Animal Products Research Articles

Nature’s Signature in Ayurveda with an Ethnopharmacological Approach: A Narrative Review

: The nature's signature in Āyurveda i.e. Doctrine of Signatures (DOS), which calls for utilizing natural substances that resemble a particular body part or organ, is consistent with the ethnopharmacological practice of choosing therapeutic plants based on their visible physical qualities. In order to promote health and treat ailments, the ancient Indian medical system known as Āyurveda employs natural ingredients including plants, minerals, and animal products. The study of conventional medicine and the application of natural products for therapeutic reasons are known as ethno-pharmacology. This review explores various research on ayurvedic herbs, their doctrinal signature, and the status of our understanding of ethno-pharmacology. However, by integrating Āyurveda plants' doctrinal signatures with ethnopharmacological methods, it might be better to comprehend the therapeutic potential of plants and create novel treatments for a range of ailments. Combining these two perspectives might assist in understanding how nature may heal and how natural medicines could improve health and wellness. It was believed that a plant containing parts that resembled portions of human bodies, animals, or other items had practical use for those parts, animals, or objects. This philosophy was shown in some of the Indian medicinal plants that are discussed in this article.

Assessing the Biogas Potential of Slaughterhouse Waste in Tenerife: A Sustainable Approach to Waste Management in an Outermost European Region

The Canary Islands, as an outermost region of Europe with fragmented territory, benefit from an exemption under Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 allowing for animal by-products disposal in landfills. However, this practice has resulted in environmental and economic challenges, including reduced landfill capacity, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and missed opportunities for renewable energy production. Specifically, waste management in Tenerife faces significant challenges due to the burgeoning meat production and subsequent waste generation in its primary slaughterhouses. With an average annual production of 5,000 tons of waste, landfill capacity is nearing its limit. This study therefore aims to assess the biogas production potential from slaughterhouse waste in Tenerife and evaluate anaerobic digestion as an alternative approach. Various combinations of viscera, blood, and slaughterhouse sludge from cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, rabbits, and chickens were analyzed to determine their biogas potential. Results indicate that comprehensive valorization of these wastes could generate 12.86 GWh of energy, equivalent to approximately 20% of the energy consumed in the municipality's industrial sector. Moreover, this approach could reduce emissions by 5.88 Gg of CO2 equivalent and alleviate landfill pressures, thereby mitigating current waste management impacts. Given the region's reliance on imported fuels and limited territorial space, anaerobic digestion presents an environmentally and economically sustainable solution for managing slaughterhouse waste within a closed-loop system.

PROSEDUR LAYANAN KARANTINA HEWAN OLEH STASIUN KARANTINA PERTANIAN KELAS 1 AMBON PADA WILAYAH KERJA BANDARA PATTIMURA AMBON

Animal Quarantine Services are regulated in Law Number 21 of 2019 concerning Quarantine of Animals, Fish, and Plants. This law aims to prevent the entry of new pests, diseases, and nuisance organisms into Indonesia's territory, as well as prevent their spread from one area to another. Animal quarantine service procedures at the Ambon Class 1 Agricultural Quarantine Station in the Pattimura Ambon airport work area implement 8 quarantine measures namely: Examination, Isolation, Observation, Treatment, Detention, Rejection, Destruction, and Release. The eight quarantine measures are intended for all animals, Materials of Animal Origin (BAH) and Products of Animal Origin (HBAH), and other objects brought from outside and within the work area of Pattimura Airport. and some of the documents that must be completed during the inspection of incoming and outgoing domestic goods. The conclusion drawn from this activity is that the animal quarantine service procedure at the Class 1 Agricultural Quarantine Station Ambon Pattimura Airport work area has been carried out in accordance with the 8th quarantine measures and No problems were found on any carrier media.

The Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant E. coli in Animals and Animal Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Biological contamination of foods is a serious problem for human health. Animal and animal products may be contaminated by these biological and chemical contaminants. One of the most important causes of foodborne illness in humans is Escherichia coli. Fluoroquinolones can be used as a suitable treatment for enteric infections in food-producing livestock. We aimed to evaluate the current status of resistance of E. coli strains isolated from animals and animal products to fluoroquinolone in Iran. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from 2000 to Oct 2020. Nineteen studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria and analysis by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Results: Based on the data analysis, The rates of antibiotic resistance in animal strains were as follows: Flumequine (75.1%), Enrofloxacin (55.2%), Danofloxacin (48.1%), Ciprofloxacin (48.4%), and Norfloxacin (52.9%). Next, the rates of quinolone resistance among E. coli strains isolated from animal products were Norfloxacin (45.5%), Ciprofloxacin (44.5%), and Enrofloxacin (60.9%). Based on the funnel plots and Egger's test, there was no significant publication bias. Conclusion: We finally concluded that antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli is related to the overuse of antibiotics in livestock, especially fluoroquinolones.

