Animal Bite Injuries Research Articles

St Andrew's Ambulatory Care Strategy for Animal & Human Bite Injuries & Localised Infections

St Andrew's Ambulatory Care Strategy for Animal & Human Bite Injuries & Localised Infections

Epidemiological Assessment of Animal Bite Injury and Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis in Kisumu County, Kenya

Epidemiological Assessment of Animal Bite Injury and Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis in Kisumu County, Kenya

Adherence to treatment in patients with animal bites in a hospital of Colombia

BackgroundThe treatment of animal bite wounds includes both local management and prophylactic use of oral antibiotics. However, the effectiveness of the latter in our population is inconclusive. This research aims to identify the relationship between adherence to antibiotic treatment and the infection rate after an animal bite. MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Colombia. All patients who had suffered animal bites were included in this study. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the results. Subgroup analysis was performed, and the risk ratio was calculated with a 95 % confidence interval. ResultsA total of 227 patients were included, of whom 56.4 % were male, with an average age of 22 years, and 43.6 % were female. Canine bites accounted for 90.3 % of the cases, with the hand being the most frequently affected anatomical area. Beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors were the most commonly used (53 %). Adherence to antibiotic treatment was observed in 63 % of the patients. Signs and symptoms of infection occurred in 44 % of cases, while suture dehiscence occurred in only 3 %. ConclusionsWhile adherence to treatment is acceptable, infection occurs at a high percentage. The adherence rate to antibiotic treatment in dog bites is high; however, the use of antibiotics remains controversial, as healthcare professionals do not adequately adhere to national guidelines.

Limitation of microdissected thinning in free anterolateral thigh flap for hand reconstruction

BackgroundHand defects, especially complex defects involving tendon or bone exposure, are challenging to reconstruct. With the limited size and options of local flaps, the free-thinned anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap remains an excellent choice. However, many authors have described thinning procedures differently, leading to inconsistent outcomes. We present our clinical experience of immediate thinning ALT flaps depending on the anatomical structure of the perforator.Materials and methodsBetween 2007 and 2021, we used a free ALT flap in 42 cases to cover hand defects after crushing and friction injuries, burning and burn scars, and animal bite wounds. There were 38 males and 4 females; the mean patient age was 31.2 years. Thinning procedure was performed in all flaps. The primary and microdissected thinning procedure was performed for 35 single flaps and 7 chimeric flaps, including 14 flaps for the fingers (29%), 4 flaps for the palm (8%), 12 flaps for the hand dorsum (24%), and 19 flaps for combined areas (39%).ResultsThe mean flap thickness was 18.6 (11–30) mm before defatting and 6.0 (3–12) mm after defatting, an approximately 65% reduction. The retained fascia island around the perforator was ≤ 1 cm in 73.5% of cases, 2–3 cm in 18.4%, and the remaining 8.1% had a fascia size ≥ 4 cm. The incidence of a well-survive flap was 93.9%. Three cases had partial to total necrosis. None of the patients required a secondary defatting procedure.ConclusionEvery case has a perforator pattern after running through the fascia, which allows surgeons to choose the appropriate thinning method. Perforators that run parallel to the superficial fascia are not good candidates for thinning. Instead, the thinning process should be performed with more perpendicular perforators.Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study

Epidemiological characteristics and surveillance of animal bite injuries, in Kerman city, Iran.

Animal bites are a major threat to human health. The present study was designed to determine the incidence and epidemiological factors and to investigate the process of referral and treatment of animal bite cases in Kerman city. This was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study. All the cases of animal bites that were referred to rabies treatment and prevention centers under the coverage of Kerman health center during 2019 and 2021 were investigated. The data were collected from the health center of Kerman city in Excel form that was registered in the portal of the Ministry of Health. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used in SPSS24 software to analyze the data. In this study, 5407 people (4076 men and 1331 women) were bitten by animals. The average incidence of animal bites was 313 per hundred thousand people. The mean ± SD age of the injured was 31.38 ± 17.72 years. 73.2% of cases of attacking animals were dogs, and half of those dogs had owners. 58.6% of cases were injured in the hand, and 94.2% referred to rabies treatment and prevention centers in the first 48 h after the bite. No cases of animal-bitten deaths were reported during this period. Between gender (P = 0.006), age (P = 0.013), place of residence (P = 0.003), occupation (P < 0.000), history of previous bites and vaccinations (P = 0.001), and injured limb (P < 0.000) and not going to receive the next round of vaccinations, there was a statistically significant correlation. Animal bites are a major health problem in Kerman, and due to creating health problems and economic losses, it is necessary to take serious action to control and prevent this health threat.

