which is determined as a percentage and the closer it is to 100, the more stable will be lactation. According to the index of lactation stability, local animals have a slight advantage, which is 3.6% over purebred peers, with a significant difference (td = 2.11).
 Studies on the effect of elevated temperatures on the adaptability of cows of different genotypes were conducted in the period from May to September, when the temperature was 28–37 degrees Celsius. As a result of our research, we found that the change in air temperature from +18°C in the morning to +32–35°C in the afternoon (the second, third decade of July 2021) differently affected the clinical and physiological parameters in cows of different genotypes. The increase in daytime air temperature was accompanied by an increase in the number of respiratory movements in purebred and domestic animals, respectively, by 13.7 ± 0.96 (P < 0.05), and 9.9 ± 0.91, (P < 0.01) breath .movement / min. than in the morning The increase in rectal temperature in purebred and local cows occurred by 0.9 ± 0.09 (P < 0.001) and 0.5 ± 0.13°C (P < 0.001), respectively. The body of local cows was more resistant to the action of elevated ambient temperature, which was manifested in smaller fluctuations in their clinical indicators. At the same time, purebred animals outnumbered local cows by 7.3 breaths / min, respectively, in terms of the increase in the number of respiratory movements and the increase in body temperature. (P < 0.001) and 0.30°C (P < 0.01). The research results show that the coefficient of thermal vulnerability (according to AF Dmitriev) in domestic cows is lower than in purebred animals by 0.12 (P < 0.01). The heat resistance index in domestic cows was higher than in purebred animals by 8.1 (P < 0.01).
 We also studied the adaptive abilities of animals to environmental conditions in different periods. For this purpose, during periods of temperature stress (28–37°С), general clinical indicators were determined: internal body temperature and respiratory rate. Based on these data, we calculated the coefficient of thermal sensitivity of cows according to the formula M. V. Benezra (1954). The obtained data show that in all studied periods purebred animals are characterized by greater thermal sensitivity than domestic animals.It should be noted that the most sensitive animals of different genotypes were exposed to hot weather conditions at a temperature of 32–37°C. The coefficient of thermal sensitivity in different study periods in domestic cows was lower compared to purebred animals by 0.11–0.39 (P < 0.001).
 According to the results of the research, the dependence of heat resistance of cows on their genotype was established. Local cows have the best adaptive abilities to hot weather conditions, as they have more balanced heat resistance. Conclusions. Comparative analysis of milk productivity shows that the highest hopes for 305 days of the three considered lactations are in purebred cows, which are dominated by local cows, in terms of lactation, from 93.8 to 146.6 kg of milk. At the same time, for the above-mentioned lactations, local animals have an advantage in terms of fat content by 0.19–0.26%, and protein content by 0.14–0.19%, and in terms of milk fat yield, respectively, by 3.0–9.5 kg and protein by 2.6–6.4 kg. At the same time, higher adaptive abilities of local cows to the action of hot weather conditions have been established, as they have more balanced indicators of heat resistance.

FORMATION OF ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS IN COWS OF UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES BY KAPPA-CASEIN