Review of hemp components as functional feed and food ingredients: impact on animal product quality traits and nutritional value

This review examined the potential of hemp components as functional feed and food ingredients, focusing on their impact on the quality and nutritional value of animal products. Following hemp legalization, there was growing interest in its potential to enhance animal diets and processed animal products due to its rich nutritional profile, including high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential amino acids, and fibre. Incorporating hemp components into feed for monogastric animals, particularly poultry, improved lipid stability, sensory attributes, and the fatty acid composition of meat and eggs. Hemp supplementation for ruminants, especially in goats, increased PUFA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk, improved meat tenderness, and enhanced oxidative stability. However, research on hemp supplementation for pigs and beef remained limited, indicating the need for further exploration of these species. Hemp cake, rich in protein, fibre, and essential fatty acids, was the most widely used hemp component due to its economic viability, nutritional benefits, and sustainability, contributing to improved meat and milk quality. Regulatory concerns about the transfer of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) residues in the produced animal products restricted the use of hemp biomass. In processed animal products, hemp components were studied for their potential to enhance nutritional value, replace animal fats, and serve as natural preservatives. Although they improved the fatty acid profile and antioxidant properties of meat products, challenges such as textural changes and increased lipid oxidation needed to be addressed for optimal use. Limited studies on dairy products indicated promising nutritional enhancements, but textural issues could impact consumer acceptance. In conclusion, hemp components show significant potential for improving the quality and nutritional value of animal products. Further research is necessary to address regulatory, sensory, and formulation challenges and to expand their application across different animal species and processed animal products.

Особливості харчування українців в умовах геноциду 1932–1933 рр. (на основі спогадів очевидців Голодомору)

Based on 155 accounts of the Holodomor witnesses (covering the whole USSR territory), the author comprehensively studied the peculiarities of the diet of Ukrainians in the conditions of the crime of genocide committed by the communist totalitarian regime in 1932 and 1933. The traditional diet of Ukrainians was before the 1930s was described. It is known that that since ancient times, Ukrainians were primarily involved in agriculture, as well as cattle breeding and gathering, which determined the traditional diet of the nation, whose daily ration consisted of food of plant and animal origin. From the products of plant origin, they cooked cereal and vegetable dishes (bread, halushky, zatirka, noodles, porridge, kulish, chur, solomakha, mamalyha, lemishka, borsch, yushka, soup, cabbage soup, potatoes, pancakes, hashbrowns, dumplings), and from the products of animal origin, they cooked meat, dairy and fish dishes (sausages, blood sausages, roast, saltyson, kholodets, dushenyna, kruchenyky, sichenyky, khliaka, riazhanka, butter, sour cream, cheese, etc.). The most important dish on the table of Ukrainians was and still is bread. It has been analyzed and proved that during the Holodomor genocide years, the destruction of traditional Ukrainian nutrition, along with customs and traditions related to it took place. The communist totalitarian regime, by taking away all edible supplies, doomed Ukrainians to hungry death. To survive, Ukrainians ate surrogates, plants (leaves, weeds, grass); small animals, insects, birds (hedgehogs, cats, dogs, gophers, sparrows, crows, pigeons, storks, frogs, mollusks, snails, dragonflies); cow’s milk (families that had a cow called it a feeder and a savior); vegetables, fruits, berries; rotten potatoes, beets (dug up in early spring); offal; human flesh (cases of corpse-eating and cannibalism were recorded). Consumption of such products caused the most severe stomach diseases and even fatal poisonings. People suffered from vomiting, diarrhea, swelling, weakness, inflammation, and unbearable pain. Epidemics and various diseases, often fatal ones (smallpox, dysentery, louse-borne typhus and typhoid fever, malaria, pellagra, glanders, dropsy) spread in Ukraine Due to hunger, Ukrainians developed mental disorders, their consciousness was clouded, their thinking, will, and memory were disturbed, and their behavior changed. Keywords: Holodomor, 1932–1933, genocide, non-traditional food, surrogates, moral and psychological effects.

