Anerobic Bacteria Research Articles

Lingual Actinomycosis – A Rare Report of the Ray Fungus

Actinomycosis is an uncommon chronic suppurative infection caused by a Gram-positive anerobic bacterium Actinomyces israelii or Actinomyces gerencseriae. Lingual actinomycosis is a rare form of actinomycosis with a prevalence of 3%. We report a case of a 16-year-old female, with an acute-onset painful ulcer with a yellowish-white slough over the left lateral border of the tongue preceded by a tongue swelling. There was a history of tongue bites before the onset of swelling. Histopathological examination was suggestive of lingual actinomycosis. The lesions resolved 3 weeks after treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination, but the patient was advised to complete the 6-week antibiotic course. The patient did not have any new ulcers in the follow-up. The tongue is inherently resistant to bacterial adherence and infection, but a break in the integrity of the skin or the presence of devitalized tissue usually aids in the invasion of the organism into deeper structures. The disease is usually localized to the tongue but can also spread to jaws (osteomyelitis of jaws), lungs, heart, and brain and can lead to death. Although antibiotic therapy remains the mainstay of treatment, surgical excision has a profound positive effect on the antimicrobial treatment. It is worth considering actinomycosis as a possibility in suppurative, granulomatous, and suspicious lesions of the tongue.

Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity-Based Probes for Monitoring Gut Microbial Bile Acid Metabolism.

Bile acids are bioactive metabolites that are biotransformed into secondary bile acids by the gut microbiota, a vast consortium of microbes that inhabit the intestines. The first step in intestinal secondary bile acid metabolism is carried out by a critical enzyme, bile salt hydrolase (BSH), that catalyzes the gateway reaction that precedes all subsequent microbial metabolism of these important metabolites. As gut microbial metabolic activity is difficult to probe due to the complex nature of the gut microbiome, approaches are needed to profile gut microbiota-associated enzymes such as BSH. Here, we develop a panel of BSH activity-based probes (ABPs) to determine how changes in diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota-associated metabolism affects BSH activity and substrate preference. This panel of covalent probes enables determination of BSH activity and substrate specificity from multiple gut anerobic bacteria derived from the human and mouse gut microbiome. We found that both gut microbiota-associated BSH activity and substrate preference is rhythmic, likely due to feeding patterns of the mice. These results indicate that this ABP-based approach can be used to profile changes in BSH activity in physiological and disease states that are regulated by circadian rhythms.

Adaptation and validation of a quantitative vanA/vanB DNA screening assay on a high-throughput PCR system

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are a leading cause of ICU-acquired bloodstream infections in Europe. The bacterial load in enteral colonization may be associated with a higher probability of transmission. Here, we aimed to establish a quantitative vanA/vanB DNA real-time PCR assay on a high-throughput system. Limits of detection (LOD), linear range and precision were determined using serial bacterial dilutions. LOD was 46.9 digital copies (dcp)/ml for vanA and 60.8 dcp/ml for vanB. The assay showed excellent linearity between 4.7 × 101 and 3.5 × 105 dcp/ml (vanA) and 6.7 × 102 and 6.7 × 105 dcp/ml (vanB). Sensitivity was 100% for vanA and vanB, with high positive predictive value (PPV) for vanA (100%), but lower PPV for vanB (34.6%) likely due to the presence of vanB DNA positive anerobic bacteria in rectal swabs. Using the assay on enriched VRE broth vanB PPV increased to 87.2%. Quantification revealed median 2.0 × 104 dcp/ml in PCR positive but VRE culture negative samples and median 9.1 × 104 dcp/ml in VRE culture positive patients (maximum: 107 dcp/ml). The automated vanA/B_UTC assay can be used for vanA/vanB detection and quantification in different diagnostic settings and may support future clinical studies assessing the impact of bacterial load on risk of infection and transmission.

