Anharmonic Vibrational Wavenumbers Research Articles

Anharmonic Vibrational Analysis of Ethylene, Butadiene, and Longer Conjugated Alkenes by Double-Hybrid Density-Functional Theory Calculations

Abstract The anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers of ethylene, trans-1,3-butadiene, and conjugated all-trans alkenes (1,3,5-hexatriene, 1,3,5,7-octatetraene, and 1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene) were calculated by using the double-hybrid density-functional method. The coefficients of terms constituting the energy in the default double-hybrid density-functional (B2PLYP) were carefully optimized for ethylene. Calculations using this modified double-hybrid density-functional (B2ePLYP) gave anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers for the above-mentioned molecules in satisfactory agreement with the published data on fundamentals, overtones, and combinations. Isotope effects observed for deuterated species were mostly well reproduced.

Anharmonic Vibrational Analysis of Dihalogenomethanes and Dihalogenoethanes by Density-Functional Theory Calculations

Abstract The anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers of dihalogeno-methanes CH2X2 and 1,2-dihalogenoethanes CH2XCH2X (X: F, Cl, and Br) were calculated by using hybrid and double-hybrid density-functional methods. For comparison of the methods of calculation, the molecular-orbital method at the CCSD(T) level was also tested for CH2F2 and CH2Cl2. It was found that the hybrid-type B3LYP functional method was not satisfactory for calculating anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers. It was possible to improve the B3LYP functional method by altering the coefficients of the energy formula for CH2F2, but the set of obtained coefficients was not transferrable to CH2Cl2. The double-hybrid-type B2PLYP functional method with carefully chosen sets of basis functions gave molecular structures and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers in good agreement with the published experimental values. The molecular-orbital method at the CCSD(T) level gave calculated results comparable with (or even better than) those by the B2PLYP functional method. However, the cost of computation by the B2PLYP functional method is far lower than that by the molecular-orbital method at the CCSD(T) level. The B2PLYP functional method, which has the advantage of giving satisfactory results with relatively low costs of computation, may become a realistic approach for anharmonic vibrational analyses of relatively large molecules in general.

Detailed mechanism and kinetics of the reaction of Criegee intermediate CH2OO with HCOOH investigated via infrared identification of conformers of hydroperoxymethyl formate and formic acid anhydride.

The reaction of Criegee intermediate CH2OO with HCOOH is important in atmospheric chemistry, but its mechanism and kinetics are little investigated. We recorded time-resolved infrared absorption spectra of transient species produced upon irradiation at 308 nm of a flowing mixture of CH2I2/O2/N2/HCOOH at 298 K. Bands of CH2OO were observed initially upon irradiation; their decrease was accompanied with the appearance of several bands near 887, 925, 1052, 1115, 1170, 1342, 1391, and 1760 cm-1, assigned to the absorption of hydroperoxymethyl formate [HC(O)OCH2OOH, HPMF], that decreased in intensity at a later period with the appearance of absorption bands of the anti-conformer of formic acid anhydride [anti-(HCO)2O, FAN] near 998, 1101, 1767, and 1821 cm-1. The main contributions of the infrared absorption of HPMF are from an open-form conformer, but small contributions from the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded conformer that absorbs near 1070, 1170, and 1732 cm-1 were identified. Observed infrared spectra of both conformers of HPMF and anti-FAN agree satisfactorily with the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers and IR intensities predicted with the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ method. We derived a rate coefficient for CH2OO + HCOOH to be k = (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 from formation of HPMF. We found also that anti-FAN was produced mainly from the open-form conformer with rate coefficient k = (1460 ± 30) s-1; the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded conformer of HPMF is stable.

Direct IR Absorption Spectra of Propargyl Cation Isolated in Solid Argon

The direct infrared (IR) absorption spectra of propargyl cations were recorded. These cations were generated via the electron bombardment of a propyne/Ar matrix sample during matrix deposition. Secondary photolysis with selected ultraviolet (UV) light was used for grouping the observed bands of various products. The band assignment of the propargyl cation in solid Ar was performed according by referring to the previous infrared photodissociation (IRPD) and velocity-map imaging photoelectron (VMI-PE) data, and via theoretical predictions of the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers, band intensities, and deuterium-substituted isotopic ratios. Almost all the IR active bands with an observable intensity were recorded and the ν11 mode was reported for the first time.

Detection of transient infrared absorption of SO3 and 1,3,2-dioxathietane-2,2-dioxide [cyc-(CH2)O(SO2)O] in the reaction CH2OO+SO2.