Sales of Veterinary Antibiotics in Serbia: Identification of Problem Areas Using Standardized Metrics

One Health, as a multi-disciplinary approach, considers animal, human, and environmental health. Serbia continuously records high rates of antimicrobial resistance, with a knowledge gap on practices regarding veterinary antibiotic use, as no standardized data regarding veterinary consumption of antibiotics that would allow for temporal or spatial comparison are available in Serbia. This study aimed to describe the sales of veterinary antibiotics in Serbia. Aggregated wholesale data on veterinary drug sales were retrieved from the annual reports available from the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of the Republic of Serbia for a period between 2017 and 2020. Veterinary use was analyzed using standard European Medicines Agency proposed methodology and expressed in milligrams of active substance per population correction unit (mg/PCU). Overall, there has been a 13% increase in aggregated sales, in mg/PCU, of antibiotic veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) for food-producing animals in Serbia between 2017 and 2020. With sales of around 110 mg/PCU in 2020, Serbia would have ranked ninth in Europe. In 2020, the overall highest-selling antibiotic classes were penicillins (27.62 mg/PCU), tetracyclines (27.54 mg/PCU), and aminoglycosides (12.8 mg/PCU), accounting for 61.9% of the total sales of antibiotic VMPs for food-producing animals, in mg/PCU. An increase in the use of macrolides and lincosamides and a decrease in the use of penicillins and the group classified as “other antibacterials” was noted. The current study identified an increase in the sales of veterinary antibiotics in Serbia and pointed out several potential problem areas.

Travelling Formulas

Abstract Plant, animal, and mineral products travelled thousands of miles from Central and South Asia, the Mediterranean, and even Africa to become part of the Chinese pharmacopeia. These products were often used as drugs that were commonly bundled in formulas. While individual drugs were gradually incorporated as part of Chinese medicine, the formula preparations which regularly carried them remain relics of history. By first examining identification and linguistic information, and then looking closely at several formulas containing chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz.) from both Indic and Chinese sources, we can understand better how this drug and its corresponding medical information made its way from South Asia to East Asia, thereby becoming part of the Chinese medical system.

Clinical translation of tissue-engineered oesophageal grafts: are patients ready for us?

PurposeWe sought to engage with expert patient/carers to understand attitudes towards use of tissue engineering (TE) for long-gap oesophageal atresia (OA).MethodsAn in-person engagement event for 70 patients/parents was held by the OA patient group, TOFS. Attitudes towards TE were assessed before and after a talk on use of TE oesophagi in a pre-clinical OA model. Perceptions were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale (median [range]) and compared using Mann–Whitney test.Results43 attendees responded; 56% parents/caregivers, 21% patients, 7% healthcare workers, 16% unreported. Most (85%) had some awareness of TE but for 15%, it was a new concept. Attendees were receptive to TE; 89% reported no concerns about growth of their/child(s) cells in a lab and 61% reported no concerns about using animal products. Perceptions of TE significantly improved after the presentation from 4 (2–5, n = 32) to 5 (3–5, n = 28) p < 0.0001, and 96% would like to be involved in focus groups on development of a TE product for use in OA.ConclusionInput from key stakeholders is essential to introduction of TE constructs clinically. The overall response to TE constructs was positive, and informs development of an OA-specific focus group to guide translation.

Influence of different concentrations of milk urea nitrogen on the reproductive performance of Holstein cows.