Using Free Chimeric Anterolateral Thigh Flap For Reconstruction Of Composite Dorsal Hand Defect

Simultaneous repair of the extensor tendons and soft tissues in hand injuries remains challenging. The free chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap with fascia lata (FL) flap represents an alternative for hand reconstruction. This report describes the reconstruction of the extensor tendon and skin defects using free chimeric ALT flaps with FL. Eight patients (one female and seven male) underwent reconstruction of complex hand defects with free chimeric ALT and FL flaps. The defects were caused by crushing injuries, burns, snakebite scars, and animal bite wounds. The average skin defect was 116 cm2. Perforators were selected for the skin paddle and the FL flap. The thinning procedure was performed microsurgically. The skin paddle size ranged from 12 to 23cm in length and 6 to 11cm in width, and the FL flaps ranged from 3×5 to 12×5cm. The mean pedicle length was 7.88cm. Nine extensor tendons were repaired with FL flaps. The flap thickness after thinning was only 3-6mm. The donor site was closed primarily in six patients, and skin grafts were used in two cases. All flaps survived without complications. The follow-up period lasted from 17 to 80 months. Range of motion was achieved with satisfaction. The chimeric-thinned ALT and FL flap is a valuable material, and it should be considered a reconstructive option for hand soft tissue and extensor tendon reconstruction. This technique allows us to achieve a good appearance and extensor function without donor-site morbidity.

Animal Bite Injuries to the Face: A Retrospective Evaluation of 111 Cases.

The treatment of bite wounds to the face is discussed controversially in relation to surgery and antibiotics. The aim of this study is a retrospective evaluation of 111 cases of animal bite injuries to the face that presented to our unit of oral and maxillofacial surgery over a 13-year period. Children under 10 years of age were predominantly involved. A total of 94.5% of the assessed injuries were caused by dogs. Wound infections occurred in 8.1%. Lackmann type II was the most common type of injury (36.9%). The perioral area was affected most frequently (40.5%). Primary wound closure was carried out in 74.8% of the cases. In 91.9% of the cases, antibiotic prophylaxis was prescribed. The most often administered type of antibiotic was amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (62.1%). Patients without antibiotics showed an increased infection rate without significance. Wound infections occurred significantly more frequently in wounds to the cheeks (p = 0.003) and when local flap reconstruction was necessary (p = 0.048). Compared to the other surgical treatment options, primary closure showed the lowest infection rates (4.8%, p = 0.029). We recommend antibiotic prophylaxis using amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and wound drains for wounds of Lackmann class II or higher. Primary closure seems to be the treatment of choice whenever possible.

