Animal Resources Research Articles

Local Perception of The Effects of Climate Uncertainty on Cattle Farming in Burkina Faso: A Case Study of The Mouhoun Province

Climate change represents a threat to pastoralists in the Mouhoun Province, whose main source of income is the exploitation of natural and animal resources. The problem of this study is based on the good perception of breeders which was necessary for them to adapt to the climatic crises that have already occurred. The objective of this study is to analyze the perception of the effects of climate uncertainty on ruminant breeding in the Mouhoun province. For this purpose, 286 breeders, including agro-breeders and agro-breeders, or 22 breeders per village, were surveyed. In addition, a focus group was organized in each village, for a total of thirteen (13). Phinks software was used to process the individual survey data. The results indicate a deterioration in the forage supply of natural rangelands (100%), an increase in the mobility of animals (69.31%), an increase in morbidity (69.3%) and a drop in the frequency of twin births (56.0%). In summary, it appears that the population has a good perception of the effects of the local climate on animals and forage resources. Furthermore, although it is difficult to integrate research evidence into development policies and practices, the results of this research could guide policy decision-making. This study leads to the conclusion that the changes perceived by breeders are relevant for the development of adaptation strategies to climate change.

Climatic and environmental changes since last deglaciation in the steppe region of northern China and their impact on early population survival patterns

The northern Chinese steppe is situated in the periphery of the East Asian Summer Monsoon and exhibits high sensitivity to variations in monsoon intensity and global climate change. Therefore, comprehending the climatic evolution history of this region is pivotal for elucidating early human civilization development. The research focuses on a fully enclosed crater lake located in the northern Chinese steppe by utilizing n-alkanes, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) in lake sediments, based on AMS-14C dating analysis, the climatic and environmental evolution history of this region from the last deglaciation to the middle Holocene has been reconstructed, and the impact of climate change on the evolution of early human civilization is elucidated. The findings indicate that the EASM driven by summer solar radiation, exerts control over the climate and hydrology in the steppe region of northern China. Since the last deglaciation, the gradual warming and humidification of the climate environment have significantly enhanced the animal and plant resources, thereby establishing a solid foundation for the transition of early human populations in northern Chinese steppe from high-mobility hunter-gatherers to settled communities. Additionally, this climatic shift has provided an optimal backdrop for the emergence of primitive agriculture. The changes of stone tool assemblages unearthed at related sites also confirm the above views. However, the climate model underwent rapid changes during the period of 7.2–6.4 cal kyr BP, leading to the occurrence of extreme arid climate events. Consequently, regional precipitation decreased, lake ecology became imbalanced, woody plants retreated in the basin, and vegetation coverage was greatly reduced. The aforementioned factor may have played a pivotal role in the disappearance of early populations within the region. Consequently, climate and environmental change not only serve as the primary driving force behind human civilization’s development but also act as an inexorable catalyst for its decline.

Newly adopted dromedary husbandry systems and breeding practices in the Algerian northern Sahara

Background: Traditional nomadic livestock farmers have adopted new lifestyles, management methods and husbandry practices to improve their livestock income and enhance the value of camel products, whose benefits are increasingly being recognized worldwide. Driven by a rising demand for camel products among urban consumers, these changes include a strong tendency for nomadic communities to settle near urban centers, the temporary stationing of part of the camel herd in urban and peri-urban areas, and the intensification of production in these areas. Aims: This paper aims to present the newly adopted dromedary husbandry practices, and discuss the products and services provided by dromedaries. Methods: Between September 2020 and March 2021, formal and informal interviews were carried out in three locations in the Algerian northern Sahara with 11 camel breeders, whoheld a total of 537 dromedaries (average 48.8 ± 4.36). Results: The study identified three types of dromedary farming systems: 70% of the farms were peri-urban,semi-intensive dairy farms established to meet the rising demand for camel milk, 23% were settled, intensive, peri-urban feedlot farms producing all categories of fattened dromedaries, especially young males, and 7% were settled, urban, and peri-urban dromedary racing farms dedicated to breeding dromedaries for racing and riding during local festivals, activities anchored in the traditions of the native population. The surveyed farms primarily generated income from the sale of milk and live animals, with manure and wool also contributing to their earnings. The food resources used for dromedaries were natural pastures, crop residues and harvest residues. Conclusion: The intensification of dromedary breeding appears essential to ensure the sustainability of this animal resource as it can improve reproductive potential, milk production, and the availability of young calves for fattening farms. The changes in practices identified in this study are enabling breeders, who are managing their livestock in guarded and semi guarded camel production systems, to increase their income.

