Angle Of 45o Research Articles

Cyclic and torsional fatigue resistance of two replicalike and original brand reciprocating system

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyclic and torsional fatigue resistance of two replicalike in comparison of the original brand reciprocating system. Material and methods: A total of 60 reciprocating instruments were used to perform the cyclic and torsional fatigue test of following systems: Reciproc Blue 25.08 (RB 25.08), Only One File Blue (OFB 25.08) and RC Blue 25.08 (RCB 25.08) (n=20). The cyclic fatigue test was performed using an artificial stainless steel canal with 60º angle of curvature and a 5-mm radius of curvature. The instruments were activated until failure occurred. The time to failure (TF) and number of Cycles to failure (NCF) were evaluated. The torsional test was performed following the ISO 3630-1. Three millimeters of the instrument tip was fastened to a small load cell and the maximum torsional strength and angular deflection were recorded using the torsion testing machine software. The fractured surface of each instrument was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and Tukey’s test for Multiple comparisons at a significance level of 5%. Results: The cyclic fatigue tests demonstrated that OFB 25.08 had the highest TF and NCF than among the groups (P<0.05). RCB 25.08 exhibited lowest TF and NCF (P>0.05). Regarding the torsional test, the RCB 25.08 and OFB 25.08 had the highest torque than the other groups (P<0.05). Additionally, RB 25.08 and OFB 25.08 exhibited highest angular deflection values than the other groups (P><0.05). Conclusion: The OFB 25.08 demonstrated highest TF and NCF than the instruments tested. The RCB 25.08 exhibited lowest cyclic fatigue resistance and angular deflection.> P<0.05). RCB 25.08 exhibited lowest TF and NCF (P>0.05). Regarding the torsional test, the RCB 25.08 and OFB 25.08 had the highest torque than the other groups (P<0.05). Additionally, RB 25.08 and OFB 25.08 exhibited highest angular deflection values than the other groups (P><0.05). Conclusion: The OFB 25.08 demonstrated highest TF and NCF than the instruments tested. The RCB 25.08 exhibited lowest cyclic fatigue resistance and angular deflection.> P<0.05). Conclusion: The OFB 25.08 demonstrated highest TF and NCF than the instruments tested. The RCB 25.08 exhibited lowest cyclic fatigue resistance and angular deflection.

Influence of inherent anisotropy on the mechanical properties of normally consolidated clays with a wide range of plasticity indices

Inherent (fabric) anisotropy is one of the most important properties of earthen materials which has a significant influence on their strength and stiffness characteristics. In this study, a comprehensive series of unconfined and constrained compression tests is performed on normally consolidated (NC) clay samples with different plasticity indices to examine the effect of inherent anisotropy on their mechanical characteristics. Accordingly, several cylindrical clay samples with different proportions of kaolinite and bentonite are reconstituted at a wide range of deposition angles and then subjected to both unconfined and constrained compressive loadings. According to the experimental results, for a clay sample with a particular plasticity index, the highest and lowest values of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), the secant modulus (E50), and the constrained Young's modulus (Eoed) are observed to be associated with the deposition angles of 0o and 90o, respectively. The results also show that at a certain bedding plane angle, the sample containing 30% bentonite (PI = 110%) exhibits the highest UCS, E50, and Eoed values. Several practical empirical correlations are developed to estimate the strength and stiffness properties of NC clays using their plasticity indices and bedding plane directions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis is also conducted to explore the microstructure of samples containing varying percentages of kaolinite and bentonite.

Optimisation Studies on Performance Enhancement of Spray Cooling - Machine Learning Approach

The performance optimisation of spray cooling heat transfer systems has been identified as a significant step in improving process efficiency, and the application of machine learning tools is a recent development that has enhanced this. This study aims to maximise the heat transfer coefficient for spray cooling at low heat flux levels. The effects of nozzle inclination angle, water pressure, and spray height on heat transfer coefficient were studied. Taguchi L27 orthogonal array technique was used to perform the experiments. A maximum heat transfer coefficient of 181.4 kW/m2K was obtained at a nozzle inclination angle of 60o, spray height of 4 cm, and water pressure of 15 psi. Analysis of variance was performed to find the significance of each variable and its interactions. The results show that for the maximum heat transfer coefficient (181.4 kW/m2K), the optimum levels of the independent variables were A3H1P3, i.e., the highest level of nozzle inclination angle (60o), the lowest level of spray height (4 cm), and the highest level of water pressure (15 psi). The support vector machine outperformed the Random Forest algorithm and Multiple Regression analysis regarding prediction accuracy with a maximum error of 0.15% and root mean squared error of 0.01.