Prevalence of Predominant Bacterial Flora and Evaluation of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Strains in Pericoronitis: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Objective: The objective is to determine predominant flora and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains in patients with pericoronitis. Methodology: The study group comprised 30 patients presenting with the clinical diagnosis of acute pericoronitis. The subgingival plaque sample was collected from the distal cervice of the third molar pericoronal pouch. Gram staining was performed, and aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture was done following the standard protocol. All the anerobic bacteria isolated were tested for ESBL by double disc synergy, potentiated disc diffusion and nitrocefen disc method. Results: The prevalence of micrococci was 26.6%, whereas, in anaerobes, the major isolates were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, which constituted 20%, followed by Bacteroides fragilis (16.6%) and Streptococcus viridans (13.3%). All the strains of B. fragilis, Leptotrichia species, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were 100% ESBL producers, followed by 83.3% of P. melaninogenica and P. gingivalis, 33.3% of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. Conclusion: Study of microbial flora is crucial in conditions where antibiotics are the first line of treatment. Update of the diverse polymicrobial flora helps the clinician choose appropriate antibiotics. One of the primary causes for prescription failure or worsening of acute infections like pericoronitis might be ESBL-generating bacteria.

Broad specificity of monoclonal IgA (TEPC15-IgA) for enteric bacteria via phosphorylcholine-mediated interaction.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is notable for its broad specificity toward multiple bacteria. Phosphorylcholine (PC) plays a role in the infection of pathogenic bacteria carrying PC and in the induction of IgA responses in the host immune system. The commercially available mouse monoclonal IgA, TEPC15-IgA, is a distinctive antibody with specificity for PC, warranting further exploration of its response to PC-bearing enteric bacteria. In this study, using 17 different enteric bacteria, including 3 aerobic and 14 anerobic bacteria that could be cultured in vitro, we confirmed that TEPC15-IgA recognizes 4 bacterial species: Lactobacillus taiwanensis, Limosilactobacillus frumenti, Streptococcus infantis, and Escherichia coli, although reactivity varied. Interestingly, TEPC15-IgA did not react with four of six Lactobacillus species used. Moreover, distinct target molecules associated with PC in L. taiwanensis and L. frumenti were evident, differing in molecular weight. These findings suggest that the natural generation of PC-specific IgA could prevent PC-mediated infections and potentially facilitate the formation of a microflora rich in indigenous bacteria with PC, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract.

Action of Botulinum Neurotoxin E Type in Experimental Epilepsies.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are zinc endopeptidases produced by the Clostridium genus of anerobic bacteria, largely known for their ability to cleave synaptic proteins, leading to neuromuscular paralysis. In the central nervous system, BoNTs are known to block the release of glutamate neurotransmitter, and for this reason, researchers explored the possible therapeutic action in disorders characterized by neuronal hyperactivity, such as epilepsy. Thus, using multidisciplinary approaches and models of experimental epilepsy, we investigated the pharmacological potential of BoNT/E serotype. In this review, written in memory of Prof. Matteo Caleo, a pioneer in these studies, we go back over the hypotheses and experimental approaches that led us to the conclusion that intrahippocampal administration of BoNT/E (i) displays anticonvulsant effects if prophylactically delivered in a model of acute generalized seizures; (ii) does not have any antiepileptogenic action after the induction of status epilepticus; (iii) reduces frequency of spontaneous seizures in a model of recurrent seizures if delivered during the chronic phase but in a transient manner. Indeed, the control on spontaneous seizures stops when BoNT/E effects are off (few days), thus limiting its pharmacological potential in humans.