A estratégia da União Africana para a economia azul: o caso da aquacultura na Guiné-Bissau

What are the African Union’s (AU) strategic guidelines for the Blue Economy? What are the main sectors and their respective action plans? What difficulties could delay this transition? The objective of this research is to analyse the AU’s Blue Economy Strategy, using a Guinean aquaculture start-up as a case study. We will begin by identifying the socio-economic impacts of the Blue Economy sectors in Africa, such as (1) ports, (2) fishing, (3) aquaculture, (4) sustainable blue energy, (5) deep-sea mining, (6) oil and gas, and (7) blue carbon. Next, we will analyse the driving forces behind the transition to the Blue Economy, according to the argumentation defended by the AU, such as Africa’s demographic issue and the problem of energy supply (African Union – Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, [AU-IBAR], 2020). Similarly, we will also identify the main challenges: economically, logistically, and in terms of security.

Thermophile-fermented feed modulates the gut microbiota related to lactate metabolism in pigs.

Extracts of fermented feed obtained via fermentation of marine animal resources with thermophilic Bacillaceae bacteria increase the fecundity of livestock. The intestinal bacterial profiles in response to long-term administration of this extract to pigs were investigated. Half of a swine farm was supplied with potable water containing an extract of fermented feed for more than 2 years, whereas the other half was supplied with potable water without the extract. Feces from 6-month-old pigs rearing in these two areas were collected. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and isolation of lactic acid bacteria revealed an increase in the D/L-lactate-producing bacterium, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and a decrease in several members of Clostridiales following administration of fermented feed. A lactate-utilizing bacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii, was more abundant in the feces of pigs in the fermented feed group. All representative isolates of M. elsdenii showed rapid utilization of D-lactate relative to L-lactate, and butyrate and valerate were the main products. The probiotic effect of fermented feed is associated with the modulation of lactate metabolism in the digestive organs of pigs.

Diversity and Prevalence of Indigenous Soil Bacillus spp. in the Major Cabbage Growing Agroecological Zones of Uganda

Different species of genus Bacillus have been reported from different environments of the world. They are reported to play a role of soil fertility improvement, plant growth promotion and disease and pest management. Most of these reports on Bacillus species are from studies conducted outside Uganda and therefore information on the prevalence and diversity of bacillus species in Ugandan soils is scanty. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and diversity of Bacillus spp. isolated from the cabbage rhizosphere in the four major cabbage-growing agroecological zones of Uganda. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety Makerere University for morphological and biochemical identification of the Bacillus bacteria. DNA extraction and PCR were conducted at the College of Natural Resources Makerere University while sequencing was done at Macrogen laboratories in Korea and Inqaba Biotec in South Africa. Morphological, biochemical and genomic analyses revealed five Bacillus spp. (22 Bacillus strains) grouped as B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis, B. megaterium and B. bingmayongensis. B. cereus and B. megaterium were the most dominant and widely spread Bacillus spp. A phylogenetic tree indicated three major clads, showing that B. thuringiensis was closely related to B. cereus while B.bingmayongesis was closely related to B.megaterium. The B. mycoides were closely related to some B. cereus strains and B. bingmayongensis. The phylogenetic tree further showed that some Bacillus strains of the same species were distantly related. It was therefore concluded that most abundant and prevalent Bacillus spp. in Ugandan soils were B. cereus and B. megaterium. The presence and abundance of these bacillus species in the Ugandan soil presents an opportunity for soil scientists to innovatively manipulate them for use as biofertilizers and biopesticides for crop production and management. Such innovations would reduce the reliance of farmers on synthetic fertilizers that are pollutants to the environment and unhealthy to the users and consumers

The Role Of Animal Police In The Process Of Disclosing A Crime (Study At The K-9 Unit Of Bali Regional Police)