Mechanical and failure behaviors of adhesively bonded dissimilar materials joints incorporating bio-inspired morphological irregularities

Adhesive dissimilar material joints between stainless steel grade 316L and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) plastic were examined, in which irregular interface morphologies inspired by natural sutures were incorporated. The joint interfaces exhibited various teeth-like, non-repetitive zigzag patterns based on a pseudo-randomization method and sutural interdigitation index. Effects of their irregularities on mechanical and failure characteristics of adhesive butt joints were studied by means of experiments and FE simulations. The cohesive zone model, Drucker-Prager plasticity model and ductile failure criterion were applied for the interface and PETG, respectively. Predicted load-displacement curves of joints with different teeth profiles were well validated. The degree of irregularity became higher to 20 %, 40 %, and 60 %, the joint strengths decreased by 1.47 %, 5.39 %, and 11.95 %, while the total energies to failure increased by 110.74 %, 129.33 %, and 161.23 %, accordingly. More inhomogeneous morphologies led to earlier local damage initiation, but enhanced damage evolution range by impeding abrupt joint separation. Smaller teeth angles provided higher joint strength, whereas significant declines of bonding strength were observed by too acute teeth angle due to excessive stress localization and resulting teeth breakage. The teeth angle of 45° enabled the superior joint performance owing to a proper combination of interlocking and large adhesive force under shear stress state. Finally, a key insight for designing an optimal dissimilar joint with morphological irregularities was provided.

Numerical Investigation of Archimedes Screw Turbines under Low-Head Conditions

The development of screw turbines for micro-hydro power generation has garnered heightened interest lately, attributed to their capability to perform efficiently despite low head and low discharge. The present numerical work aims to evaluate the prospect of low-head water energy widely available in the Aceh region. In this region, the Archimedes Screw turbine is the most commonly used. In the present numerical study, the characteristics of the Archimedes screw turbine were studied under the constant of the head of 1 meter and the inclination angle of 30o, with the flow rate served as the varying parameter. In the simulation, a three-dimensional numerical investigation of pressure characteristics, flow velocity, and kinetic energy turbulence due to the change in the flow rates was carried out using the Navier-Stokes equations. Next, the turbulence model of K-Epsilon was also implemented. The comparisons between the experimental and the simulation results were carried out to ensure the accuracy of the simulation model, and the results indicated that the changes in flow rates have a marked influence on pressure distribution, the flow velocity field, and turbulent kinetic energy. It was found that the performance of the Archimedes double screw turbine was improved by increasing the flow rate due to the uniform distribution of pressure, flow velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy. Moreover, the optimum condition was achieved in a turbine with 8 screws. Therefore, maintaining the inflow rate is crucial as it significantly impacts the efficiency of the Archimedes Screw Turbine.

Laser directed energy deposition remanufacturing of LPBF-processed TA15 parts: Hybrid process interface induced microstructure inheritance and mechanical performance

The laser additive hybrid manufacturing technology, which combines the precision of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) and the flexibility of Laser Directed Energy Deposition (LDED), provides an effective solution for efficient forming and remanufacturing of large, complex components. The bonding zone (BZ) between LPBF and LDED forming regions is crucial for the final component performance. This study utilized LDED to remanufacture annealed LPBF substrates and investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of TA15 alloy remanufactured parts. Results shows that a gradient microstructure forms at the bonding zone (BZ), where the bottom region exhibits a mixed structure including transitional β phase (βt), lamellar α and secondary α phase (αs). The top region shows a "ghost structure" of fine needle-like α phases. The mechanical property matched the microstructure well, as the hardness in the upper BZ reaches up to 463 MPa, whereas the LFZ exhibits the lowest hardness at 401 MPa. As the angle between the LDED region edge and tensile direction increases, the tensile strength first increases and then stabilizes, while elongation increases initially and then decreases. At a tilt angle of 60°, the strength peaks at 1098 MPa; at a 30° angle, the elongation reaches a maximum of 10.336%. All samples fracture at the LPBF zone, indicating that the formation of fine lamellar α phases in the BZ contributes to its higher strength compared to LPBF substrate and LDED deposition zones.

