Animals Of Different Classes Research Articles

Cytome analysis (micronuclei and nuclear anomalies) in bioindication of environmental pollution in animals with nuclear erythrocytes

Assessment of cytogenetic homeostasis of indicator animals is of great importance in ecological monitoring. The simplest method of its study is micronucleus analysis. Animals with nuclear erythrocytes are often used as indicator animals. In addition to the micronuclei usually recorded, a wide range of cytological nuclear and cellular abnormalities (cytomic analysis) is encountered when assessing the spontaneous level and under the influence of anthropogenic factors. Spontaneous frequency of cytogenetic disorders in 36 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds was studied. Ecological monitoring of territories of Kazakhstan with different types of pollution (radiation, petrochemical, pesticide, heavy metals, due to rocket and space activities) was carried out with the help of separate species of animals. The results of the study include comparative descriptions, schematics and microphotographs clearly demonstrating a wide range of cytological anomalies of nuclear erythrocytes of animals of different classes. The greatest spectrum of nuclear anomalies in the studied animals was registered at petrochemical and pesticide contamination of territories. Depending on the tasks and climatic-geographical conditions, all investigated species can be used as bioindicators. Testudo horsfieldii is an exception for desert regions due to high spontaneous micronuclei level in this species. A review of the names of the main nuclear anomalies is carried out and variants of its ordering are proposed.

Diversity, geographical distribution, and prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The genus Entamoeba includes a variety of widely distributed species adapted to live in the digestive tracts of humans and a large variety of animals of different classes. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. Studies that analyzed hosts from several classes, including humans and domestic, wild, or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Entamoeba spp. was calculated using the random-effects model. A total of 166 studies on humans and 16 on animals were included. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the Brazilian population was 22% (95% CI: 21–24). The state with the highest prevalence was Paraiba with 72%, followed by Federal District with 53%, and Rondonia with 50%. In immunocompromized patients, the prevalence was 18%, and cancer (36%) was the most prevalent cause of immunosuppression. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in animal hosts was 12% (95% CI: 7–17). Captive wild animals and domestic farm animals showed the highest prevalence, with 16% and 15%, respectively. The species found more often were E. coli (86.5%), E. dispar (7.9%), and E. histolytica (3.1%). In conclusion, a high prevalence (22%) of Entamoeba spp. was found in the Brazilian population, with a prevalence of up to 50% mainly in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. The pathogenic species E. histolytica is distributed in most Brazilian regions, with significant prevalence percentages. Among animals, unidentified Entamoeba species were most prevalent in mammals.

SPECIFICITY OF MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL BILIARY SYSTEM (ANALYTICAL LITERATURE REVIEW)

The aim of the paper was the study of the structure of the basic parts of the gallbladder wall of humans and animals of different classes in a comparatively anatomical aspect using the bibliographic analysis of literature sources. Materials and methods: of the study was the contemporary publications on the anatomical and histological structure of the human and animal gallbladder wall mucosa, studied using the analysis, synthesis and summarizing of the obtained information. Conclusions: Basically, the structure of the gallbladder wall mucosa in humans and animals of different classes has much in common; however there are also significant differences depending on the natural type of nutrition. Structural organization of the gallbladder wall in animals in comparison with humans has individual features and depends on the type of nutrition.

Effect of zoogenic litter on soil’s chemical properties in forest biogeocoenoses of steppe Prydniprovia

The aspects of the process of decomposition and recycling of zoogenic litter (dead animals of different classes) were first ascertained for the steppe Prydniprovia. Influence of destruction of necrotic organic matter on soil properties (pH, NPK-complex) in forest ecosystems in the steppe zone of Ukraine was estimated. Decomposition and recycling processes of dead animals (chickens, rats) on the experimental plots in biogeocoenoses with artificial oak plantations, sampling soil under dead bodies after the active stages of decomposition with different soil horizons at the same time with control samples, its chemical analysis allowed to determine the effect of degradation necrotic organic matter on the pH value and the content of some chemical elements (N, P, K) in the soil studied ecosystems. In this article the results of investigation of the effect of zoogenic litter on some chemical properties of soil in forest biogeocoenoses of steppe Prydniprovia are presented. The effect of chickens and rats corpses’ decomposition on the pH of soil, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium indexes in the soil is analyzed. The influence of the expansion of animal carcasses on soil chemical properties in different soil horizons compared with control values (without the presence of animal carcasses) is identified. It was found that under the effect of decomposition of animals’ corpses the pH of the soil increases. Under the corpses of chickens pH increases by 6,4–16,7 %, and rats – 2,2–14,2 % compared to control values. The content of nitrogen in the soil under the corpses of chickens increases by 9,5–42,2 %, and under the corpses of rats – to 25,5–25,7 %. Phosphorus content under the corpses of chickens increases by 28,4–107,7 % of rats – to 57,5–75,7 %. The content of potassium in the soil under the corpses of chickens increased by 3,63 % to 69,8 %, and the corpses of rats – by 6,8–23,0 %. Consequently zoogenic litter is an important factor in the accumulation of NPK-complex in the soil. Thus process of animal corpse decomposition has positive effect for chemical properties of forest soil and biogeocoenoses generally.

An experimental study of the effects of spider venom on animals

The effects of venom of spiders from the families Pisauridae, Argyronetidae, and Araneidae on different animals (worms, mollusks, arthropods, fishes, and mammals) were studied. The animals of different classes varied in their sensitivity to spider venom. The animals that can be a potential prey were the most sensitive. The venom of spider females was more efficient than that of males. The spiders were found to be able to kill five victims in sequence; the most effective action of venom was on the first two ones. The venom regenerates in 1.5–2.0 hours.

Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from central Panama.

A 10-year study of blood meal identification in mosquitoes collected at numerous sites over several ecosystems in central Panama was conducted from 1977 to 1987. The hosts for 4,391 mosquito blood meals, representing 30 species, were identified to the family level of specificity in most instances. The degree that individual mosquitoes had fed on animals of different classes and families within these classes was determined. Multiple feeding among several mosquito species was documented. The relationship between reservoir hosts of endemic arboviruses and a number of known and potential mosquito vectors was demonstrated as a result of the blood meal identifications.

Resistance of the alimentary canal of Daphnia magna Straus to enteropathogenic Nag vibrios

At the present time daphnias are being used on an ever-increasing scale as bioindicators of exposure to various exogenous pathogens. In the study of mechanisms of susceptibility and resistance of animals of different classes to bacteria enteropathogenic for man it has been shown that lower crustaceans (daphnias), even after direct contact with enormous numbers of NAG vibrios, do not develop the disease, but utilize the vibrios as food [i]o This fact can be partly explained by the peculiarities of the structure of the alimentary tract of daphnias, as established in the course of evolution. This paper describes a study of the normal structure of the alimentary tract of daphnias and its response to the action of NAG vibrios.

THE CONCEPT OF NERVE‐MUSCLE SPECIFICITY

Summary(1) The concept of nerve‐muscle specificity postulates the existence of an inherent, specific attraction between given striated muscle fibres and given nerve fibres or neurons. (2) The chief theories of nerve‐muscle specificity, those of Furbringer and Cunningham, are considered. Furbringer's theory–that there is an unvarying, specific relationship between particular macroscopic, peripheral nerve branches and particular muscles–is founded upon a false embryological concept and is completely negated by both comparative and experimental data. Cunningham's theory–that there is a constant relationship between given neurons and given muscles but which recognizes variability in pathways adopted by axons and hence in macroscopic innervation –has some comparative anatomical support but is denied by the findings of experimental embryology. The theory that muscular nerve supply is inconstant, and that there may be secondary innervation, especially in phylogeny, is more in accordance with known facts. (3) Existing knowledge of the development of nerve‐muscle relationships–the outgrowth of nerve fibres, the formation of peripheral nerve patterns, and the establishment of terminal connexions–is reviewed. Although a number of important questions remain to be answered, there is nothing to indicate the existence of anything approaching a true nerve‐muscle specificity. (4) It is concluded that present evidence is against the concept of nerve‐muscle specificity. Thus resemblances in muscular nerve supply must merely reflect general similarity in development. Because of this, innervation is of great aid in homo‐logizing the muscles of animals belonging to one vertebrate class, but not in homologizing the muscles of animals of different classes. It is shown that urodeles so differ from other tetrapod vertebrates respecting nerve‐muscle relationships that they form a group unto themselves.

HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF FROG CARCINOMA; CHARACTER OF GROWTH IN THE EYES OF ALIEN SPECIES

Transplantation into foreign hosts of the kidney carcinoma of leopard frogs has been investigated by grafting the tumor in the anterior chamber of two other species belonging to the same family of frogs (green frog, bullfrog), of a species from a different family (the toad), and of animals of different classes of cold-blooded vertebrates (goldfish, alligator). In the eyes of frogs of alien species, the kidney carcinoma became established as readily as in the eye of the natural host. In toads, the proportion of successful transplantation was slightly less. No progressive growth of transplanted tumor occurred in the fish or the reptile, although in fish characteristic tumor acini persisted and a few mitoses were to be found long after implantation. In the alligator the transplants deteriorated much more rapidly. Thus the success of transplantation into alien species decreased as the relationship to the original species became more distant. An inflammatory reaction to the tumor graft appeared in the eye of reptiles and fish, but no such reaction occurred in amphibians. The character and rate of growth of transplants were followed by continued direct examination with the microscope and were found to be practically the same in the eye of alien species as in the original species. Nor were differences in the finer structure of the tumor observed in the several species. The neoplastic cells retained their acinar arrangement, supported by stroma which developed quite as well from the tissues of alien hosts as from those of the natural host. It was possible to engraft the tumor in the eye of the natural host, then to transplant it into the eye of another species, and finally to retransplant it in the original species. In this way the tumor has been propagated for 443 days. A tissue culture of the tumor has been successfully transplanted into the eye of an alien host. Thus these results demonstrate that, among cold-blooded vertebrates, the humors and tissues of the eye have a high degree of tolerance for foreign tumor grafts.

I. On the differences in the physiological effects produced by the poisous of certain species of Indian venomous snakes

Hitherto no clear distinction has been recognised to exist between the actions of the poisons of the various species of venomous reptiles. It will be the object of this paper to examine closely the symptoms produced by these poisons in order to detect any differences that may be present, and to see if the poisonous agents can be classified according to their physiological effects. As poisonous reptiles admit of a simple anatomical classification into colubrine and viperine, one member of each group will he taken. It will be convenient to begin with the cobra, which is one of the most virulent and best known of colubrine venomous snakes. I.— The Physiological Effects of the Poison of the Cobra (Naja Tripudians). In order to exhibit the effect of this venom, it will he necessary to detail the results that follow when animals of different classes have been poisoned by this snake.