(549) Case Report of an IPP Reservoir Salvage Following Infection

Abstract Introduction Inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) infections are rare and devastating. IPP infections are treated with either explant or salvage, the latter with either a malleable or inflatable device. Isolated component infections are very rare in the literature. This is the first description of successful treatment of an isolated IPP reservoir infection, with preservation and eventual reuse of the patient’s uninfected pump and cylinders. Objective To report a case of successful IPP salvage after an isolated reservoir infection. Methods This is a case study of IPP reservoir explant and eventual reimplant in a 51-year-old male, with preservation of the implant pump and cylinders. Past medical history is notable for HIV, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The patient had a Coloplast Titan IPP placed penoscrotally in November 2020 for treatment of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. The reservoir was placed ectopically in the patient’s right high submuscular space. Results In January 2021 the patient underwent emergent exploratory laparoscopic washout and drain placement at a different hospital for perforated appendicitis. The IPP reservoir was not encountered during this procedure. In March 2021 he presented to that same hospital with recurrent fevers and right lower quadrant pain. CT showed increased peritoneal stranding and thickening surrounding the IPP reservoir as well as multiple small, complex loculated fluid collections suspicious for abscesses external to the reservoir. There was no evidence of infection of the pump or cylinders on imaging or physical exam. He was transferred to Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center for further care. Conservative treatment with intravenous vancomycin, Zosyn, and fluconazole yielded no change after 48 hours. Three days after initial presentation, the reservoir was explanted during a collaborative procedure with general surgery, during which the appendix remnant was also removed. Intraoperatively the penile prosthesis reservoir was encased in a dense rind that was incised and drained. Copious purulent material was sent for culture, which showed multi-organism aerobic and anerobic bacteria. The reservoir was removed and the remnant tubing to the pump was clamped. The abdomen was irrigated repeatedly with saline, dilute betadine, vancomycin, gentamicin, Zosyn, and amphotericin. The prothesis tubing was cut as low as possible, capped, and wrapped with a paste of vancomycin mixed with Zosyn and amphotericin. There were no intraoperative complications. The patient was discharged two days later. At his one-week postoperative visit, he was readmitted for interventional radiology drain placement due to abdominal abscess recurrence. Once the recurrent abscess had resolved, he underwent successful radiation treatment for recurrent prostate cancer. In March 2022, the reservoir was successfully replaced into the left high submuscular space via counter incision and the dormant cylinders and pump were reconnected. The patient continues to do well, with no signs of recurrent infection and with excellent device function. He is satisfied with the result of surgery. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the only case of isolated IPP reservoir infection successfully treated with reservoir explant and eventual replacement. The original IPP pump and cylinders were preserved without issue and eventually reused. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Coloplast.

Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Different Root Canal Irrigants on Viablility of Root Canal Flora

Introduction: Cleaning and shaping of sophisticated root canal system plays an important role in the success of endodontic treatment. In addition to root canal instrumentation, irrigation also becomes a crucial aspect in the effective disinfection of root canal system. The chemical substances like acids, chelating agents, alkaline solutions, Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), oxidative agents, and normal saline are used as root canal irrigants. But each irrigant has its own limitations. With the advent of novel materials and techniques, the search for the optimal root canal irrigant still continues. Aim: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of various root canal irrigant solutions such as combination of 5.25% NaOCl and 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, Miswak extract and normal saline for root canal irrigation. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study was conducted from February 2021 to April 2021, on 10 patients with persistent endodontic infection on single rooted teeth. After obtaining access to the root canals, paper points were inserted and the soaked paper points were placed immediately in a microtube with two mL of Reduced Transport Fluid (RTF) to obtain the bacterial suspension. The sensitivity of gram negative anerobic bacteria and E.faecalis to different irrigants was assessed with disc diffusion test and bacterial load was evaluated with Colony Forming Unit (CFU) assay. The study was analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn test (post-hoc test). Result: The results of disk diffusion method showed that the zone of inhibition for 2% chlorhexidine gluconate was 29 mm for gram negative anerobic bacteria and 22 mm for E.faecalis, and the zone of inhibition for Miswak extract was 8 mm for gram negative anerobic bacteria and 10 mm for E.faecalis. Gram negative anerobic bacteria on the culture plates treated with Miswak extract had 6.41 CFU/mL, and E.faecalis had 5.21 CFU/mL. Gram negative anerobic bacteria on the culture plates treated with normal saline had a CFU/mL of 6.77, and E.faecalis had a CFU/mL of 5.77. The antibacterial activity of miswak extract was lower than that of other irrigants. The normal saline lacked any antimicrobial qualities. Conclusion: The antibacterial effectiveness of the combination of 5.25% NaOCl and 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be higher than, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, Miswak extract and normal saline for root canal irrigation. A combination of 5.25% NaOCl and 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate can be used as a better choice over the other three irrigants.