Membandingkan Kekuatan Pengelasan Single Dan Double Kawat Inti Elektroda (Filler Rod) Menggunakan Las Smaw

Advances in welding technology are very helpful in making, repairing or repairing chassis jobs that have a high level of difficulty and requirements. Especially in the chassis, many welding elements are involved because welded joints have an important role to support the body, engine, and vehicle load. In practical work at CV. Pringgandani Welding Analysis Comparing the Strength of Welding Results of Single Electrode Core Wire and Double Electrode Core Wire (Filler Rod) Using SMAW welding which is carried out for chassis welding which is claimed by mechanics in welding with a depth and width of more than 5 mm, it is better to use double electrode core wire which can speed up and strengthen the weld. Then a test is carried out to prove the results of the Single Wire Electrode Core and Double Electrode Core Wire (Filler Rod) welds which are stronger and faster in the process. By testing the weld results on an iron plate with dimensions of 250 mm x 50 mm x 10 mm, the welding process uses the SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) welding method. Using an E6013 type electrode with a diameter of 2 mm with a current of 90 A, polarity DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive) The welding position used is the 1G position or horizontal position with the welding process using a single v-groove bevel butt joint and an angle of 60o with a weld width of 10 mm and a weld depth of 8 mm. The plate samples used were two samples. In sample 1 using a single wire core electrode, and sample 2 using a double wire core electrode. All samples were made of tensile test specimens with the ASME-IX standard, a tensile test was carried out to determine and prove the respective strengths of the welding results of Single Wire Core Electrode and Double Wire Core Electrode (Filler Rod).

Experimental Study on the Effect of Flow Velocity and Slope on Stream Bank Stability (Part II)

Erosion significantly contributes to the instability of riverbanks. The current study considers the issues of instability and erosion that plague the banks of the Al-Muwahada channel. It was a large irrigation channel located west of Baghdad, Iraq. A laboratory flume was constructed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the erosion process on riverbanks. This flume serves as a scaled-down replica of the Almowahada channel. The main structure of the flume consists of a 3-meter steel construction with dimensions of 1 meter in width and 0.6 meters in height. In order to reduce the high flow velocity, it was periodically linked to quieting tanks with dimensions of 1 meter in width, 1.5 meters in height, and 0.4 meters in thickness. The flume's sidewalls are constructed with plexiglass that is 4 mm in thickness. Furthermore, a water reservoir with a capacity of 1800 liters was introduced into the flume. A riverbank was constructed with two slope angles, one at 45º and the other at 60º. The bank was then subjected to five different velocities. The experimental results indicate the velocity of flow and slope angle of the riverbank are the primary factors that influence the stability of the riverbank. The tipping point between erosion and deposition rises increasingly as the flow velocity increases. The majority of the sediment at the bottom, particularly on the near side of the bank, is the result of bank erosion. As the slope angle of the riverbank approaches 37°, it becomes more stable. The erosion-induced deformation in the riverbank with a slope angle of 45º is greater than that in the riverbank with a slope angle of 60º. The investigation demonstrated that the 45° angle is more susceptible to erosion caused by the flow velocity than the 60° angle. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-10-012 Full Text: PDF

Experimental study on enhancing the performance of hydrokinetic integrated Darrieus-Savonius rotor in open water-channel