We recorded time-resolved infrared absorption spectra of transient species produced on irradiation at 308 nm of a flowing mixture of CH2I2/O2/N2/SO2 at 298 K. Bands of CH2OO were observed initially upon irradiation; their decrease in intensity was accompanied by the appearance of an intense band at 1391.5 cm-1 that is associated with the degenerate SO-stretching mode of SO3, two major bands of HCHO at 1502 and 1745 cm-1, and five new bands near >1340, 1225, 1100, 940, and 880 cm-1. The band near 1340 cm-1 was interfered by absorption of SO2 and SO3, so its band maximum might be greater than 1340 cm-1. SO3 in its internally excited states was produced initially and became thermalized at a later period. The rotational contour of the band of thermalized SO3 agrees satisfactorily with the reported spectrum of SO3. These five new bands are tentatively assigned to an intermediate 1,3,2-dioxathietane-2,2-dioxide [cyc-(CH2)O(SO2)O] according to comparison with anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers and relative IR intensities predicted for this intermediate. Observation of a small amount of cyc-(CH2)O(SO2)O is consistent with the expected reaction according to the potential energy scheme predicted previously. SO3+HCHO are the major products of the title reaction. The other predicted product channel HCOOH+SO2 was unobserved and its branching ratio was estimated to be <5%.

Synthesis, magnetic and vibrational properties of two novel mixed-valence iron(II)-iron(III) formate frameworks

We report synthesis of two novel mixed-valence iron(II)-iron(III) formate frameworks templated by N-ethylmethylammonium (EtMeA+) and 2-Hydroxyethylammonium (HEA+) cations. X-ray diffraction shows that these compounds crystallize in the P3¯1c niccolite-type structures. Optical studies confirm mixed-valence character of these compounds. Magnetic investigation reveals that both N-ethylmethylammonium iron formate (EtMeAFeFe) and 2-Hydroxyethylammonium iron formate (HEAFeFe) exhibit magnetic order at 36.5 and 37.0K, respectively. EtMeAFeFe also exhibits large negative magnetization below 31.0K indicating that this compound is an N-type ferrimagnet. We also present Raman and IR data for both compounds. In order to help assignment of modes corresponding to the EtMeA+ cation, we also performed quantum chemical calculations to derive the harmonic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers. The performed calculations revealed that protonation should affect most strongly modes related to vibrations of the N–H bonds as well as the stretching modes of the CH2 and CH3 groups attached to the N atom.

Normal coordinate analysis of pyridine and its C2v2H-isotopomers. A new approach

The vibrational spectra of pyridine and its C2v deuterated isotopomers were reconsidered by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods. The B3LYP level, with 6–311++G** and cc-pVTZ basis sets, is used for geometrical optimization and calculations of harmonic vibrational wavenumbers. Furthermore, the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers were also calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level. The calculated internal coordinates were used to perform complete normal coordinate analysis (NCA) and potential energy distribution (PED) calculations for pyridine and its 2H-isotpomers.

Photochemical generation of H2NCNX, H2NNCX, H2NC(NX) (X = O, S) in low-temperature matrices.

The [NH2, C, N, O] and the [NH2, C, N, S] molecular systems were investigated by computational and matrix-isolation spectroscopic methods. The determination of the equilibrium structures and relative energies by CCSD(T) method was followed by the computation of the harmonic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities, relative Raman activities, and UV excitation energies. These computed data were used to assist the identification of products obtained by UV laser photolysis of 3,4-diaminofurazan and 3,4-diaminothiadiazole in low-temperature Ar and Kr matrices. It is shown that two open-chain H2NNCX and H2NCNX and one cyclic H2NC(NX) (X = O, S) isomers are generated in the case of both systems. Except for H2NNCO and H2NCNS, the present study reports the first generation and spectroscopic identification of these compounds.

Generation and spectroscopic identification of NCXNC and NCNCX (X = S, Se) in low-temperature inert matrices

Equilibrium structures and relative energies of nine–nine (seven open-chain and two cyclic) isomers of the [2C,2N, X] systems (X=O, S, Se) were determined by the CCSD(T) method. Harmonic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers, infrared and Raman intensities, and UV excitation energies were also computed to assist in the spectroscopic identification of these species. The isomers of the [2C, 2N, S] and the [2C, 2N, Se] systems were studied by matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy. First, NCSCN and NCSeCN were prepared and investigated in low-temperature Ar and Kr matrices. Then these species were photolyzed in the matrices at 254nm, which led to the formation of other isomers. Comparing matrix-isolation and computed IR spectra, the previously known NCNCS molecule, and the novel NCSNC, NCSeNC, and NCNCSe species were identified among the photolysis products.