The genes of cattle casein are polymorphic. Today, a large number of variants of kappa-casein protein are known:
 A, B, B2, C, D, E, F1, F2, G1, G2, H, I і J. Scientists pay attention to three main types of genotypes – AA, AB and BB. It has been proven that the most common alleles of kappa-casein in cattle are A and B. Importantly, the allelic variant of kappa-casein B is associated with the production of milk with a more optimal chemical composition and technological parameters for cheese production compared to the A allele.
 According to the results of scientific research, it was established that the level of milk yield in cows with the AA genotype was higher compared to animals of other genotypes. At the same time, animals with the BB genotype are characterized by a higher protein content in milk compared to milk from animals with the AA genotype. Scientists have also proven that the milk of animals with the desired genotype (BB) curdles faster during cheese production, and the yield of cheese is higher than that of animals with the AA genotype. In confirmation of this, other researchers note that animals with the AA genotype have a lower average protein content in milk (by 0.09%) compared to animals with the BB genotype.
 The purpose of the study is to establish the influence of kappa-casein genotypes on economic and useful traits of animals of Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed.
 Research materials and methods. Genotyping of 42 heads of Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed cattle belonging to the Breeding Plant of the State Enterprise "Experimental Farm of Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS" was carried out. Determination of kappa-casein gene polymorphism was carried out in the genetic laboratory of the Institute of Physiology named after Bogomolets of NAS with the help of molecular biological analysis of allele recognition by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time.
 Blood samples were collected in monovets with a volume of 2.7 ml (Sarstedt, Germany), with subsequent freezing of the samples and their storage at -20ºC. DNA for genotyping was obtained from samples using the Monarch® New England BioLab (USA) genomic DNA purification kit according to the manufacturer's protocol.
 Three sub-experimental groups of Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed animals with genotypes according to kappa-casein AA, AB and BB were formed. The electronic database of SUMS "Orsek" was used to evaluate economic and useful features. Changes in live weight of cattle up to 18 months of age, indicators of reproductive capacity, and milk productivity were evaluated. The research results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics using the "Statistica-6.1" package in the Windows environment on a personal computer.
 As a result of the conducted research, no significant influence of the kappa-casein genotype on live weight indicators of heifers was established in all studied periods. This indicates that when creating herds of animals with the desired BB genotype, the growth indicators of repair heifers will not deteriorate.
 According to indicators of reproductive capacity, there is no statistically significant difference between animals of different genotypes. At the same time, the youngest age of first insemination was distinguished by animals with the AB genotype, and the highest – with the AA genotype. The duration of the intercalving period and the value of the coefficient of reproductive capacity were the lowest in homozygous (AA) and heterozygous (AB) animals.
 During the first lactation, homozygous AA animals had an advantage in the content of fat and protein in milk. Homozygous BB cows had an advantage in terms of milk yield in the third lactation, in terms of fat content – animals with heterozygous genotype AB, protein – animals with genotype AA. In terms of better lactation, animals with the BB genotype prevailed over other groups in terms of milk yield. Homozygous AA animals had an advantage in terms of fat content, and homozygous BB animals had an advantage in terms of protein content.
 Conclusions. Animals of the Ukrainian Brown Dairy breed corresponded to the standard of the breed in almost all indicators of milk productivity. Between animals of different genotypes, according to kappa-casein, a difference was established for certain economic and useful traits. It should be noted that in different periods and according to different characteristics, it varied greatly, and in some cases it was statistically significant. In the third and best lactation according to milk yield, a statistically significant difference was established between homozygous BB, heterozygous AB genotypes and homozygous AA in favor of the first two genotypes. It can be stated that the formation of herds with the BB genotype for kappa-casein will ensure the preservation of the desired values of productive indicators of dairy cattle.

Effect of leptin C528T and leptin C73T polymorphisms and pregnancy on adipose tissue formation and carcass grade in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows.

Background and Aim:The leptin (LEP) gene plays a role in the regulation of the activity required to obtain food, energy metabolism, and fat deposition and affects the body composition of animals. Lipogenesis is an ineffective process. A lot of energy from feed is expended on the synthesis of adipose tissue. This study aimed to determine the effect of LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms and pregnancy on adipose tissue formation and carcass grade in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows.Materials and Methods:Heifers (n = 49) and first-calf cows (n = 30) were grouped according to their genotype for LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms at the age of 24 months. DNA samples were isolated from whole blood. Experimental animals were slaughtered at the age of 24 months, and a chemical analysis of samples of longissimus dorsi muscle and ground beef was performed.Results:The maximum internal fat weight, back-fat thickness, and fat content of the longissimus dorsi muscle and ground beef were determined in heifers heterozygous for both LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms. The ranking of genotypes in terms of adipose tissue formation did not change in first-calf cows compared to heifers carrying the same LEP gene variants. Pregnancy had a more significant (p < 0.05–0.001) effect on slaughter parameters and lipogenesis in animals of different genotypes than studied polymorphisms. Heterozygosity of the LEP gene was much more strongly expressed in the carcass grade of heifers. ”Prime” grades were assigned to 66.7% of carcasses heterozygous for LEP C528T and “Top Choice” to 58.8% of carcasses with LEP C73T nucleotide substitutions.Conclusion:LEP C528T and LEP C73T polymorphisms were shown to affect the extent of fat formation in Aberdeen Angus heifers and first-calf cows. Animals with heterozygous genotypes exhibited the maximum development of internal fat, back-fat, and intramuscular fat. Pregnancy had a more significant effect on slaughter parameters and adipose tissue formation than studied polymorphisms. First-calf cows had a significantly lower fat content in carcasses than heifers. These results can aid in the production of efficient mature herds of Aberdeen Angus cattle.