The kinetic energy stored in water streams could be used to generate electricity via hydrokinetic rotors, due to the availability of kinetic energy from flowing water. Darrieus and Savonius are vertical axis kinetic rotors, they are promising for generating power in low speed flows. The integrated Darrieus- Savonius hydrokinetic rotor works on the principles of integrated forces including lift and drag forces. An experimental investigation has been conducted to get the optimum configuration for Darrieus-Savonius integrated rotor in order to attain improved self-starting and high-power-factor in open channel water flow, under different inflow conditions. This study investigated the effects of the radius ratio, add-on angle, water heights, and flow velocity on performance of hydrokinetic integrated Darrieus-Savonius rotor with three standard NACA 020 airfoil shape as Darrieus rotor and single/double stage semi-circular blades as Savonius rotor on the power factor. Three radius ratios (R.R) namely (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4) and add-on angles of (0o, 30o, 45o, 60o and 90o) were studied. The experimental channel was (26 m) long water flume with a (1m wide ×1.2 m depth). The horizontal walls of the flume were made of glass with a strengthened frame, to permit visual examination. The flume entrance consisted of a receiving tank (3 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 0.75 m depth), a honeycomb pattern pipe box, and a screen box field with a large stone to dissipate the water turbulence and energy at the entrance. Two centrifugal pumps were used to supply water to the channel. Darrieus-Savonius integrated rotor was placed at distance equal to ten times width of the experimental channel, to avoid any turbulence and to make sure that the flow was steady.Based on the experimental results, it was observed that the optimum Cp values at λ (1.84), add-on angle of (45o) and R.R (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) were (0.335, 0.29 and 0.299) respectively. The maximum hybrid performance was attained at R.R (0.4), add-on angle (45o) and tip-speed ratio (1.8) and Re (240x106) with value of (0.339). Decrease in the Re values by 25 % enhanced the performance by 1.19 %. Accordingly, it is not necessary to rely on Re values in calculating the power-factor values compared to the influence of the rest of the variables.

The Effect of Fracture Wall Surface Roughness on Proppant Transport

Summary Proppant transport into created fractures is crucial in maximizing hydrocarbon recovery in unconventional reservoirs. Injected proppants keep the created fractures open, enhancing final fracture conductivity and propped and effective fracture length. The roughness and width of the created fracture are also important in proppant transport and distribution within induced fractures, affecting fracture conductivity. This study investigates the effect of fracture width on proppant transport into a complex slot system with 3D-printed rough wall surfaces. This study builds upon previous experimental work (Tatman et al. 2022), exploring different fracture roughness profiles and varying fracture widths. The effects of proppant densities, sizes, and concentrations on proppant transport within rough fracture surfaces were also investigated. A laboratory-scaled slot apparatus was used to examine the effects of various parameters. The slot consisted of a 4-ft-long primary fracture intersecting with a secondary fracture at a 90o angle. The wall surface roughness was printed using 3D printing technology and average fracture widths were set at 0.1 in. and 0.2 in. Fresh water (1 cp) with proppant concentrations of 1 ppg and 2 ppg and proppant sizes of 100-mesh sand [2.65 specific gravity (SG)], 40/70-mesh sand (2.65 SG), and 35/45-mesh ultralightweight (ULW) proppant (1.07 SG) were tested. The results show that fracture wall roughness impacts proppant transport behavior. The rough wall surface formed irregular proppant dune shapes and trapped some of the injected proppant at different locations within the slot, which is distinct from smooth wall surfaces. Decreasing the fracture width of a rough wall surface had a significant impact on proppant transport. The majority of the injected proppant was transported away from the injection point due to the increased slurry velocity. This led to improved proppant transport due to redirected flow direction and associated decreased proppant settling velocities, and a decrease in the proppant-dune-building rate near the inlet point, which carried more proppant deep into the secondary slot. Increasing the proppant concentration had a positive impact on proppant transport within both tested fracture widths by increasing the proppant-dune-buildup rate along the fracture slot and increasing the proppant-covered area inside fractures. The slurry injection rate had a great impact on low-density proppant transport. Decreasing the injection rate for lighter proppant (1.07 SG) helped to build a proppant dune near the injection point, increasing the proppant-covered area. Conversely, the higher injection rate carried the majority of the lighter proppant farther and out of the slots. Larger proppant sizes, (i.e., 40/70-mesh sand) resulted in a large proppant-covered area for both tested fracture widths, due to more particle-to-wall interaction, particle-to-particle interaction, and high density, which increased the settling velocity. However, injecting lighter and larger proppant sizes, such as 35/45-mesh ULW proppant, resulted in less settling and more particles suspended during injection due to lower density.