The purpose of this study was to assess how various MUN levels affected the reproductive performance traits of Iranian Holsteins. The dataset used in this study included reproduction performance records for 16,000 Holstein cows and was gathered by the Animal Breeding Center and Promotion of Animal Products of Iran on 30 large dairy herds during 2018-2021. The MUN concentrations were grouped into four classes: [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN1), [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN2), [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN3), and [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN4). The study took into account various reproductive and fertility traits, such as the number of inseminations per conception (NINS), the percentage of pregnant cows till 120 days in milk (PP120), the calving interval (CI), the days open (DO), the days from calving to the first service (DCFS), the first service conception rate (FSCR), and the abortion rate (ABR). The impact of MUN levels on the incidence of abortion and non-pregnancy in dairy cows was investigated using logistic regression models. Also, to evaluate the effect of MUN concentrations on reproduction traits, a generalized linear model was used. The MUN2 group had the greatest odds of non-pregnancy (P < 0.05; OR = 2.81; MUN2 vs. MUN1). Also, the MUN4 group had the greatest odds of abortion (P < 0.01, OR = 3.36; MUN4 vs. MUN1). The MUN2 and MUN4 groups had the greatest (51.91%) and the lowest (34.32%) FSCR, respectively. MUN classes had a significant influence on DO (P < 0.05), and MUN4 had the largest value (145.44 days). The results indicated the negative association between MUN with reproduction and fertility in Iranian Holsteins.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Near-Infrared (NIR) Systems at Feed Millsas a Low-Cost, High-Speed Alternative to Feed Ingredient Testing

Improperly balanced diets not only impact the quality of animal production but also the profits of a livestock operation. Typically, the nutrient and chemical content of feed ingredients and forages are determined using well-established wet chemistry tests. However, these tests can be expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, the increasing use of various by-products which are known to have large variations in chemical and nutrient content warrants a real-time on-site feed and forage testing system. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy systems are quick and effective on-site testing tools. While NIR systems are being adopted for on-farm or at feed mill ingredient and forage testing, little is known about the economic impacts of such an investment for a livestock or feed mill operator. This study developed a baseline model and an Excel based spreadsheet application for performing Return on Investment (ROI) analysis to determine the feasibility of using an on-farm or at feed mill NIR testing system. ROI was calculated based on the nutrient cost saved or spent determined from the difference of estimated nutrient content and actual calculated value. The findings from this study will promote low-cost alternatives for onfarm or at feed mill ingredient testing, positively impacting quality of animal products and minimizing costs.

Probiotics in piglet: from gut health to pathogen defense mechanisms

Various problems and obstacles are encountered during pig farming, especially the weaning phase when switching from liquid to solid feed. Infection by pathogenic bacteria causes damage to the intestinal barrier function of piglets, disrupts the balance of the intestinal microbiota, and destroys the chemical, mechanical, and immune barriers of the intestinal tract, which is one of the main causes of gut inflammation or gut diseases in piglets. The traditional method is to add antibiotics to piglet diets to prevent bacterial infections. However, long-term overuse of antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance and residues in animal products, threatening human health and causing gut microbiota dysbiosis. In this context, finding alternatives to antibiotics to maintain pre- and post-weaning gut health in piglets and prevent pathogenic bacterial infections becomes a real emergency. The utilization of probiotics in piglet nutrition has emerged as a pivotal strategy to promote gut health and defend against pathogenic infections, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional antibiotic usage. This review introduces recent findings that underscore the multifaceted roles of probiotics in enhancing piglet welfare, from fortifying the gut barrier to mitigating the impacts of common bacterial pathogens. Meanwhile, this study introduces the functions of probiotics from different perspectives: positive effects of probiotics on piglet gut health, protecting piglets against pathogen infection, and the mechanisms of probiotics in preventing pathogenic bacteria.

Analysis of Current Approaches to Monitoring the Content of Depressor Substances

INTRODUCTION. Raw materials of biological origin can contaminate medicines with depressor substances, such as histamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin, and prostaglandins. In the Russian Federation, tests for the content of these impurities are conducted in anaesthetised healthy cats in accordance with the General Chapter Test for depressor substances of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. The global trend towards ending animal testing and the search for ways to eliminate animal tests for depressor substances motivate researchers to study international approaches to the determination of histamine-like substances.AIM. This study aimed to analyse Russian and international approaches to the control of biologicals for depressor substances and to consider the applicability of alternative instrument-based physicochemical methods for the determination of histamine-like impurities, with a view to reducing animal testing.DISCUSSION. The rationale for reducing the use of animals as test systems is set forth in Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. In 2023, the European Pharmacopoeia Commission initiated the removal of in vivo tests for histamine-like substances from the European Pharmacopoeia. However, China and India use animal testing as the basic method for assessing the safety of medicines. In the Russian Federation, the control of depressor substances is regulated under General Chapter 1.2.4.0008.18 of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Since the publication of General Chapter 42-0063-07 Test for histamine in edition XII in 2007, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation has included a compendial text providing for a reduction in the number of cats used for testing. At present, Russian scientists are searching for targeted physicochemical and immunochemical methods for the determination of depressor substances. It has been demonstrated that a reasonable approach is to assess the need for testing a particular medicinal product in animals on a case-by-case basis. This approach will help minimise the number of in vivo tests and maintain an adequate quality of medicines at the same time.CONCLUSIONS. Despite the global trend towards ending animal testing, it is still necessary and required to control medicines for the content of depressor substances. Nevertheless, there is no global consensus on the need to use animals for this purpose. The absence of a separate general chapter/monograph, or references to it, will not change the fact that histamine-like substances are controlled worldwide. The decision to exclude in vivo methods from the European Pharmacopoeia necessitates the search for alternative test methods and the implementation of additional manufacturing controls to minimise the contamination risk for finished medicinal products. Studies have shown that high-performance liquid chromatography can determine the content of histamine in a limited amount of a medicinal product.