Vaginal Lactobacillus iners abundance is associated with outcome in antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis and capable of inhibiting Gardnerella.

Bacterial vaginosis is characterized as a polymicrobial dysbiosis with the loss of Lactobacillus spp. and growth of multiple anerobic bacteria, including Gardnerella, Prevotella and Atopobium ranked as the top three most abundant. A total of nine Gardnerella genomospecies have been identified, yet the association between their distribution or any exact Lactobacillus species with BV occurrence or prognosis remains controversial. A total of 308 patients and 62 healthy women who sought annual examinations were recruited, with 130 BV patients and 41 healthy women who met our inclusion criteria finally included. Vaginal samples were used for microscopic examination, 16S rRNA sequencing, bacterial culture and isolation. Isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis, Fannyhessae vaginae (used to be called Atopobium vaginae) and Lactobacillus iners were used for competition tests. We found that the relative abundances of Gardnerella, Prevotella and Atopobium were elevated in BV patients compared to healthy people (p<0.0001), yet no significant differences were found among patients with different clinical outcomes (p>0.05). Seven out of nine Gardnerella genomospecies were present in both BV patients and healthy women, and the relative abundances of all detected genomospecies were higher in BV patients (p<0.05). Cured patients possessed higher GS03 than intermediate and failed patients (p=0.005, 0.0337). L. iners was significantly higher in cured patients than in the other two groups (p=0.0021, p<0.0001), and its ability to inhibit the growth of G. vaginalis and F. vaginae was validated. In summary, seven Gardnerella genomospecies were detected in Chinese BV patients, but no association of its distribution and BV occurrence or prognosis was found. The relative abundance of L. iners was higher in cured patients, and its antimicrobial activity against G. vaginalis and F. vaginae was validated through in vitro inhibition experiment. L. iners could become a predictive indicator of clinical outcomes of BV patients, and its antimicrobial function might be beneficial to BV patients.

Gut commensals expand vitamin A metabolic capacity of the mammalian host

Conversion of dietary vitamin A (VA) into retinoic acid (RA) is essential for many biological processes and thus far studied largely in mammalian cells. Using targeted metabolomics, we found that commensal bacteria in the mouse gut lumen produced a high concentration of the active retinoids, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), as well as the principal circulating retinoid, retinol. Ablation of anerobic bacteria significantly reduced retinol, atRA, and 13cisRA, whereas introducing these bacteria into germ-free mice significantly enhanced retinoids. Remarkably, cecal bacterial supplemented with VA produced active retinoids invitro, establishing that gut bacteria encode metabolic machinery necessary for multistep conversion of dietary VA into its active forms. Finally, gut bacteria Lactobacillus intestinalis metabolized VA and specifically restored RA levels in the gut of vancomycin-treated mice. Our work establishes vitamin A metabolism as an emergent property of the gut microbiome and lays the groundwork for developing probiotic-based retinoid therapy.