Heat transfer performance of a multiport mini-channel loop thermosyphon for cooling miniaturized electronic devices

Multiport mini-channel thermosyphon with hydraulic diameters less than 2 mm undergoes a severe entrainment problem both in vapor and liquid regions, impeding the flow and affecting the performance characteristics. To address this issue, a novel multiport mini-channel loop thermosyphon (MPMC-LT) design is proposed. This design separates the vapor and liquid flow paths, reducing entrainment and enhancing the performance characteristics. Tests are conducted with heat loads ranging from 5 to 45W at four inclinations (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) relative to the horizontal plane. Results revealed that the MPMC-LT design extends the entrainment limit by 10.6 times compared to conventional designs, reducing the interaction between the vapor and condensed working fluid. Additionally, the total entropy and thermal resistance drops by 20.7 % and 19.9 %, respectively at an optimum inclination angle of 30°. It is also noted that the effective thermal conductivity at the optimal inclination is 5.8 times higher compared to the conventional multiport thermosyphon designs. The design effectivity uses the buoyancy, inertial and surface tension forces to reduce resistance in the fluid flow, thereby enhancing the heat transfer characteristics. These results highlight that MPMC-LT is a suitable thermal management device for power electronic systems.

The relationship between executed cut angle and speed with lower extremity joint angles during unanticipated side-step cutting in soccer players

BackgroundCertain movements patterns have been indicated in knee injuries during cutting while running tasks. Differences in the executed cut angle (ECA) could partially account for group differences in joint kinematics previously observed, including sex differences. Research questionAre there relationships between joint angles with entry speed and ECA during side-step cutting in soccer players? MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 21 (10 females) soccer players. Participants completed 45° unanticipated side-step cuts in both directions. Kinematic data were captured with a 12 camera motion capture system with 46 reflective markers placed on the participants. Peak joint angles were determined during the stance phase of the cutting task. Entry speed and ECA were determined from pelvis markers. Hierarchical linear models examined relationships between angles, entry speed, and ECA, after accounting for age, sex, and leg preference. Regression coefficients with 95 % confidence intervals were reported and statistical significance (p<0.05) were examined using the Wald statistic. ResultsThe mean ECA (24.6°) was lower than the intended 45° angle. Peak joint angles were significantly related to both ECA and entry speed. Specifically, an increase in ECA by 10° (i.e., sharper cuts) would increase hip internal rotation and ankle plantarflexion by 1.8–2.1°, and decrease hip adduction, knee abduction and ankle eversion by 1.3–2.4°. Faster entry speeds by 0.5 m/s would increase hip flexion, hip internal rotation and knee extension angles by 1.8–3.8°, and decrease knee abduction by 2.6°. SignificanceStudies evaluating cutting while running should consider ECA and entry speed in their design. Potential differences could confound between-group comparisons of joint angles, including when comparing sexes, and impact interpretations of injury risk.

Development of an improved limit pressure solution for shape-distorted 90o pipe bends with through-wall circumferential cracks

PurposeThis paper presents the approximate limit pressure solution for shape-imperfect and through-wall circumferential cracked (TWCC) 90° pipe bends at the intrados region. Finite element (FE) limit analysis was used to estimate the limit pressure by considering the small geometrical change effects.Design/methodology/approachThree-dimensional (3D) geometric linear FE methodology was implemented to investigate the limit pressure of structurally deformed TWCC 90° pipe bends. The material considered in the analysis is elastic perfectly plastic (EPP). The limit pressure of TWCC shape-distorted pipe bends was predicted from the corresponding internal pressure when von-Mises stress was equal to or just exceeded the material’s yield strength for all the models. The theoretical solution which was published in the literature was used to evaluate the current FE approach.FindingsOvality Co and TWCC at the intrados region caused a considerable impact on pipe bends, while the thinning? Ct produced a negligible effect and hence was not included in the analysis. With the combined effect, the bend portion of pipe bend experiences substantial influence, and the TWCC effect consequently increases with 45o, 60o and 90o crack angles and decreases the limit pressure of pipe bends. An improved closed-form empirical limit pressure solution was proposed for TWCC shape-distorted pipe bends at the intrados region.Originality/valueIn the limit pressure analysis of 90° pipe bends, the implications of structural irregularities (ovality and thinning) and TWCC have not been examined and reported.