Rare Medico Legal Cases of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objective: While Multiple Life-threatening Conditions (MLCs) admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit represent a substantial healthcare burden, the risk factors, epidemiological data, and clinical manifestations of these cases have yet to be systematically and comprehensively documented. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey, between January 1, 2017, and January 1, 2022. The study included 31 males (35.4%) and 17 females (64.6%) with an average age of 4.7 ± 4.1 years. MLCs were classified into nine groups, including Foreign Body Aspiration (FBA), Blunt Trauma (BT), Asphyxia (ASP), Firearm Injury (FI), Sharp and Penetrating Object Injury (SPOI), Electric Injury (EI), Sports-Related Injury (SRI), Animal Bite Injury (ABI), and Home Accident (HA). Results: Foreign Body Aspiration (FBA) was the most prevalent type of MLC in this study (29.1%). The average hospital stay for FBA cases in the general ward was 3 days (range: 1-11 days), and in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit was 2 days (range: 1-8 days). Blunt Trauma (BT) cases had an average hospital stay of 4 days (range: 1-12 days) in the general ward and 3 days (range: 1-10 days) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Surgical intervention was required for 29.1% of patients (n=14). The mean cost of treating a case in our study was calculated to be 5744 ₺ (approximately US$308.57). The majority of MLCs were attributed to FBA (n=14, 43%), followed by BT (n=9, 18%), and ASP (n=8, 16%). Conclusion: The predominance of Multiple Life-threatening Conditions (MLCs) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, with Foreign Body Aspiration (FBA) being the most common cause, underscores the need for heightened awareness and prevention efforts. Understanding the risk factors, clinical presentations, and healthcare costs associated with these cases is essential for healthcare professionals and policymakers in their pursuit of reducing the incidence of MLCs.

Mid-Cheek Reconstruction after a Dog Bite: Case Report and Literature Review

The incidence of animal bite injuries affecting the anatomical regions of the head and neck is notably prevalent, particularly among individuals within the younger demographic. Canine species have been identified as the primary source of the majority of bite injuries in the human population, the spectrum of injuries encompasses a range of traumatic manifestations, which may encompass uncomplicated lacerations or punctures, as well as more complex avulsions characterized by the presence or absence of accompanying tissue. The anatomical regions most frequently affected by the condition under investigation include the buccal region, nasal area, and labial region. The acquisition of comprehensive data regarding the vaccination status of both the animal and the patient is of paramount significance in the realm of medical research. Furthermore, it is imperative to duly administer prophylactic measures such as tetanus or rabies prophylaxis, contingent up on the presence of any indications warranting such interventions. The aforementioned wounds necessitate comprehensive assessment, meticulous cleansing, and, on occasion, surgical debridement or reconstruction within the confines of the operating theater. The selection of the appropriate reparative intervention is contingent upon a comprehensive assessment of the precise anatomical site and magnitude of the inflicted trauma, thereby encompassing a spectrum of potential modalities including primary closure, microsurgical replantation, dermal grafting, tissue flaps, and in rare instances, facial allograft transplantation.

Epidemiology of animal bite injuries in North of Fars province in Iran

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological situation of animal bites in Rostam city of Fars province. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Cases of animal bites registered in health centers of Rostam city of Fars province from the beginning of 2014 to 2020 were analyzed using the census method. The tool for collecting information was the portal of the Ministry of Health and the registration offices of people who were referred to the rabies center. Results: A total of 628 cases of animal bites registered in health centers of Rostam city of Fars province from the beginning of 2014 to 2020. The mean age of the injured was (31.3 ± 20.2) years. Of the total injured cases, 414 (65.9%) were male, and 491 (78.2%) lived in villages. Most of the cases were bitten by dogs (n=420, 66.8%) and the upper limb was involved in 280 (55.2%) cases. In addition, an increasing trend was observed in the incidence of animal bites from 2015 to 2020. Conclusions: The incidence of animal bites in Rostam City is high, and most of the cases occur in rural areas. Considering the injuries caused by animal bites, the risk of rabies transmission, and the high costs of vaccination and serum therapy, it is necessary to hold control, educational, and vaccination programs.