Probiotic characteristics of Bifidobacterium infantis isolated in Vietnam

Bifidobacterium is anerobic bacterium which is popular in human and animal intestine. B.&amp;nbsp;infantis was successfully isolated from a new-born child&amp;rsquo;s fecal sample previously. In this study, the probiotic characteristics of this strain such as: extracellular enzyme production ability; antibiotic activity against food-born pathogen like E. coli, S. aureus; organic acid production and bile-salt sufferance were evaluated. The results showed that the isolated can produce amylase and protease enzyme, do not produce cellulase enzyme; the organic acids also were produced during development of bacterium. The bacterium can against E. coli and S. aureus and can grow in the media containing up to 1% of bile salt. Results of this study are the basis for further studies to apply these bacteria as a source of probiotic beneficial to human health in Vietnam.

Clinical and clinicopathological characteristics, treatment, and outcome for dogs and cats with confirmed foxtail foreign body lesions: 791 cases (2009-2018).

To describe the clinical and clinicopathological characteristics, treatment, and outcome for dogs and cats with a confirmed foxtail. Retrospective study utilizing a medical records database over a 10-year period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018. University teaching hospital. Seven hundred and fifty-four dogs and 37 cats with a diagnosis of foxtail foreign body. Cases with direct visualization by a clinician or on histopathology were included. Information extracted for each case included signalment; anatomical foxtail location; clinicopathological and imaging findings; treatments and interventions provided; and outcome. The prevalence of foxtail associated disease was 0.25% in dogs and 0.07% in cats over this time period. Most animals were young to middle-aged and presented in the summer months. The most common location in dogs was the aural canal, cutaneous/subcutaneous space, and nasal canal. In cats, ocular foxtails were most common (30/37). Blood work changes were nonspecific. Ultrasound supervised by a boarded radiologist was utilized in 114 cases, mainly for subcutaneous, sublumbar, and intracavitary foxtail locations, with successful location of a foxtail in 72.8% of cases scanned. Computed tomography was performed in 78 dogs with suspected intracavitary foxtail migration, and in all cases, structural changes related to the presence of the foxtail were found. Anerobic bacteria were most commonly isolated when a culture was submitted, with Actinomyces spp. rarely isolated. The most common of the 120 anaerobic isolates were Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. (n=38), Fusobacterium spp. (n=32), and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (n=30). The short-term outcome for foxtail-associated lesions is good, and most cases can be managed on an outpatient basis. A minority of cases develop life-threatening disease and may require a multidisciplinary approach of multimodal imaging, endoscopy, or surgery.

Optimization of an economical medium composition for the coculture of Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus coagulans

Clostridium butyricum is a spore-forming probiotic which can promote the enhancement of beneficial bacteria and maintain intestinal microecological balance. However, it is difficult to improve the production level of C. butyricum by conventional fermentation process. In this study, a co-fermentation process of C. butyricum DL-1 and Bacillus coagulans ZC2-1 was established to improve the viable counts and spore yield of C. butyricum, and the formula of coculture medium was optimized by flask fermentation. The results showed that the optimum medium composition is 10 g/L bran, 15 g/L corn steep powder, 15 g/L peptone, 1 g/L K2HPO4 and 0.5 g/L MnSO4.Cultured stationarily in the optimal medium for 36 h, the number of viable bacteria of C. butyricum DL-1 reached 1.5 × 108 cfu/mL, Which was 375 times higher than that incubated in the initial medium. The sporulation rate reach 92.6%. The results revealed an economical and effective medium composition for the coculture of C. butyricum and B. coagulans, which achieved a 64.6% cost reduction. The co-fermentation process established in this study provides a new fermentation mode for the industrial production of other absolute anerobic bacteria.

Two aortic root pseudoaneurysms in infective endocarditis in a patient with bicuspid aortic valve

Infective endocarditis can cause several major complications, including valvular destruction, aneurysm formation, and aortic ring abscesses, and pseudoaneurysm formation in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) is quite a rare complication of infective endocarditis. Here, we present a rare case which had two simultaneous LVOT pseudoaneurysms, a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and abscess formation along with the presence of anerobic bacteria (Peptostreptococcus) in the tissue culture. We describe echocardiographic, computed tomography angiography findings, and the result of surgical repair. This is a unique case with 2 LVOT pseudoaneurysms, a BAV, and anerobic bacteria in the tissue culture which became complicated as a result of delayed intervention due to fear of coronavirus disease 2019.