Formation of economically useful traits in cows of ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed of different genotypes by kappa-casein

The influence of kappa casein genotype on the formation of economically useful traits of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cattle has been studied. Genotyping of 25 heads of cattle of the Ukrainian black-and white dairy breed belonging to the Breeding Plant of the State Enterprise "Research Farm of the Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS" was carried out. Determination of polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene was performed in the genetic laboratory of the Bogomolets Institute of Physiology of NAS using molecular biological analysis of allele recognition by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time. To assess the economically useful features used an electronic database of SUMS "Orsek". The content of milk components was determined in the laboratory of Sumy National Agrarian University on the equipment Ultrasonic milk analyzer Master Classic. It was found that the animals met the breed standard in almost all indicators of milk productivity. Between animals of different genotypes the difference on separate economically useful signs is revealed. However, in different periods and on different grounds, it varied greatly, and in some cases it was statistically significant. The genotype for kappa-casein did not have a significant effect on live weight in all study periods. Animals with the AA genotype predominated on this trait of animals of other genotypes. At the same time, animals of all studied genotypes in almost all age periods exceeded the breed standard. According to the results of the assessment of the reproductive capacity of animals, it was found that the youngest age of the first insemination is characteristic of animals with genotype AA, and the highest - with genotype BB. The age of first insemination in animals with genotype AA was less than the average for the herd. The live weight of these animals was the largest and was higher than the average for the herd. The average duration of the service period for the herd was 130 days. It was lowest in animals with homozygous BB genotype (P &lt;0.05). Accordingly, the duration of the period between calving and the value of the reproductive capacity were the lowest in homozygous (BB) animals (P &lt;0.05). The level of average milk yield of an animal with the desired genotype (BB) was lower than the average yield of animals with other studied genotypes. They were also inferior to the average indicator of the herd. The level of milk yield of animals of all genotypes was higher than the breed standard. It was found that the average fat content in the milk of animals of homozygous genotypes AA and BB slightly prevailed over animals with heterozygous genotype AB. Animals with the BB genotype (p &lt;0.05) were statistically significantly superior in protein content. Compliance with the breed standard in terms of fat content in milk is positive, and only homozygous (BB) animals met the standard in terms of protein content. In terms of dry matter content, dry nonfat milk residue, casein, animals with homozygous BB genotype were preferred. In terms of lactose content, animals with the AA genotype were preferred. It is proved that the formation of herds with BB genotype for kappa-casein will not have a negative impact on the economically useful characteristics of animals. Key words: genotype, kappa-casein, live weight, reproductive capacity, milk productivity.

PRODUCTIVITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF BRIGHT DIFFERENT GENOTYPES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE FACTORS

Modern problems of sheep breeding emphasize the urgent need for thorough research aimed at further improving the existing breeds of sheep, breed groups and high-yielding types of meat and meat-wool areas of productivity in the face of climate change. An equally important approach in the selection of sheep breeds is to identify the relationship between internal indicators of their body and signs of productivity. This makes it possible to effectively use the biological reserves of sheep in the direction of increasing meat and wool productivity, as well as to obtain new data on the formation of the adaptability of animals of different genotypes in ontogenesis. Given this, the research aimed to reveal the patterns of influence of climatic factors on the productivity and adaptability of brightly different genotypes with traditional technology of sheep production. The experimental work was carried out in the production conditions of the breeding plant of the State Enterprise "Gontarivka" IT NAAS Chuguiv district of Kharkiv region, the department of selection and technological research in small livestock and horse breeding of the Institute of Animal Husbandry NAAS. It was found that the cultivation of bright in the conditions of pasture-camp content, compared with the stall-camp, despite the negative impact of outdoor air temperature, contributes to a more pronounced normalizing effect on the intensity of their growth while increasing the average daily gain by 42.0 g or 35.2 % and improving the reproductive function, due to the ability to arrive earlier than others in the hunt. It is proved that seasonal fluctuations of climatic conditions cause an increase in body temperature, respiratory rate and pulse, a gradual increase in temperature from the lower to the upper zones of the staple in runes and cause thermal differences in different topographic areas of the body surface.