Jaringan Saraf Tiruan Backpropagation untuk Prediksi Harga Bahan Pangan di Wilayah Kabupaten Deli Serdang

Foodstuffs are raw materials in the form of agricultural, vegetable and animal products that are used by the food processing industry to produce a food product. Food ingredients consist of plant foods and animal foods. Food is the most basic need for human resources in a country. Food prices sometimes experience erratic increases or decreases. The aim of this research is to determine the results of food price predictions in the Deli Serdang Regency area using the Backpropagation algorithm. The data used in this research is food price data from 2020 to 2023 which comes from the official National Food Ingredients website. This research uses the Backpropagation algorithm artificial neural network method which uses several architectural models and the results of this test will produce the best accuracy values. The test results show that the best architecture for research on implementing the backpropagation algorithm in predicting food prices in Deli Serdang Regency is 2-10-1 with an accuracy of 87.5% and the 2-3-8-1 architecture with an accuracy of 87.5%.

Rasacharya Pandit Chivukula Satyanarayanasastry: A proponent of Rasa Chikitsa and a distinguished litterateur who enriched Ayurveda through Telugu literature

Abstract Alchemy has two main aspects: Rasa Chikitsa and Rasa Vada. Rasa Chikitsa refers to the therapeutic application of drugs of metal and mineral origin, animal products, and poisonous plant drugs in Ayurveda. On the other hand, Rasa Vada was a branch of chemistry in the Middle Ages concerned with changing base metals into gold and alchemy, which have been around for centuries. Saint Govinda Bhagavatpada, the mentor of Adi Sankaracharya, was a respected practitioner of Rasa Vada and wrote Rasa Hridaya Tantra, considered a pioneering work on Rasa Sastra. Rasacharya Chivukula Satyanarayana Sastry, from Andhra Pradesh, dedicated his life to mastering these two facets and gained notable recognition as a Rasa Vaidya. He was given the esteemed title of Rasacharya, following the footsteps of the renowned scientist Siddha Nagarjuna. Interestingly, no one else in Andhra Pradesh has been given this honor. However, recent discoveries suggest that Sri Bhudev Mookerji was also honored with the title “Rasacharya” for compiling the monumental publication Rasa Jala Nidhi in five volumes. This comprehensive discussion aims to shine a light on the extraordinary life and significant contributions of Rasacharya Sri Chivukula Satyanarayan Sastry, an outstanding figure in Ayurveda.

Penggunaan Media Video Animasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Geografi Kelas X Di SMA Negeri

Abstrak: Between April and May of 2024, this study was carried out at SMA Negeri 2 Gu. Finding out how the usage of animated video learning materials affects class X geography students' learning results is the aim of this study. A one-grub-post-experiment pre-experiment design was used to conduct the study. where 32 pupils in a single class make up the sample. The pretest and posttest, which both consisted of essay-style questions, provided the research data. There are two sections to the data analysis that was done. Using the t-test formula, the first phase of the data analysis is descriptive statistical analysis, followed by inferential statistical analysis.Descriptive statistics of the research from two samples, on the pretest and postest data, were presented in the first study's results. In the second trial, the average pretest score was 58.90, and the average posttest score was 85.93. It can be inferred that Ha was accepted and Ho was not rejected because the substantial difference between the pretest and posstest results was demonstrated by the significant result value of 0.00 ≤ 0.05. Consequently, it can be said that the utilization of animated video content affects the geography learning outcomes of class X students at SMA Negeri 2 Gu.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in Humans and Cattle Populations: A Comprehensive Study