The K-9 Unit of the Bali Regional Police is an elite unit specializing in using sniffer dogs to assist in various police operations, ranging from apprehending criminals and detecting narcotics, to search and rescue (SAR) operations. The ability of sniffer dogs to detect narcotics and explosives is crucial in crime prevention and control efforts. In Bali, an international tourist destination, the threat of narcotics smuggling is very high. Specially trained sniffer dogs can quickly identify the presence of these illegal substances in various locations, such as airports, seaports, and entertainment venues. This study aims to identify and analyze the role of the K-9 Unit of the Bali Regional Police in the process of crime disclosure. Through a qualitative approach with a case study method, data were collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. Through methods of observation, interviews, and literature study, this research is expected to provide a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the role of the K-9 Unit of the Bali Regional Police. The K-9 Unit of the Bali Regional Police has a significant contribution to disclosing crimes by providing technical assistance using sniffer dogs, which have proven effective in crime scene investigation and have a direct impact on solving criminal cases. Factors affecting the effectiveness of this unit include public demand, environmental conditions, and the availability of human and animal resources. To optimize its role, it is necessary to enhance training, facilities, coordination with related parties, and regular evaluation of the unit's performance.

Can Nanoparticles Be Used to Boost Biogas Production?

Biogas is a type of gas that can be burnt to produce energy. It causes less harm to the environment than burning coal or oil, which is why it is called “green energy”. Biogas is produced by breaking down a plant or animal resource such as cow dung (poop) in an oxygen-free environment. Biogas is produced by special microorganisms that can survive and multiply without oxygen. Recently, nanoparticles have been used to make more biogas. Nanoparticles have unique features such as their extremely small size and their ability to easily react with substances. During biogas production, microorganisms can get a lot of nutrients from nanoparticles, which helps them to produce more biogas. Nanoparticles may also improve the interactions between biogas-producing microbes, further boosting biogas production. Although nanoparticles help to produce more biogas, the correct type of nanoparticles and the right amounts must be used to ensure that more biogas is produced.

ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Inflammation, Obesity and Foods of Animal Resources.

Obesity, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is excessive fat accumulation that can pose health risks and is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system. In typical westernized diets, ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) vastly exceed the amount of ω-3 PUFAs, with ω-6/ω-3 ratios ranging from 10:1 to 25:1. ω-6 PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid, have pro-inflammatory effects and increase obesity. On the other hand, ω-3 PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects. Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are synthesized in almost all higher plants, algae, and some fungi. However, in humans and animals, they are essential fatty acids and must be consumed through diet or supplementation. Therefore, balancing LA/ALA ratios is essential for obesity prevention and human health. Monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens can produce meat and eggs fortified with ω-3 PUFAs by controlling dietary fatty acid (FA). Additionally, ruminant animals such as feeder cattle and lactating dairy cows can opt for feed supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs sources and rumen-protected microencapsulated FAs or pasture finishing. This method can produce ω-3 PUFAs and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) fortified meat, milk, and cheese. A high ω-6/ω-3 ratio is associated with pro-inflammation and obesity, whereas a balanced ratio reduces inflammation and obesity. Additionally, probiotics containing lactic acid bacteria are necessary, which reduces inflammation and obesity by converting ω-6 PUFAs into functional metabolites such as 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid and CLA.

Functions and mechanisms of testicular descent in Apodemus agrarius based on transcriptomics and metabolomics

This study aims to explore the functions and mechanisms of testicular descent in Apodemus agrarius, and analyze the changes in genes and metabolite levels in this process. Illumina NovaSeq and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for the transcriptomic analysis and metabolomic analysis, respectively, of the normal and descending testis of A. agrarius. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of the transcriptomic results revealed 240 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as Spesp1, Izumo1, Hyal5, and Fabp9. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment showed 52 DEGs, including Pcyt1, Pla2g4e, Gpd1l, and Lypla3. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the transcriptomic results in terms of the expression patterns of six randomly selected genes in the normal and descending testis. The metabolomic results revealed 28 differential metabolites associated with the testicular function, including 3-dehydroquinic acid, α-linolenic acid, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The conjoint analysis showcased that glycerophospholipid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism may be the key metabolic pathways regulating testicular descent in A. agrarius. This study will help to understand the mechanism of testicular descent and lay a theoretical foundation for exploring the mechanisms of the population changes of A. agrarius and developing laboratory animal resources.