AN OBSTACLE AROUND THE CORNER

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Chest Infections Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Post obstructive pneumonia (POP) is found in 2-5% of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP), characterized by infection distal to a mechanical obstruction of the bronchus. Post obstructive pneumonia is in the differential diagnosis in patients with recurrent infections in the same lung segment(s). Bronchoscopic intervention is usually diagnostic and may also be therapeutic in certain cases. We present a case of post obstructive pneumonia which was later found to be secondary to foreign body aspiration. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year old woman was admitted to the hospital for recurrent right lower lobe pneumonia. She endorsed cough with dark green sputum, shortness of breath, drenching night sweats and a 30lb unintentional weight loss in the preceding 6 months. She had a history of recurrent pneumonias for the past eighteen months, with chest imaging that revealed similar right lower lobe infiltration. On physical examination she was afebrile with unremarkable vital signs. Auscultation revealed right lower lobe crackles. Procalcitonin was 0.06 ng/mL and WBC was 10.32. A CT chest demonstrated a right lower lobe infiltrate and possible endobronchial lesion. (Figure 1) Due to concern for endobronchial mass, bronchoscopy was performed which revealed a mobile obstructing mass in the right lower lobe that was retrieved with forceps. There was moderate amount of purulent secretion distal to the obstruction. (Figure 2) Pathology revealed “probable vegetable matter” (Figure 3) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures grew Streptococcus Sanguinis. She was discharged with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. DISCUSSION: In patients with recurrent pneumonia in the same lung segment, the differential is broad and includes post obstructive pneumonia (POP), ”non-resolving pneumonia” (due to infectious and non-infectious causes) and aspiration. In patients with POP, the most common etiology of obstruction is malignancy, including malignant and benign tracheobronchial tumors. [1,3] The microbiology is diverse and spans gram positive, gram negative and anerobic bacteria thus broad coverage is often initially indicated. [2] Features that distinguish POP from CAP include a lower likelihood of leukocytosis, bandemia, elevated procalcitonin, or fever. With POP there is often >5% weight loss and have increased duration of symptoms. [1] Foreign body aspiration in adults occurs with swallowing disorders of varying etiologies and in states of impaired consciousness. Food causes a more prominent inflammatory reaction (acute and chronic bronchus inflammation in our patient) compared with inorganic objects. CONCLUSIONS: In a patient with recurrent pneumonia in the same lung segment with constitutional symptoms consider post obstructive pneumonia. Workup and treatment includes CT imaging, bronchoscopy and antibiotics. Reference #1: Abers, M.S., et al., Postobstructive Pneumonia: An Underdescribed Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis, 2016. 62(8): p. 957-61. Reference #2: Rolston, K.V.I. and L. Nesher, Post-Obstructive Pneumonia in Patients with Cancer: A Review. Infect Dis Ther, 2018. 7(1): p. 29-38. Reference #3: Stevic R, Milenkovic B. Tracheobronchial tumors. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(11):3401–3413. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Giuliana Cerro, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by George Chaux, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Michael Lewis, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Jason Wong, source=Web Response

Chronic rhinosinusitis - clinico microbiological profile: a review

The inhaled air at extremes of temperature or sometimes laden with animate aero-pathogens or maybe inanimate aero-allergens, induces a mechanical, thermal or infective trauma respectively, on the nasal and the sinus mucosa. The rhino-sinusitis acute or chronic has multiple underlying aetiologies and presentations. The aetiological factors and primarily the microorganisms show a shift with time. Viruses, aerobic and anerobic bacteria are cultured in individuals with varying levels of immunity.