Rare Medico Legal Cases of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objective: Although the MLCs who are admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit establish a crucial health burden, the risk factors, epidemiologic data and clinical signs of such cases have not been documented in a regular and comprehensive way.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective patient review was made. This study was conducted in the PICU of Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey, between 01 January 2017 and 01 January 2022. This study enrolled 31 males (35.4%) and 17 females (64.6%) aged 4.7 ±4.1 years. We classified MLCs into nine groups as Foreign Body Aspiration (FBA), Blunt Trauma (BT), Asphyxia (ASP), Firearm Injury (FI), Sharp and Penetrating Object Injury (SPOI), Electric Injury (EI), Sports-Related Injury (SRI), Animal Bite Injury (ABI), Home Accident (HA).&#x0D; Results: FBA is the dominant type of MCL of this study (29,1%). The average hospital stay of FBA cases in the ward was 3 (1-11) days; in PICU was 2 (1-8) days. The average hospital stay of BT cases in the ward was 4 (1-12) days; in PICU was 3 (1-10) days. The average hospital stay of ASP cases in the ward was 2 (1-6) days; in PICU was 2 (1-7) days. 29,1 percent of the patients (n=14) required the surgery. In our study, we calculated that the mean voice of treatment of a case is 5744 ₺ (around US$308,57). The most significant proportion of the MLCs was caused by FBA (n=14, 43%), followed by BT (n=9, 18%) and ASP (n=8, 16%). &#x0D; Conclusion: All parties which want to make decrease in the number of the MLCs, should draw attention to prevention efforts

Presentation and treatment of animal and human bite injuries at a Swiss tertiary emergency department: a cross-sectional study.

Animal and human bite injuries are a relevant health problem worldwide. With the increasing number of pets, bite injuries are becoming more frequent. Previous studies on animal and human bite injuries in Switzerland were completed several years ago. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed overview of patients with bite injuries admitted to a tertiary emergency department in Switzerland in terms of demographics, injury patterns and treatment strategies. A 9-year cross-sectional analysis of patients presenting to the emergency department of Bern University Hospital in the period January 2013 to December 2021 following an animal or human bite injury. A total of 829 patients with bite injuries were identified, including 70 for postexposure prophylaxis only. Their median age was 39 (IQR 27-54) years and 53.6% were female. Most patients were bitten by a dog (44.3%), followed by cats (31.5%) and humans (15.2%). Most bite injuries were mild (80.2%); severe injuries were mainly found in dog bites (28.3%). Most patients were treated within six hours after human (80.9%) or dog (61.6%) bites; after cat bites, patients often presented with a delay (74.5%) and signs of infection (73.6%). Human bite wounds were superficial in the majority of cases (95.7%), rarely showed signs of infection (5.2%) at the time of presentation and hospitalisation was never required. Our study provides a detailed overview of patients admitted to an emergency department of a tertiary Swiss University Hospital after an animal or human bite. In summary, bite injuries are common among patients who present to the emergency department. Therefore, primary and emergency care clinicians should be familiar with these injuries and their treatment strategies. The high risk of infection, particularly in cat bites, may warrant surgical debridement in the initial treatment of these patients. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy and close follow-up examinations are recommended in most cases.

Clinical and epidemiologic features of persons accessing emergency departments for dog and cat bite injuries in California (2005-2019).

To describe the clinical and epidemiologic features of persons with dog and cat bite injuries who presented to emergency departments. Records of 648,492 dog and cat bite-related emergency department visits in California from 2005 to 2019. Visits were selected by standardized International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes that indicated a bite as an external cause of injury in the medical record. Incidence rates were calculated for patient demographics, location and month of bite incident, characteristics of bite injury, infection, patient outcome/disposition, and expected source of payment. Cross-sectional descriptive analysis was performed. The average annual incidence of dog bites was highest in children aged < 10 years and males, while that of cat bites was highest in adults aged ≥ 80 years and females. Bites were more likely to occur in rural settings, in private residences, and during the summer. The median household income for zip codes in which animal bite patients resided was lower than the statewide median household income. Both dog and cat bite injuries were more likely to occur to upper limbs. Bacteria were isolated from 3% of dog bite injuries and 21.5% of cat bite injuries at initial presentation. Epidemiologic findings about persons presenting to emergency departments for animal bite injuries can inform bite prevention efforts by identifying at-risk populations. Effective animal bite prevention demands an ongoing multisectoral program of veterinarians and other health professionals, collaborating with community and governmental organizations, to develop and implement integrated strategies within the context of other socially contributory factors.