Logistics of the First Anglo-Burma War, 1824–1826

ABSTRACT One of the principal props of British imperialism in South Asia was the British Imperial Army in India. Logistics was important for supplying and transporting the army at the distant theatres to annex new territories and cow down the rebels. The First Anglo–Burma War occurred between the British-Indian Empire and the ruler of Ava in Burma. This conflict, which lasted from 5 March 1824 to 24 February 1826, was an amphibious war. The primary aim of this article is to study the logistics of the British Imperial Army in India, and the secondary objective is to throw some light on the Burmese logistics. An attempt is made in this essay to show the interconnections between ecology, logistics and military organisations of the British-Indian state and Ava. The First Anglo–Burma War can be located at the interface of preindustrial and industrial wars. The animal and human resources of Bengal and Madras presidencies, utilisation of certain indigenous ‘technologies’ (like country boats, rafts, etc.) and technological superiority in gunpowder weapons (both on land and at sea, like gunboats, corned powder, cast iron guns, etc.) enabled the East India Company (EIC) to muddle through and emerge victorious, albeit at a high financial and manpower cost.

Persistence of social structuring in an arid zone mammal following reintroduction

Animal social relationships affect animal survival, reproduction, and resource exploitation, and are important to translocation success, but little is known on how they are impacted in reintroduced populations. Here, we investigate the social genetic structure in a reintroduced population of boodies (Bettongia lesueur), one of few social burrowing marsupial species in Australia. Pairwise relatedness of male and female individuals located within seven warrens was determined using 12 microsatellite markers, while mitochondrial DNA was used to identify maternal ancestral lineage. Females were significantly more related within warrens than between warrens, while the difference among males was not significant. We also found evidence of fine-scale genetic structure up to distances of 2 km in females consistent with patterns found in natural populations. Although mean relatedness values were low, our results support the hypothesis that boodies exhibit a female social structure. Multiple maternal lineages were present within all warrens with one exception, suggesting boodies appear to be non-selective when living with individuals from different ancestral backgrounds. We found a significant positive relationship between female sex bias and the number of active entrances in each warren. Together, these results suggest that social structuring should be a key consideration in future reintroductions of boodies.

Animal exploitation by the last hunter-gatherers in the Mediterranean Iberia. New data from the Mesolithic groups from Cocina cave (Valencia, Eastern Iberia)

Mesolithic groups in Mediterranean Iberia lived during a period of bioclimatic and cultural changes. Thus, their economic behaviour and the availability of plant and animal resources show some interesting variation compared to previous periods that indicate changes in mobility patterns and social connectivity networks. This paper presents information on patterns of animal exploitation of the last hunter-gatherers in this region through zooarchaeological and taphonomic analyses of faunal remains from one of the key sites of the Iberian Peninsular Mesolithic, Cocina cave. This site is located in a mountainous woodland region with a rich Late Mesolithic archaeological record. Results indicate that Iberian ibex, red deer, and rabbits were the most hunted species, but that a diversity of other taxa were also present. The comparison to other Mediterranean sites suggests that Late Mesolithic foragers had common animal exploitation patterns with an increased taxonomic diversification and a clear connection to coastal areas. We suggest these foragers practiced a logistic pattern of food procurement, combining long-term with short-term camps including hunting spots, and in some cases evidence for broad scale social interactions. We hypothesize that Cocina cave may have served as a nexus of social and subsistence activities.

Domestication of wild indigenous fruit trees in Rwanda: Perspectives from rural communities

Wild indigenous fruit trees (WIFTs) play a vital role in food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa. However, these resources are currently less accessible to rural populations due to the expanding arable lands and over-exploitation of the trees in the wild, which lead to a decline in their population. This study (i) explored the availability and uses of WIFTs in the Nyamagabe and Bugesera districts of Rwanda (ii) identified challenges and potential interventions for domestication of WIFTs, (iii) assessed community perceptions on WIFTs domestication primarily as integrated system components in smallholder's farm (iv) and also determined the priority species for domestication. A total of 380 respondents from Bugesera and Nyamagabe districts were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed descriptively using the SPSS software analysis tools. Results revelaled a total of 19 WIFTs, 15 from the Bugesera district, and five from the Nyamagabe district with one species occurring in both districts. The recorded WIFTs were used mainly as food, medicine and fuel wood. Despite a decline in population locally, most respondents were interested in domesticating WIFTs and expressed willingness to integrate them on their farmlands once the planting materials are availed. From the study a suggestion to promote the domestication of the priority WIFTs through a collaborative initiative between the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, research institutions and other stakeholders is important. This will ensure not only the sustainability of the WIFTs species to communities but also contribute to their socio-economic development once the products are developed through proper value chains addition.