Зависимость величины сигнала от смещения функции рассеяния точки, вписанной в четыре пиксела матрицы

An algorithm has been developed for calculating changes in the signal level of a matrix pixel when the point scattering function is shifted at an angle of 45º relative to the joining point of 4 matrix pixels. In the initial state of the point spread function, the point is inscribed in four pixels. The spectral sensitivity of a pixel is constant within the pixel area. The distribution of pixel irradiance in the point spread function in the form of uniform irradiance is considered. Method. The calculation is based on the method of dividing the point spread function on each pixel of the matrix into separate areas for which the signal is calculated. The displacement of the point scattering function by Δx along the X axis and by Δy along the Y axis is taken in a form normalized to the radius of the spot. To create a two-dimensional graph of the dependence of the pixel signal on the displacement of the point scattering function along the X, Y axes, we introduce the relative displacement of the point scattering function η. Main results. An algorithm has been developed for calculating changes in the signal level of a matrix pixel when the point scattering function is shifted relative to the matrix pixels for the case of pixel irradiation in the lens scattering circle in the form of uniform irradiance. The dependence of the normalized matrix pixel signal on the relative displacement of the point scattering function η at an angle of 45º has been plotted for the above case of irradiation. Practical significance. Matrix photodetectors are widely used in guidance and tracking systems for space objects and astronomical sensors. For a defocused optical system, uniform distribution is used. When the point scattering function shifts relative to the joining point of the four pixels of the matrix, the matrix signal drops, which, with a low signal-to-noise ratio, can lead to a breakdown in tracking or an increase in the error in measuring the angular coordinates of a space object. The results of these studies can be used to model a target guidance system and determine target coordinates.

Design and Calculation of Products from Composite Materials Using Software

This article analyzes six types of composite pipes that are good replacements for corrosive steel and metal pipes for oil, gas, and water. The analysis of the six samples of composite pipes was done using the software program Hoffman Engineering, which is intended for the design and calculation of various types of products made of composite materials. For the analysis of the six composite pipes, the same diameter and the same length were taken, and variable parameters are: the type of material from which the composite pipes are made (carbon/epoxy, carbon-glass/epoxy and glass/epoxy), and the angle of winding of the fibers (10º and 90º degrees). Using the Hoffman Engineering software package, an analysis of the durability of the six differently designed composite pipes at high internal pressure was performed. The same conclusion was obtained from all analyses: the high internal pressure resistance of composite pipes is highly dependent on the fiber winding angle and the type of fibers used. Composite pipes obtained with a fiber winding angle of 90º have twice the internal pressure resistance compared to composite pipes obtained with a fiber winding angle of 10º. Composite pipes based on carbon fibers have the highest resistance to internal pressure, then composite pipes based on hybrid materials (glass and carbon fibers) and finally composite pipes based on glass fibers. Finally, a comparison was made with the obtained laboratory results for the same composite pipes. The same conclusion was obtained from all analyses: the high internal pressure resistance of composite pipes is highly dependent on the fiber winding angle and the type of fibers used. The composite pipes obtained by this process are durable and resistant to very high pressures.

Effects of sinusoidal wall temperature on thermal dynamics and irreversibility around an inclined plate embedded in a square cavity

Abstract Effective thermal and flow control within complex geometries is essential for engineering applications. In this study, an in-depth examination of flow dynamics, entropy, and thermal regulation is undertaken within a square cavity featuring sinusoidal wall temperature. To introduce complexity, an inclined plate obstacle is strategically positioned within the cavity with an inclination angle of 45°, and the investigation spans three distinct scenarios: adiabatic, cold, and hot conditions. The initial physical model is developed by formulating a system of partial differential equations, which are then transformed into a dimensionless representation using relevant variables. Subsequently, the Galerkin method is employed for approximated analysis of the simplified fluid flow model, and the computational code is verified in tabular format. The embedded physical parameters are constrained to specific numerical values to ensure the convergence of the physical model in each scenario. The physical characteristics of isotherms, streamlines, Nusselt numbers, entropy, and Bejan numbers are investigated. Notably, the results demonstrate that the introduction of a cold inclined plate leads to peak values in generating the entropy and average heat transfer rates. When comparing the cold inclined plate to the heated inclined plate, an increase of approximately 20% in the average heat transfer rate and a 15% rise in the entropy generation rate was found for the cold inclined plate. Furthermore, the Bejan number showed a 10% decrease for the cold inclined plate compared to the heated inclined plate. Additionally, increasing the amplitude and wavenumber led to a rise in average heat transfer and entropy generation rates, with 25% and 30% increases, respectively.