The Investigation of β-case in gene polymorphism and its relationship with milk composition in cows

To study the polymorphism of β-casein gene and its effecton the quality of cow's milk the research was conducted in the breeding herds of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, Lebedynand Simmental breeds. Genotyping of 200 head of cattle wascarried out. Determination of β-casein gene polymorphismwas performed in the genetic laboratory of Bohomolets Institute of Physiology. The TagMan@Genotyping system and aset of primers and probes were used for allelic discrimination.It was found that the frequencies of alleles A1 (0.294-0.380) and A2 in the locus of β-casein gene differed in animals of different breeds. The highest frequency of the desiredallele A2 had the population of Lebedyn breed cows (0.706),while the lowest was in Simmental ones (0.620). The frequency of A1 allele was the lowest in the cows of Lebedyn breed(0.294), and the highest in Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairybreed (0.380). Accordingly, the frequencies of genotypesA1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 differed depending on the origin. Thedesired genotype was more common in animals of UkrainianBlack-and-White Dairy and Lebedyn breeds (53-52%, respectively). Heterozygous genotype occurred more frequently in animals of Lebedyn and Simmental breeds (37%). Thehighest frequency of A1A1 genotype was characteristic ofanimals of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy and Simmentalbreeds (20%). According to the genetic and statistical analysis, there was an excess of homozygous variants of A1A1 andA2A2 in β-casein locus, and a lack of heterozygous A1A2.At the same time in animals of Ukrainian Black-and-WhiteDairy breed, the difference between the actual and expecteddistribution of genotypes was statistically significant.There was a difference in the quality characteristics ofmilk between animals of different genotypes. In animals ofdifferent breeds, the content of certain components of milkdid not vary equally depending on theβ-casein genotype, butthis difference was statistically insignificant.Cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed withhomozygous A1A1 genotype exceeded others in terms offat content, those with heterozygous A1A2 genotype had anadvantage in terms of protein, lactose and dried skimmedmilk remainder (DSMR). Animals of Lebedyn breed with theA2A2 genotype predominated animals of other genotypes inall investigated indicators of milk quality. Animals of Simmental breed with the desired A2A2 genotype had a lower fatcontent in milk compared to animals of other genotypes andthe average values in the sample. These animal together withA1A1 homozygotes had higher protein content in milk thanheterozygous animals and average values in the sample. Inour opinion the small number of experimental animals wasone of the reasons for the lack of a definite difference betweenthe average values of the milk components of cows of different β-casein genotypes. Key words: breed, fatcontent, proteincontent, kappacasein, genotype, allele, sire.

STUDY OF BETA-CASEIN GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MILK COMPOSITION IN SIMMENTAL COWS

STUDY OF BETA-CASEIN GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MILK COMPOSITION IN SIMMENTAL COWS

МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО БАРЬЕРА КОЖИ СВИНЕЙ ПОЛТАВСКОЙ МЯСНОЙ ПОРОДЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ГЕНОТИПА

The accumulation of knowledge about the structure and functions of the epidermis will make it possible to solve the most important practical tasks of forming the animals’ productivity and health. Two breeding groups have been researched: 1) purebred young boars, 2) young boars with the blood of Finnish Landrace. The studies were carried out when the animals reached live weight of 100 kg, and the control slaughter was made. The results of the Poltava Meaty Breed pigs’ skin epidermal barrier research made it possible to trace significant differences in the ratio of the main epidermis layers in animals of different genotypes. The genotype influence was 15.45 %. An-imals with the blood of the Finnish Landrace have lower biological possibilities for life in the given climatic and technological conditions, that is, they are less promising for further breeding work.