Infrared identification of proton-bound rare-gas dimers (XeHXe)⁺, (KrHKr)⁺, and (KrHXe)⁺ and their deuterated species in solid hydrogen.

Proton-bound rare-gas dimer (RgHRg)(+), in which Rg represents a rare-gas atom, serves as a prototypical system for proton solvation by inert-gas atoms. Until now, only centrosymmetric species with Rg = Ar, Kr, or Xe have been identified with infrared spectra. We employed electron bombardment during deposition of a mixture of Xe (or Kr) in p-H2 at 3.2 K to prepare (RgHRg)(+). Lines at 847.0 and 972.1 cm(-1) are assigned as the Rg-H-Rg antisymmetric stretching (ν3) mode and its combination with the Rg-H-Rg symmetric stretching (ν1 + ν3) mode of (XeHXe)(+) in solid p-H2, respectively. Lines at 871.1 and 974.0 cm(-1) are assigned as the ν3 and ν1 + ν3 modes of (KrHKr)(+) in solid p-H2, respectively. Slightly shifted and broadened lines were observed for these species in solid n-H2. These results agree satisfactorily with reported experimental values of (XeHXe)(+) and (KrHKr)(+) in solid Xe, Kr, and Ar, and with the quantum-chemically predicted anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers of these species in the gaseous phase; the significant spectral shifts in various matrixes are rationalized with the proton affinities of the hosts. When a mixture of Xe and Kr in p-H2 was used, an additional broad feature at 1284 cm(-1) was observed and assigned as the ν3 mode of (KrHXe)(+) in solid p-H2. This line shifted to 1280 cm(-1) in solid n-H2 and the corresponding line of (KrDXe)(+) was observed at 954 cm(-1) in n-D2. The observations of these lines are new; the wavenumbers significantly blue shifted from those of the centrosymmetric (RgHRg)(+) agree with the quantum-chemically predicted anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers of 1279 cm(-1) for (KrHXe)(+) and 916 cm(-1) for (KrDXe)(+). Analysis of the computational results shows that electronic correlation effects play a much greater role for the asymmetric than for the symmetric species. An interpretation for this is provided.

A study of the experimental and theoretical infrared, Raman, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the biochemicals valeric and valproic acids

The structural stability, vibrational, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of valeric and valproic acids were investigated by the B3LYP calculations with the 6-311G** basis set. Valeric acid is predicted to exist predominantly in the planar cis form (80% abundance). Valproic acid is predicted to have an equilibrium mixture of 68% gauche-1 and 32% gauche-2 structures at 298.15K. The spectral feature of the OH stretching mode in the infrared spectra of both acids suggests the presence of strong H-bonding in the condensed phase of valeric acid and weak H-bonding in the case of valproic acid. The harmonic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers were computed at the B3LYP level of theory and tentative vibrational assignments were provided on the basis of combined theoretical and experimental infrared and Raman data of the molecules. Not all of the calculated anharmonic wavenumbers showed a consistent trend with the observed wavenumbers. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of both acids were interpreted by experimental and DFT calculated chemical shifts of the two acids. The RMSD between experimental and theoretical 1H and 13C chemical shifts for valeric acid is 1.8 and 3.8ppm, whereas for valproic acid, it is 1.4 and 4.5ppm, respectively.

Таутомерія 4-гідразинохіназолінів, коливальні спектри та комп'ютерне моделювання

The tautomerism of 4-hydrazinoquinazoline and its derivatives was investigated. Geometry and thermodynamic parameters were computed theoretically using Gaussian 03 software. All calculations were performed at the MP2 level of theory using the standard 6-31G(d) basis. Energetics and relative stabilities of tautomers were compared and analyzed in a gas phase. The effect of solvents (1,4-dioxane, acetic acid, ethanol and water) on the tautomeric equlibria was evaluated using PCM. It was determined that solvents induced slight changes in the relative stability. In all cases 4-hydrazinoquinazoline exists predominantly as the amino form. The variation of dipole moments was studied. The anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers for unsubstituted 4-hydrazinoquinazoline were calculated at MP2/6-31G(d) level and compared with experimental data. The modes of IR spectra were assigned. The calculated herein wavenumbers and intensities of amino form are in good agreement with those observed experimentally.