A zoonotic disease unique to South Asia, brucellosis causes major public health and financial problems, notably in Pakistan. This research aimed to ascertain the molecular frequency of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in humans and cattle and to pinpoint related risk factors in the Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, districts. A total of 800 blood samples, 600 from cattle and 200 from humans, were gathered and examined using traditional PCR targeting the IS711 locus. In humans, the molecular frequency of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus was 16.5%; in cattle, it was 9.1%. Risk factor analysis in cattle revealed that seasonality, geographic location, sex, and insemination method significantly impacted brucellosis prevalence· Higher risk was observed in female cattle, those naturally inseminated, and during the summer months, particularly in regions such as Bannu· In humans, univariate logistic regression identified potential risk factors, including age (25–50 years), rural residency, lower socioeconomic status, female gender, direct contact with animals, and consumption of raw animal products. However, none of these factors reached statistical significance. The findings underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and targeted preventive measures to control brucellosis transmission between cattle and humans. Understanding the molecular prevalence and risk factors can guide public health strategies and improve livestock management practices to mitigate this zoonotic disease.

Effectiveness of introducing fresh fruits in Anganwadi menu among children between 3–6 years in Mysuru city

ABSTRACT Introduction: Micronutrient malnutrition remains a huge public health problem, with the main issues lying with the lack of diet diversity, either lack or less of animal products, sparse amount of fruits and vegetables. Fruits are a very good source of vitamins and minerals to help in the growth and development of the child. There are a lot of implementation hurdles at the ground level. Hence there is a need for further exploration of the role of fruits and dietary diversity on the growth and development of the children. Methodology: The study is an interventional study, conducted over 3 months. There was a systematic random sampling performed. A total of 60 participants, were taken out of which 30 were given the intervention. The assessment was conducted through anthropometry and semi-structured questionnaire. Results: When asked about their reluctance to include fruits in their diet, 58.3% did not prioritise it in their daily diet, while the rest found it expensive to buy it. There was a significant difference in the height and MUAC between the groups and that had no influence on the intervention. There was a slight increase in height over the three months in the interventional groups. Conclusion: Malnutrition is not a single-factor disease but happens because of many factors which include, education, income, environment and nutritional awareness among mothers and families. Fruits are a major component in the diet and have to be included by the family for the children to improve their basic anthropometry and also more functions.

수학 학습 촉진을 위한 애니메이션 자료 제작 연구: 파이썬 라이브러리 Manim을 기반으로

Objectives The purpose of this study is to propose guidelines for producing animation materials as a way to help students understand the characteristics of mathematics and mathematical concepts and principles, and to in-troduce Manim, an effective mathematics animation material production tool. Methods We investigated animation production principles that can be helpful in the math animation production process, and applied them to already produced math animation materials to find out their suitability as math ani-mation production principles. In addition, the scope of GeoGebra's animation implementation functions, which are used in the production of mathematical materials, was confirmed, and the possibilities of supplementing the limi-tations of various functions revealed here were explored through Manim. and we looked at the process of produc-ing animation materials using Manim and the results. Results As a result of analyzing whether the animation production principles adopted and applied are valid for the production of mathematics animation materials, we found some requirements that should be modified and sup-plemented from the perspective of mathematics education, and derived improved guidelines for the production of mathematics animation materials. GeoGebra, one of the production tools, has an animation composition func-tion, but there were limitations in its implementation functions, such as setting text condition input and repeating the target hiding operation. In comparison, although Manim requires an understanding of basic Python grammar, it was found to have great advantages in producing mathematical animation materials, such as intuitive com-mands, convenient property change function, free expression ordering, and various animation effects. Conclusions Previous animation production research has not sufficiently considered the abstract nature of math concepts. accordingly, the need for improved guidelines that cover the expression of mathematical concepts, and the use of formulas as the main object of animation has emerged. GeoGebra has limitations in its animation com-position function, so the need for it is increasing along with the expansion of new mathematical animation material creation tools that go beyond that function. accordingly, it was confirmed that Manim, which uses simple com-mands as an alternative production tool, is a very specialized tool for creating mathematical animations.

Monitoring of Animal Products Entering East Kalimantan with Total Plate Count Test

Monitoring of Animal Products Entering East Kalimantan with Total Plate Count Test