Органолептична оцінка м’яса різних генотипів свиней

The main indicators of the organoleptic assessment of muskulus longissimus dorsi of different genotypes of pigs in pure breeding, crossing and hybridization has been studies. Determination of indicators of organoleptic evaluation of muskulus longissimus dorsi was carried out by conventional methods. The materials of experimental studies were processed using methods of variation statistics. In pure-bred breeding for tenderness, color of muskulus longissimus dorsi in animals of the Landrass breed were characterized by the best indicators. Their advantage over their peers of the Large White breed was the following: in tenderness - 0.056 (group III, P>0.95)...0.044 kg/cm2, p. (IV group, P>0.99), in terms of color intensity - 5.0...9.2 extinction units, but no significant difference was found (P<0.95). Industrial crossing with the use of Landrass and Duroc boars made certain changes in the indicators of organoleptic assessment of the longissimus muscle dorsi. There was no significant difference in tenderness with the same «share of blood» for the Duroc and Landrass breeds. Crossbred animals of the indicated breeds of boars with a «blood share» ¾, compared with their peers with a «blood share» of ½, had more tender meat and the difference was 0.010 (Duroc breed, P>0.95) and 0.015 (Landrass breed, P>0.999). No significant differences between crossbred animals of different genotypes in color have been established. An increase in the «blood share» of the Duroc and Landrass breeds from ½ to ¾ contributed to an increase in the heterosis effect in tenderness by 1.5 (D)...2.3 % (L). In terms of color and boiling such a regularity was established in the descendants with a «share of blood» of the Duroc breed (1.4% and 2.4%, respectively). Hybrid animals obtained from the crossing of boars of the Poltava meat and Ukrainian meat breeds with the uterus of the large white breed had practically the same values in the tenderness of the longest muscle of the back. They also did not differ in the degree of boiling. Hybrid animals obtained from boars of the Ukrainian meat breed and raised in a specialized farm were characterized by a high value of the effect of heterosis in all indicators of organoleptic assessment, and those raised in a commercial economy were inferior to their peers with a «share of blood» of the Poltava meat breed in tenderness (by 0.4 %) and boiling (by 0.6 %).

Molt of the American mink, depending on the genotype and nature of the behavior

The object of research was the American mink, a predator, a semi-aquatic representative of the mustelidae family. The study was carried out on an adult population of males and females of the 22nd generation of different behavioral types and genotypes at the Experimental Fur Farm of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The total number of studied animals was 547 ones of the Standard dark brown (+/+), Hedlund-white (h/h) and black crystal (CR/ +) genotypes. All animals were kept in the same conditions and received food edlibitum (lat. – full) on a unified ratio once a day in the afternoon. The research results were processed using a standard biometric method. The comparison was carried out according to the Student’s test. The aim of this work was to study the course of molting of the American mink depending on the genotype, behavioral character and gender of animals. At the end of August, a visual assessment of the course of molt along the tail was carried out. Points were assigned individually to each animal (from 0 to 5 points). During the study of the molting process of the American mink, it was found that in male aggressors of the black crystal and headlund genotypes, molting proceeded much more intensively than in animals of the standard genotype (by 1.9 and 1.3 points), and in females of the aggressive type of behavior of the standard genotype it was faster than in females of genotypes headlund and black crystal (by 1.8 and 1.6 points). When comparing gender data in animals of different genotypes and behavioral reactions, the best molt course was found in male aggressors of the Hedlund and Black Crystal genotypes in comparison with females of the same genotypes (by 0.6 and 0.5 points, respectively). Due to domestication and selection, changes occur in the economically useful traits of animals. Research in this area makes it possible to study these processes and apply them in practice. Ignoring the biological characteristics of minks creates a threat to the emergence and development of serious abnormalities in metabolism, which can lead to a decrease in productivity and even death.