A novel in vitro shoot excision technique for enhancing proliferation in banana cv. Chini Champa

Micropropagation technology has been commercially exploited for mass multiplication of banana. Several parameters such as nutrient media, explants, culture conditions etc have been standardized. However, a novel in vitro shoot excision technique designed to enhance the proliferation rate of banana cv. Chini Champa has been examined for the first time. We meticulously examined the impact of excision angles (45º and 90º) and excision site (Tip, middle and base) during shoot proliferation stage. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate that employing a 45º angle excision and tip excision yield the highest multiplication rates and biomass accumulation, surpassing other excision angles and methods. The substantial enhancement in shoot numbers, growth and biomass underscores the potential of this technique for improving banana propagation protocols, offering a valuable tool for sustainable banana production.

Optimal spur dike orientation for scour mitigation under downward seepage conditions

Abstract River bank protection is vital in hydraulic river engineering to preserve natural rivers, lands, and critical constructions such as bridges. Spur dikes are erosion-protective structures that protrude outward from the river bank in different orientations to deflect the flow away from the riverbank. The present experimental study provides insight into the temporal variation in bed morphology and scours around rectangular-shaped spur dikes with different orientations, such as 60º, 90º, and 120º. Also, maximum scour depth (MSD) is developed compared to the condition when downward seepage is applied. The experiments examined the suitability of various spur dike orientation configurations and the scour development over time, specifically at intervals of 2, 12, and 24 hours, and compared with 24 hours (Seepage). Results showed that the orientation angle of 90º generated the highest scour depth, while the least scour depth was found with an orientation angle of 120º. The downward seepage intensifies the motion of sediment particles and leads to an escalated particle detachment, resulting in deeper scour depressions. The development of scour depth is initiated from the spur dike tip and reaches its maximum there. The deposition of sand particles shifted downstream, and a dune-like structure formed near the second spur dike.

Experimental Investigation of Thermal Performancefor Novel Integrated Collector Storage

To lower the expenses of manufacturing traditional solar collectors and perfect use of water tanks in developing countries, a new design of integrated water heaters has been presented in a rhombus shape. This new design consists of a cube whose upper surface was cut into two directions at a 45o angle. This system's initial expenses can be kept to a minimum by using inexpensive commercial materials and little manufacturing skills. In cases of thermal instability, the MUE curve is typically employed to calculate the maximum efficiency that the system can attain. The MUE curve, which saves time and computer approaches in calculations of this kind, is the basis for this study. This experiment was studied during November and March to compare the system behavior under different climate conditions. The study included three cases per month. The first case was without any load, which reached a maximum useful efficiency of 59% for both November and March. In the case of continual loading, the system shows a maximum useful efficiency of 59% in March. When dealing with intermittent load, the maximum useful efficiency of 58% in March.

Topography landmarks of the infraorbital, mandibular and mentual foramens of Saimiri collinsi (Osgood, 1916) for anesthetic access and blocks.

Due to events related to the urbanization process, specimens of Saimiri collinsi are often referred to veterinarians specializing in the treatment of wild animals. With these professionals and the oral health of this species in mind, we evaluated the skull and the exact location of the infraorbital, mentual and mandibular foramens, with the aim of supporting the anesthetic block for dental procedures in Saimiri collinsi. The infraorbital foramen was located in the maxillary bone and was arranged with one on each side, except in one individual, with a pair in each antimer. The mentual foramen was located in the diastema between the canine tooth and the lateral incisor. The mandibular foramen was located medially on the ramus of the mandible, close to the mandibular incisure. The distances between the foramina and the main reference points, were greater in females than in males (p < 0.05). For access purposes, in the foramens investigated we suggest using a Gingival Needle 30G 21mm Short, positioned externally at 15º to the maxillary bone to access the infraorbital foramen. Externally, perpendicular to the chin, in the diastema between the lower lateral incisor tooth and the canine tooth, to approach the mentual foramen, and ventral to the edge of the mandibular body, at a 90º angle, to access the mandibular foramen.