Death due to rabies after animal bite injury: Incidence pre– and post–COVID-19

1Private Academic Consultant, Bangkok Thailand 2Adjunct professor, Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria; Honorary professor, Dr. DY Patil Medical College - Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India Correspondence: Pathum Sookaromdee, Private Academic Consultant, Bangkok Thailand, Email: [email protected] Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

Outcomes After Primary Closure of Animal Bite Wounds

Introduction: Most animal bites heal without difficulty. However, some animal bite wounds lead to infection, and whether animal bite wounds should be left open or sutured remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for bite-wound infection, and whether primary closure interfered with wound infection.Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. The following information was extracted: date of treatment, age, sex, location of the injury, severity of injuries, surgical procedure, the interval between injuries, and primary treatment.Results: A total of 535 patients presented with dog- or cat-bite wounds. Primary closure was performed in 89 patients (17.0%); 73 patients had wound infections (14%). There were no significant differences between infection and age, sex, animal species, wound location, or severity (P = 0.46, 0.35, and 0.30, respectively). However, occurrence of wound infections after primary wound closure increased significantly (P < 0.05). More infections in the head, neck, and lower extremities occurred particularly in the primary closure group than in the open wound group (P < 0.05).Head and neck bite wounds generally exhibit low infection rates owing to the rich blood supply to the area. However, our study showed that the infection rates of head and neck bite injuries were similar to those of the upper and lower extremities.Conclusion: There were many cases of infection after primary suturing, even in the head and neck regions. Therefore, careful follow-up after primary care of bite wounds is required.

Animal bite wound categories, their determinants and health seeking behaviors among patients presenting to the anti-rabies clinic at a tertiary care hospital of Kathmandu: a mixed methods study

Introduction: Rabies, an invariably fatal viral disease, is transmitted to humans through animal bites, most commonly dogs. There is little information about categories of wounds due to animal bites, their determinants and health seeking behaviors in Nepal. This study aims to find out different categories of the animal bite wounds , their determinants and health seeking behaviors among the patients presenting to the anti-rabies clinic at Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu.&#x0D; &#x0D; Method: This study is based on concurrent, triangulation (quantitative dominant) mixed method design. Those animal bite cases who attended Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital were the participants of the study. Data was collected purposively for 1 week and total number of respondents were 50. Then convergent, divergent, expansive findings were triangulated from the quantitative and qualitative data analysis.&#x0D; &#x0D; Result: Most common type of animal was dog (74%) and most common category of the wound was category 2 (70%) followed by category 3 (30%). Most common site of exposure was leg (58%). Most common place of first visit after animal bite was health facility (94%). Around 46% of patients were referred from other places. Convergent findings revealed the most common type of animal that bit was dog. Divergent findings revealed the existence of cultural practices and consultations with local practitioner as the place of first visit after animal bite. Expansive findings revealed suggestions of preventing animal bites and decreasing referral of patients with animal bite.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Most common type of bite was dog-bite. Most common site of exposure was lower extremity of the body. Category 2 bite was the most common. They gave important suggestions to prevent future animal bites and to decrease referral of the animal bite injury patients from the periphery to this hospital.

WHO Needs to Re-look at Animal Bite Wound Classification for Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis to Save People from Deadly Rabies!

Rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease that is largely caused by bites or scratches of an infected dog. WHO has defined wound classifications for taking decisions on Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) after bites. Some experts have suggested a change in WHO classification to include another category IV in severe wounds. As we work in the rabies endemic country contributing the highest number of rabies deaths annually, we discuss what changes in Rabies PEP classification are actually required based on our clinical practice. We discuss here how the lives of victims of rabid animals were saved and what factors led to the failures of PEP. We also discuss why there is no need to expand existing wound classification to category IV and no need to use higher concentrations of RIG for severe wounds like those on the head and neck. We recommend omitting category II and keeping only categories I and III for wound classification for rabies PEP based on our clinical experience with rabid dog bites and scratches i.e. either there is exposure or no exposure using spirit test in doubtful abrasions without bleeding. Moreover, because the rabies virus attaches to the nerve at the site of the bite and there is no viraemia in rabies infection, therefore, to classify a scratch or abrasion with or without bleeding is not rational.