SHAPING THE MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF MEAT AND WOOL SHEEP OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES

The article presents the results of the control slaughter of 8 months. rams after feeding with feeding, obtained from the selection of semi-fine-fleece queens of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep with producers of Akzhaik and Kuibyshev breeds. Studies have shown that the KB x AKMSh crosses before feeding with feeding had a better live weight than purebred peers. During the feeding period with feeding in terms of the rate of gain in live weight, the Kuibyshev rams' hybrids retained their superiority. Feeding qualities of crossbred animals in the variant of selection of KB x AKMSh in comparison with purebred AKMSh x AKMSh indicates their better use of feed and better live weight. Consideration of the quantitative and qualitative traits of meat productivity in the studied genotypes revealed the superiority of the KB x AKMSh genotype over the AKMSh x AKMSh genotype in terms of fresh carcass weight, slaughter weight, slaughter yield, muscle tissue content in the carcass and meat content coefficient. For all groups, the slaughter yield was 47.8 -48.7%. The meat content coefficient at the control slaughter of young animals at 8 months indicates the influence of producers of all groups, with somewhat better meat and wool rams in Kuibyshev, on improving the meat quality of carcasses. Analysis of the results of studies of the chemical composition of muscle tissue indicates certain differences in the amount of its chemical components in the studied animals, depending on the genotype. The muscle tissue of the KB x AKMSh genotype contained less moisture, but more protein and fat in comparison with the meat of akzhaik purebred animals. There were no significant changes in the amount of ash, calcium and phosphorus in the muscle tissue of young animals of different genotypes. In general, the carcasses of all the rams were well formed and characterized the sheep of the meat and wool direction of productivity with the best slaughter indicators from the producers of the Kuibyshev breed.

STUDY OF β-CASEIN GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH MILK COMPOSITION OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY COWS

In the breeding herds of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, the research was conducted to study the polymorphism of β-casein gene and its effect on the qualitative composition of cow's milk. Genotyping of 146 heads of cattle was carried out. Determination of β-casein gene polymorphism was performed in the genetic laboratory of Bohomolets Institute of Physiology. The TagMan@Genotyping system and a set of primers and probes were used for allelic discrimination. It was found that the frequencies of alleles A1 (0.421) and A2 (0.579) in the locus of β-casein gene were different, the latter being higher. Consequently, the frequencies of genotypes A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 were different, 25%, 35% and 40% respectively. According to genetic and statistical analysis, there was an excess of homozygous variants of A1A1 and A2A2 in the β-casein locus, and a lack of heterozygous A1A2. There was a difference in the quality characteristics of milk between animals of different genotypes. The content of individual milk constituents did not vary equally depending on the β-casein genotype, but this difference was statistically insignificant. The average content of constituents in the milk of cows corresponded to the breed standards in terms of fat content and was slightly inferior to it in terms of protein content. Cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed with heterozygous A1A2 genotype exceeded others in terms of protein, lactose and dried skimmed milk remainder. Homozygous genotypes A1A1 and A2A2 had higher fat content in milk than heterozygotes. As there is no statistically significant difference in the main milk constituents (fat, protein) between animals of different genotypes for β-casein, the formation of herds with A2A2 genotype for β-casein will not adversely affect the productive traits of cows and thus ensure sufficient quality indicators of milk of new herd types. Livestock breeders need to pay some attention to selection and technological measures to increase the protein content in milk.

Polygenic hereditary traits of young pigs and their association with the melanocortin receptor gene – 4 (MC4R)