Sustainable Livestock Farming with Oil Seed Crops and Their By-Products

The increasing human population and food shortage are fueling the demand for alternative feed resources for animals not meant for human consumption. Oil seeds and their derivatives are suitable options to meet the escalating global demand for animal feed proteins; camelina is one of them. Camelina sativa (CS), an ancient oilseed crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family, is known for its resistance to drought and cold, as well as its various uses for meal, oil, and other products. However, it also has some anti-nutritional factors (ANF) that can limit its use as animal feed. These ANFs can be reduced by various methods, such as enzyme addition, heat treatment, fermentation, or genetic engineering. CS and its by-products can affect animal metabolism, especially lipid metabolism and hormone levels, and can also improve the fat profile of meat and milk products, making them more suitable for human consumption and health. CS and its by-products achieved weight gain and protected dietary PUFAs, but decreased bio-hydrogenation intermediates. Small ruminants fed CS-supplemented diets produced meat with a suitable fat profile for human consumption. Feeding with CS seeds and derivatives decreased milk fat concentration, yield, and fat-corrected milk. Camelina forage, however, increased the milk fat percentage. The effects of CS and its by-products on milk fatty acid composition were contradictory. CS meals may improve the composition of milk products, making them healthier for humans. Researchers need to determine how CS meals can be used in dairy ewe and goat diets at different life stages.

THR USE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SINGLE CELL PROTEIN IN BROILER RATIONS

The present work was carried out in poultry experiment farm of Animal Resources Dept.., College of Agric., Baghdad University, Iraq. Five different levels of single cell protein (0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) replaced to soybean meal in the diets of broiler chick and 600 one day old chicks (Hubberd). The birds were randomly distributed among five treatments (two replicate for each treatment.), 60 chicks per replicate. The results showed that. the diet containing 10% single cell protein was the best diet among the other treatments. The average body weight in six weeks old were 1081.5, 1097, 1171, 1095, 332 gr for the treatments used respectively.

Gut content metabarcoding of six crustaceans provides detailed diet description and insights into their roles as predators and scavengers

While many studies have analyzed the diet of marine consumers using traditional morphology-based methods, the integral diet of many species of functionally important groups such as benthic invertebrates remains poorly resolved. This hinders our ability to precisely establish trophic links among species, which is necessary to understand food webs and ecosystem dynamics. Here, we applied DNA metabarcoding to obtain a high resolution picture of the animal fraction of the diet of six species of crustaceans in the Bay of Biscay; the edible crab Cancer pagurus, the velvet crab Necora puber, the circular crab Atelecyclus undecimdentatus, the spider crab Maja brachydactyla, the shrimp Crangon crangon, and the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. We used two pairs of primers targeting the 18S rDNA (generalist) and 12S rDNA (fish-specific) regions to identify prey that makes up the animal fraction of the diet. Based on occurrence data, 54 prey taxa belonging to 5 different phylum mostly represented by teleost fishes and malacostracans were identified. Through a high-level of prey detection, results indicate a scavenging strategy across all consumers mostly based on the consumption of preys likely originating from fishing discards. This study also reveals patterns of niche overlaps among consumers differentiating C. crangon from others and suggesting high overlap in animal resource use between N. puber and M. brachydactyla as well as C. pagurus. High resolution diet description revealed the complexity of trophic interactions on a local scale.