Forensic Death Investigations of Dog Bite Injuries in 31 Cats.

Simple SummaryFatal dog bite injuries are common in free-ranging cats in Taiwan. The causes of death of these cats are sometimes speculated to be animal cruelty by the general public. To persuade the public and ease speculation, we document and summarize the features of dog bite injuries and further develop a method for canine DNA identification. Performing forensic necropsies on 31 cats with dog bite injuries, we found that puncture wounds, linear or small, round contusions/abrasions, and lacerations/avulsions are characteristic bite-related injuries. A preference for specific body regions was not observed. Using DNA samples from wound swabs and hair remains, we identified canine DNA in 27.3% of cases. This study provides an applicable method for canine DNA identification in cats and reference data for future veterinary forensic investigations of dog bite injuries.Animal bite injuries are common in free-ranging cats in Taiwan, and most fatal animal bite events are presumed to be caused by dogs. However, speculation regarding animal abuse may occur when carcasses with prominent injuries are found by members of the general public. Local animal protection offices and veterinary clinicians sometimes face difficulties in convincing these individuals by identifying specific features of dog bite injuries in cat carcasses. Therefore, the present study analyzed injury patterns and distribution in 31 necropsied cats with animal bite injuries, and applied deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis for canine DNA identification in 13 cats. The main necropsy findings included puncture wounds (26 (83.9%)), linear or small, round contusions/abrasions (20 (64.5%)), lacerations/avulsions (17 (54.8%)), abdominal wall rupture/laceration (19 (61.3%)), herniation (16 (51.6%)), fractures (21 (67.7%)), broken claws (16 (51.6%)), and hair tufts on the body surface (28 (90.3%)). The most-commonly injured regions were the ventral thorax and axilla (23 (74.2%)), hind limbs (22 (71.0%)), shoulder-to-dorsal thorax (21 (67.7%)), back and flank (20 (64.5%)), abdomen (19 (61.3%)), neck (19 (61.3%)), and hip/tail/perineum (17 (54.8%)). Canine mitochondrial DNA was identified in 3 out of 11 cases (27.3%) that were sampled using wound swabs and in 4 out of 5 cases that had hair entrapped in broken claws. In conclusion, this study determined the distribution and features of dog bite injuries in cats and developed an elemental method using trace evidence for DNA identification in animal bites.

Cross sectional study to assess knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards animal bite management and vaccination against rabies, amongst interns in a tertiary care hospital of Kolhapur, Maharashtra

Background: Rabies disease continues to be most feared of all communicable diseases. Rabies is a zoonotic disease &amp; transmitted by animal bites, mainly dogs. India accounts for 59.9% of rabies deaths in Asia and 35% of deaths globally. One of the important factors associated with successful treatment is the knowledge of the care giver in the correct management of animal bites and vaccination against rabies. Objectives: i) To assess the knowledge towards animal bite management, and (ii) To study the knowledge, attitude &amp; practices regarding pre and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of rabies amongst interns in a D. Y. Patil Medical College, &amp; Hospital, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, a tertiary care teaching hospital. Material and Methods: i) Study design - An observational - cross sectional, knowledge, attitude &amp; practices (KAP) study. ii) Tools used - Predesigned, pretested, structured questionnaire based survey in interns on animal bite wound management and pre &amp; post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies. iii) Study population – Interns working in D. Y. Patil Hospital, Kolhapur during study period, iv) Statistical tests – mean, percentage and other statistical analysis was conducted by using Microsoft- Excel.

Epidemiology of rabies immune globulin use in paediatric and adult patients in the USA: a cross-sectional prevalence study

ObjectivesTo compare the epidemiology of paediatric and adult patients receiving rabies immune globulin (RIG).DesignCross-sectional prevalence study.SettingEligible participants from the Symphony Integrated Dataverse presenting between 2013 and 2019.ParticipantsAll adult and paediatric...