The article presents the results of studies of fattening and meat qualities of young pigs of different genealogical lines of large white breed and genotypes by the gene of melanocortin receptor – 4 (MC4R). The research was conducted in “Druzhba-Kaznacheyivka” LLC, the genetics laboratory of the Institute of Pig Breeding and APV NAAS and the animal husbandry laboratory of the State Institution Institute of Grain Crops NAAS. The work was performed according to the research program of NAAS №30 “Innovative technologies of breeding, industrial and organic production of pig products” (“Pig Breeding”). DNA-typing of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) was performed by Kim K., Larsen N., Short T. et al. (2000). Evaluation of young pigs for fattening and meat qualities was carried out taking into account the following quantitative characteristics: the average daily increase in live weight during the period of control fattening, g; age of live weight 100 kg, days; fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae, mm; the length of the cooled carcass cm; the length of the bacon half of the cooled half-carcass, cm. The length of the cooled carcass was measured with a measuring tape from the edge of the fusion of the pubic bones to the anterior surface of the first cervical vertebra; the length of the bacon half of the cooled half-carcass - from the anterior edge of the pubic bone to the middle of the anterior edge of the first rib (Berezovsky, Khatko, 2005). Conditions for feeding and keeping young pigs of the experimental groups were identical and complied with zootechnical standards. Economic efficiency of use of animals of various genotypes (МС4RАА, МС4RАG) and biometric processing of the received data (Lakin, 1990). calculated according to generally accepted methods. It is established that young pigs of large white breed of controlled population at the age of reaching live weight of 100 kg exceed the minimum requirements of the elite class by 6.73, fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae – 30.84, length of chilled carcass – 3.52 %. Significant difference between animals of different genotypes by melanocortin 4 receptor gene (МС4RАА, МС4RАG) was established by the average daily gain of live weight during the control period of fattening, the age of reaching live weight of 100 kg, fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae, length half of the cooled half-carcass and a complex index of fattening and meat qualities (B. Tyler's index). Young pigs of large white breed line Kotilo UA 8819347 outperformed peers line Azuro UA 8800557 on average daily live weight gain during the control period of fattening by 5.29%, the age of 100 kg live weight – 3.29 %, fat thickness at the level of 6–7 breasts vertebrae – 7.14 %. The longer length of chilled carcass (by 1.13 %) and the length of bacon half of chilled half carcass (by 2.68 %) were characterized by animals of Azuro UA 8800557. The correlation coefficient between fattening and meat qualities in young pigs of large white breed of the controlled herd varies ranging from –0.865 (tr = 22.26, P &lt; 0.001) to +0.913 (tr = 35.43, P &lt; 0.001). The maximum increase in additional products was obtained from young pigs of the МС4RАG genotype (+2.57 %) and the genealogical line Kotilo UA 8819347 (+4.86 %), and its cost is +694.26 – 1312.88 UAH/head. in accordance.

Fattening and meat qualities of store pigs of large white breed of different intra-breed differentiation by melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R)

The study presents the results of research on fattening and meat qualities of store pigs of large white breed of different intra-breeding differentiation by the gene of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). The study calculated the economic efficiency of animals of different genotypes. The following fattening and meat qualities were evaluated: average daily increase in live weight during the period of control fattening, g; age of live weight 100 kg, days; fat thickness at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, mm; the length of the cooled carcass, cm; length of bacon half of chilled half-carcass, cm. It was established that store pigs of controlled population at the age of reaching live weight of 100 kg, fat thickness at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae, and length of chilled carcass exceed the minimum requirements of the elite class by 13.69%. A significant difference between animals of different genotypes by the gene of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4RAA, MC4RAG) was established according to the average daily live weight gain during the control fattening period (4.24%, P &lt;0.01), the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg (2.18%, P &lt;0,01), fat thickness at the level of 6–7 thoracic vertebrae (8,45%, P &lt;0,05), length of chilled carcass (2,26%, P &lt;0,001), length of bacon half of chilled half carcass (3.36%, P &lt;0.001) and selection index (SI) (18.92%, P &lt;0.05). Significant correlations in animals of different genotypes by the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4RAA, MC4RAG) were identified regarding the following features: average daily live weight gain during the control period of fattening × age of 100 kg live weight (-0.475 – -0.853), average daily live weight for the period of control fattening × SI (+0.686 - +0.770), SI × age of reaching live weight 100 kg (+0.515 – -0.721), SI × fat thickness at the level of 6-7 thoracic vertebrae (-0.944 – -0.885), length of chilled carcass × length of bacon half of chilled carcass (+0.899 – +0.861). The maximum increase in additional products was obtained from the sale of young pigs by the gene for the melanocortin-4 receptor MC4RAG – +2.02%.