Probiotic versus Symbiotic in cardiac protection against indoxyl sulphate and urea toxins in experimental model of chronic kidney disease in rats

Abstract Background The occurrence of reno-cardiac syndrome is associated with poor clinical outcome. Uremic toxins in chronic kidney diseases disrupt intestinal equilibrium and increase aerobic bacteria/anerobic bacteria ratio. As a result indoxyl sulphate level in blood increases and contributes to pathogenesis of reno-cardiac syndrome. Probiotic and symbiotic are anerobic bacteria that correct the intestinal equilibrium. Aim of work We aimed to study the pathogenesis of reno-cardiac syndrome and compare the possible protective effects of probiotics and symbiotic. Design 48 white albino rats were assigned into 6 groups: Sham group, 5/6 nephrectomy, early and late probiotic treated nephrectomy rats, early and late symbiotic treated nephrectomy rats. Methods Heart was exposed to 30 min ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion. PT, TPT, HRT, HR and CBF were measured at 5, 15 and 30 min of reperfusion. We measured serum levels of creatinine, urea, indoxyl sulphate, and heart tissue level of TGF-β and NADPH. Results uremic toxins, TGF-β and NADPH levels were significantly increased in all groups compared to sham group. In treated groups, uremic toxins significantly decreased while TGF-β and NADPH levels increased compared to nephrectomy group. PT, TPT, HRT, HR and CBF of the heart at 30 min reperfusion were decreased in nephrectomy group compared to sham one, while these functions were improved in treated groups compared to nephrectomy one. Conclusion Use of probiotic and symbiotic in reno-cardiac syndrome can protect the heart by improving the intestinal barrier, antioxidant effects and decreasing indoxyl sulphate level. Symbiotic had better outcomes than probiotic.

Thickened Drinks and Oral Nutritional Supplements as Potential Reservoirs of Oral Microorganisms: Microbial Assays In Vitro.

Oral hygiene is difficult to achieve for frail older adults. Aging, chronic diseases, polypharmacy, mouth-washes, and crushed drugs can contribute to uncontrolled proliferation and microbial deposits in the mouth. Looking for avoidable risk factors, in vitro microbial survival or proliferation in thickened drinks and oral nutritional supplements (ONS) was investigated. The safest thickened drinks were ready-to-use products containing preservatives. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans proliferated in dairy ONS at room temperature. C. albicans also proliferated in juices. Oral anerobic bacteria were recovered from part eaten ONS. Thickened drinks and ONS could contribute to microbial proliferation, especially with patients who have swallowing alterations or cognitive troubles, who may keep these solutions longer than necessary in their mouth. These products can also constitute microbial reservoirs in the environment of frail older adults. It is important for health care workers and family members to respect hand hygiene and refrigeration procedures. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, xx(x), xx-xx.].

The Popeye mythology may be true: eating spinach can make you fatigue resistant!

The Popeye mythology may be true: eating spinach can make you fatigue resistant!

Botox: An Advancement In Dentistry – An Overview

Botox has been used in the medical field since 1987 principally for its cosmetic treatment of wrinkles on the face and for its therapeutic uses in the management of strabismus, cervical dystonia, blehpharospasm and juvenile cerebral palsy amongst other disorders. The toxin used is botulinium toxin A (BTX-A), which is a neurotoxin, extracted from the anerobic bacteria -Clostridium botulinium. These BTX-A molecules act by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic vessels at the nerve terminals leading to an inhibition of muscle contraction. A growing number of dental surgeons have now been using this toxin as a part of their armamentarium for the management of various muscle-related dental disorders like bruxism, massetric hypertrophy, myofacial pain, trismus, TMJ disorders and for retraining muscles during orthodontic treatment. This procedure has also been found to be a minimally invasive, safe and reproducible alternative to surgery for perioral esthetic enhancement, which includes treating high lip-line cases, gummy smiles and lip augmentation. Pleasing and promising results have been obtained with this technique showing none or mild and transient side effects.DOI:10.21276/AOHDR.1886