Comparison of static and dynamic methods of treatment of anharmonicity for the vibrational study of isolated and aqueous forms of guanine

This theoretical study provides the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers of isolated and aqueous guanine. They were performed at the DFT B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory using two different ways for the treatment of anharmonicity: time-independent (VPT2) and time-dependent (molecular dynamics) approaches. The wavenumbers obtained are compared to experimental data for isolated and aqueous forms: the VPT2 approach is slightly better than MD, especially for the determination of stretching and wagging (NH) motions. Finally, the structural model of solvatation used for aqueous guanine which combines an explicit solvent model with a polarizable continuum model (PCM) was validated.

Infrared Spectra of the 1-Pyridinium (C5H5NH+) Cation and Pyridinyl (C5H5NH and 4-C5H6N) Radicals Isolated in Solid para-Hydrogen

Protonated pyridine and its neutral counterparts (C5H6N) are important intermediates in organic and biological reactions and in the atmosphere. We have recorded the IR absorption spectra of the 1-pyridinium (C5H5NH(+)) cation, 1-pyridinyl (C5H5NH), and 4-pyridinyl (4-C5H6N) produced on electron bombardment during matrix deposition of a mixture of pyridine (C5H5N) and p-H2 at 3.2 K; all spectra were previously unreported. The IR features of C5H5NH(+) diminished in intensity after the matrix was maintained in darkness for 15 h, whereas those of C5H5NH and 4-C5H6N radicals increased. Irradiation of this matrix with light at 365 nm diminished lines of C5H5NH(+) and C5H5NH but enhanced lines of 4-C5H6N slightly, whereas irradiation at 405 nm diminished lines of 4-C5H6N significantly. Observed wavenumbers and relative intensities of these species agree satisfactorily with the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers and IR intensities predicted with the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) method. Assignments of C5H5NH and 4-C5H6N radicals were further supported by the observation of similar spectra when a Cl2/C5H5N/p-H2 matrix was irradiated first at 365 nm and then with IR light to generate H atoms to induce the H + C5H5N reaction.

Matrix Isolation and Computational Study of the [H, C, N, Se] Isomers

Nine minima on the ground-state singlet and ten minima on the lowest-energy triplet potential energy surfaces of the [H, C, N, Se] system were located at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The singlet isomers were further investigated by the higher-level CCSD(T) method. Besides their structure and relative energies, isomerization barriers and the dissociation energies of the most important fragmentation channels were determined. Anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities, relative Raman intensities, and UV excitation energies were also computed to assist the detection of these species. Two of the singlet isomers were generated and investigated by IR and UV spectroscopic methods. First, HNCSe and its deuterated isotopomer, DNCSe, were prepared by the reaction of HBr/DBr with AgNCSe and deposited in an 8 K Ar matrix. Photolysis of (H/D)NCSe at 254 nm led to the formation of the novel (H/D)SeNC isomer, which decomposed upon broad-band UV irradiation.

Formation and infrared absorption of protonated naphthalenes (1-C10H9+and 2-C10H9+) and their neutral counterparts in solid para-hydrogen

Protonated naphthalene (C(10)H(9)(+)) and its neutral counterparts (hydronaphthyl radicals, C(10)H(9)) are important intermediates in the reactions of aromatic compounds and in understanding the unidentified infrared (IR) emissions from interstellar media. We report the IR spectra of 1-C(10)H(9)(+), 2-C(10)H(9)(+), 1-C(10)H(9), and 2-C(10)H(9) trapped in solid para-hydrogen (p-H(2)); the latter three are new. These species were produced upon electron bombardment of a mixture of naphthalene (C(10)H(8)) and p-H(2) during matrix deposition. The intensities of IR features of 1-C(10)H(9)(+) decreased after the matrix was maintained in darkness for 19 h, whereas those of 1-C(10)H(9) and 2-C(10)H(9) increased. Irradiation of this matrix sample with light at 365 nm diminished lines of 1-C(10)H(9)(+) and 2-C(10)H(9) and enhanced lines of 1-C(10)H(9) and 2-C(10)H(9)(+); the latter species was unstable and converted to 1-C(10)H(9)(+) in less than 30 min and 2-C(10)H(9) was converted to 1-C(10)H(9) at 365 nm. Observed wavenumbers and relative intensities of these species agree satisfactorily with the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers and IR intensities predicted with the B3PW91/6-311++G(2d,2p) method. Compared with spectra recorded previously with IR photodissociation of Ar-tagged C(10)H(9)(+) or IR multiphoton dissociation of C(10)H(9)(+), our method has the advantages of producing high-resolution IR spectra with a wide spectral coverage, true IR intensity and excellent ratio of signal to noise; both protonated species and their neutral counterparts are produced with little interference from other fragments. With these advantages, the IR spectra of 1-C(10)H(9)(+), 2-C(10)H(9)(+), 1-C(10)H(9), and 2-C(10)H(9) are here clearly characterized.