Redefining dominance calculation: Increased competition flattens the dominance hierarchy in dairy cows

Dominance hierarchies are known for mitigating conflicts and guiding priority of access to limited resources in gregarious animals. The dominance hierarchy of dairy cows is typically investigated using agonistic interactions, often monitored at the feed bunk right after fresh feed delivery when competition is high resulting in frequent interactions. Yet, the outcome of agonistic interactions during times of high competition may be more influenced by cows' high valuation of fresh feed than their intrinsic attributes, such that the dominance hierarchy constructed using agonistic interactions under high versus low competition times might differ. We tested how the structure of the dominance hierarchy changes in relation to different levels of competition in a dynamic group of 48 lactating dairy cows over 10 mo, with 6 cows exchanged every 16 d for a total of 159 cows. Using a validated algorithm we continuously detected the actor and reactor of replacement behaviors in 30 feed bins as cows competed for feed. We also calculated the percentage of occupied feed bins to characterize competition at the moment of each replacement. These data were combined to create hierarchies using Elo ratings, separately for 25 occupancy levels ranging from 13% to 100%. For each 1% rise in feeder occupancy, hierarchy steepness fell by 2.41 × 10-3 ± 9.71 × 10-5 (SE), and the percentage of dyads where both cows replaced each other rose by 0.13% ± 0.01%. At the highest feeder occupancy level in comparison to the lowest one, we observed 7.57% more dyads in which the dominant individual (those won more interactions at the lowest feeder occupancy) started to lose proportionally more. The magnitude of decrease in the winning rate of the dominant individual in those dyads also got amplified by 1.06 × 10-3% ± 1.37 × 10-4% (SE) for each 1% increase in feeder occupancy. These findings illustrate how inferred hierarchies vary with competition, with high competition flattening the hierarchy due to increased success of subordinate animals. We suggest that during heightened competition, increased valuation of resources can affect competitive success more than the individual's intrinsic dominance attributes. We recommend against calculating dominance hierarchies based on agonistic interactions during periods of high competition alone, and more generally urge researchers to differentiate agonistic interactions based on context when constructing dominance hierarchies.

Intervention effects of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate from the nasal cartilage of yellow cattle on lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral disorders: regulation of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated linear polysaccharide with different functional activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and immune regulation. As natural sulfated polysaccharides have high molecular weight, high apparent viscosity, low water solubility, complex structure, and high negative charge, they have difficulty binding to receptors within cells across tissue barriers, resulting in low bioavailability and unclear structure-activity relationships. In this study, an H2O2-Vc oxidative degradation system was employed to perform environmentally friendly and controllable degradation of CS extracted from the nasal cartilage of Shaanxi Yellow cattle. Two low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfates (LMWCSs), CS-1 (14.8 kDa) and CS-2 (50.9 kDa), that exhibit strong in vitro free radical scavenging ability were obtained, and their structures were characterized. Mice intraperitoneally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to explore the cognitive intervention effects of LMWCS. Supplementing CS-1 and CS-2 significantly downregulated the levels of the serum inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-1β, promoted the expression of GSH in the brain, and inhibited the production of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), ultimately inhibiting LPS-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Surprisingly, compared to the LPS model group, the abundances of Streptococcus, Eisenbergiella, Vampirovibrio, Coprococcus, Enterococcus and Lachnoanaerobaculum were significantly increased in the intestines of mice in the CS-1 and CS-2 group, whereas those of Parabacteroides and Mycoplasma were significantly decreased. Altogether, this study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive utilization of agricultural and animal resources and the application of brain nutrition, anti-inflammatory, and LMWCS health products.

Climate Perceptions of Small Ruminant Farmers in the Mouhoun Province of Burkina Faso

Perception is all about taking in, taking for oneself, taking hold of. Thus, a false perception of climate change can lead to a lack of adaptation or to maladaptation. Climate change represents a threat to the livestock farmers of the MP, whose main source of income is the exploitation of natural and animal resources. The problematic of this study is based on the good perception of the stockbreeders which were necessary to them to adapt to the climatic crises already occurred. The aim of this study is to analyze the perception of climate change by small ruminant breeders in the Mouhoun Province of Burkina Faso. To this end, 286 breeders, including agro-pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, i.e. 22 breeders per village, were surveyed. In addition, a focus group was held in each village, for a total of thirteen (13). Phinks software was used to process the individual survey data. The results indicate a drop in rainfall intensity (78.7%), a rise in temperatures (90.7%), a withdrawal from grazing areas (86%), a drop in milk production (81.3%) and lactation duration (86%). In summary, it appears that the population has a good perception of the climate in their locality. In addition, although it is difficult to integrate research evidence into development policy and practice, the results of this research could guide policy in making decisions about the climate perception of small ruminant farmers in the Mouhoun Province. This study leads to the conclusion that the changes perceived by farmers are relevant to the development of climate change adaptation strategies.