Structure, vibrational assignment, and NMR spectroscopy of 1,2-bis (dichloroacetyl) cyclopentadiene

Molecular structure, intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB), 1H and 13C chemical shifts, and vibrational assignment of newly prepared 1,2-bis (dichloroacetyl) cyclopentadiene (DCACP), have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the geometry of the most stable conformer was also optimized at the MP2/6-31G** level. By calculations at the B3LYP level, using 6-311++G** basis set, the IR band frequencies of the most stable conformer and its deuterated analogue and the 13C and 1H chemical shifts were clearly assigned. In addition, the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers in solution were also calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G** level. All theoretical calculations and experimental spectroscopy data are consistent with a very strong intramolecular hydrogen bond in this ζ-diketone. According to the theoretical calculations, the enolated proton in DCACP slightly deviates from half way between the two oxygen atoms, Cs symmetry, which suggests existence of a low barrier double minimum potential for this system.

Anharmonic vibrational frequency calculations for solvated molecules in the B3LYP Kohn–Sham basis set limit

The solvent dependence of harmonic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers of water, formaldehyde and formamide was studied using the B3LYP method. The results obtained with the hierarchy of Jensen's polarization-consistent basis sets were fitted with two-parameter formula toward the B3LYP Kohn–Sham complete basis set (CBS) limit. Anharmonic corrections have been obtained by a second order perturbation treatment (VPT2) and vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) method. The solvent environment was treated according to the self-consistent reaction field polarizable continuum model (SCRF PCM) approach.

Infrared absorption of trans-1-chloromethylallyl and trans-1-methylallyl radicals produced in photochemical reactions of trans-1,3-butadiene and Cℓ2 in solid para-hydrogen

The reactions of chlorine and hydrogen atoms with trans-1,3-butadiene in solid para-hydrogen (p-H(2)) were investigated with infrared (IR) absorption spectra. When a p-H(2) matrix containing Cl(2) and trans-1,3-butadiene was irradiated with ultraviolet light at 365 nm, intense lines at 650.3, 809.0, 962.2, 1240.6 cm(-1), and several weaker ones due to the trans-1-chloromethylallyl radical, ●(CH(2)CHCH)CH(2)Cl, appeared. Observed wavenumbers and relative intensities agree with the anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers and IR intensities predicted with the B3PW91/6-311++g(2d, 2p) method. That the Cl atom adds primarily to the terminal carbon atom of trans-1,3-butadiene is in agreement with the path of minimum energy predicted theoretically, but in contrast to the reaction of Cl + propene in solid p-H(2) [J. Amicangelo and Y.-P. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 2956 (2010)] in which the addition of Cl to the central C atom is favored, likely through steric effects in a p-H(2) matrix. A second set of lines, intense at 781.6, 957.9, 1433.6, 2968.8, 3023.5, 3107.3 cm(-1), were observed when the UV-irradiated Cl(2)/trans-1,3-butadiene/p-H(2) matrix was further irradiated with IR light from a SiC source. These lines are assigned to the trans-1-methylallyl radical, ●(CH(2)CHCH)CH(3), produced from reaction of 1,3-butadiene with a H atom resulted from the reaction of Cl atoms with solid p-H(2) exposed to IR radiation.

Matrix-isolation spectroscopic and computational study of [2C, 2N, 2S] isomers: Photochemical generation of SCNNCS and NCSNCS from NCSSCN

Twenty three closed-shell singlet [2C, 2N, 2S] isomers, 10 open-chain pseudohalogens, 10 consisting of a three-membered CNS ring, and three with a thiothionyl moiety, have been investigated by quantum-chemical methods at the B3LYP and CCSD(T) levels. NCSSCN is thermodynamically the most stable, followed by its NCSNCS, and SCNNCS isomers. Anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities, relative Raman intensities, and UV excitation energies have also been computed to assist their detection. NCSSCN has been generated, deposited into cryogenic noble gas matrices, and characterized by IR, Raman, and UV spectroscopic methods. It has been proved by IR and UV spectroscopy that the UV photolysis of NCSSCN leads to the formation of novel pseudohalogens, namely NCSNCS and SCNNCS.