Android Distribution Research Articles

MobiPCR: Efficient, accurate, and strict ML-based mobile malware detection

Mobile devices have been and will be continuously prevalent as rich applications are provided for various demands. However, the mobile operating system lacks efficient malware detection tools, which puts personal data at risk. This paper presents MobiPCR, a trict, accurate, efficient mobile-oriented malware detection system. MobiPCR basically integrates a (n) (edge) cloud-based architecture, a powerful yet efficient machine learning-based detection model, and a neat detection process. We implemented the MobiPCR prototype system and conducted rigorous experiments to evaluate its performance from different perspectives. We implemented the MobiPCR prototype system on the Android platform (Installer Hooker part) consiering considering that Android is an open-source platform that (i) can be easily modified and (ii) provides rich documentation. We used LineageOS 13 (a widespread Android distribution) to provide the necessary drivers to support communication and the camera for casual usage. Experimental results prove that MobiPCR can strictly and accurately detect malwares and outperform existing similar applications without extra operations.

Genetics of fat deposition.

Adipose tissue distribution usually varies among men and women. In men, adipose tissue is known to accumulate in the abdominal region surrounding the visceral organs (android fat distribution) whereas, in women, the accumulation of adipose tissue generally occurs in the gluteal-femoral regions (gynoid fat distribution). In some cases, however, android distribution can be found in women and gynoid distribution can be found in men. The regulation of adipose tissue accumulation involves interaction of a variety of genetic and environmental factors. This review examines genetic factors that cause differential distribution of adipose tissue in different depots of the body, between men and women and between different ethnicities. Genome-wide association studies can be used to identify genetic associations with the distribution and accumulation of adipose tissue. Insight into adipose tissue accumulation and distribution mechanisms could lead to development of personalized interventions for people who develop increased fat mass.

Association of visceral adiposity and systemic inflammation with sleep disordered breathing in normal weight, never obese adolescents

Objective/backgroundWhile obesity is a known risk factor for sleep disordered breathing (SDB), a large proportion of children with SDB are not overweight as per body mass index percentile (BMI%) criteria. This study aimed to examine whether premorbid or concurrent adiposity phenotypes and inflammation are associated with SDB in normal weight youth. Patients/methodsA total of 242 persistently non-overweight (BMI%<85) subjects from the Penn State Child Cohort (PSCC, N = 421, 5-12 y at baseline and 12-23 y at follow-up), were studied. The apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) was ascertained via polysomnography (PSG) at both time points. At follow-up, a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan assessed android and gynoid distribution and subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adiposity composition, while a fasting blood draw was assayed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Multivariable linear regression models with AHI at follow-up as primary outcome were adjusted for sex, race, adenotonsillectomy, age and AHI at baseline. Results and conclusionsIncreased waist circumference (β = 0.227, p = 0.001) at baseline, but not BMI%, neck or hip circumference, was significantly associated with a higher AHI at follow-up. VAT (β = 0.309, p < 0.001), IL-6 (β = 0.243, p < 0.001), SAT (β = 0.235, p = 0.013), CRP (β = 0.221, p = 0.001), and an android distribution (β = 0.196, p = 0.003) at follow-up were significantly associated with a higher AHI at follow-up. Childhood central adiposity predicts SDB in adolescence, even in individuals who have never been overweight since childhood as per BMI criteria. Visceral adiposity and inflammation are concurrent to adolescent SDB, which supports the clinical utility of these biomarkers in predicting its associated cardiometabolic risk.

Abstract MP26: Visceral Obesity and Systemic Inflammation Predict Sleep Disordered Breathing in Normal Weight, Never Obese Adolescents: A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study

Introduction: Although obesity is a known risk factor for sleep disordered breathing (SDB), a significant proportion of children with SDB are not obese or overweight as per body mass index percentile (BMI%) for age-and-sex. It is unknown whether premorbid or concurrent adiposity phenotypes are associated with SDB in normal weight youth. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that central obesity is a predictor of apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) in adolescents who have been otherwise normal weight since childhood. Methods: We analyzed data from the Penn State Child Cohort (N=421), a random population-based sample of 8.7 (1.7) year old children followed-up as 17.0 (2.3) year old adolescents. Of these, 242 subjects (49.2% female, 18.2% minority) were classified as persistently normal weight based on BMI%&lt;85 at both baseline and follow-up. Neck, hip and waist circumference (WC) were measured and “central obesity” was defined as a WC%≥85 for age-and-sex at baseline. During the follow-up exam, android and gynoid distribution and subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue composition were assessed via DEXA scan, while inflammatory biomarkers were assayed from a fasting blood sample. The AHI was obtained from 9-hour, in-lab polysomnography at baseline and follow-up. Multivariable linear regression models examined the association between adiposity and inflammation with AHI at follow-up while adjusting for sex, race, adenotonsillectomy, age and AHI at baseline. Results: The average AHI at baseline was 0.7 (0.9) events/hour and 2.3 (6.3) events/hour at follow-up. Unadjusted analyses showed that WC (β=0.159) and central obesity (β=0.227) at baseline, but not BMI%, neck or hip circumference, and VAT (β=0.307), IL-6 (β=0.245), SAT (β=0.235), CRP (β=0.222), and android distribution (β=0.195) at follow-up were significantly (P&lt;0.05) associated with a higher follow-up AHI. Multivariable-adjusted analyses showed that VAT (β=0.299), IL-6 (β=0.191), central obesity (β=0.185) and CRP (β=0.163) were independently associated with a higher follow-up AHI. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that central obesity in childhood is a strong predictor of SDB in adolescence, even in individuals who have been persistently normal weight since childhood as per BMI% standards. These data support the clinical utility of simple measures of central obesity in childhood (i.e., WC) as early surrogate markers of increased risk of future development of SDB in the transition to adolescence. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that increased visceral adiposity and systemic inflammation are strong correlates of adolescent SDB, which supports the clinical utility of these biomarkers in predicting the cardiometabolic risk associated with adolescent SDB.

Childhood obesity, weight loss and developmental trajectories predict the persistence and remission of childhood sleep-disordered breathing.

Obesity has been recognized as a risk factor for childhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), yet it remains unclear how obesity and weight change predict the course of childhood SDB. The objective of the study is to investigate the role of body weight, upper airway abnormalities and developmental trajectories on the persistence and remission of childhood SDB in the transition to adolescence. The Penn State Child Cohort is a representative population sample of 700 children (5-12years), of whom 421 were followed up as adolescents (12-23years). Participants underwent a clinical history, physical examination and polysomnography at both time points. Obesity and enlarged tonsils were cross-sectionally associated with childhood SDB. Longitudinally, baseline obesity predicted the persistence of childhood SDB (OR=3.75, 95% CI=2.00-7.05), while weight loss predicted its remission (OR=1.67, 95% CI=1.11-2.50). Children with enlarged tonsils who remitted from SDB had not experienced significant weight loss and only 4.4% had undergone adeno/tonsillectomy. Body fat distribution/composition at follow-up was similar in those who had remitted from childhood SDB as compared with those who had never experienced SDB, while those who persisted with childhood SDB showed significant android distribution and visceral adiposity at follow-up. Our data support a causal role for obesity and weight loss in the chronicity and remission, respectively, of childhood SDB in the transition to adolescence and suggest that remission of SDB is related to developmental trajectories of the upper airway in a significant proportion of children. Thus, targeting childhood obesity and weight gain should be a priority in the prevention and treatment of SDB during this critical developmental period.

Étude de la corrélation entre la sensibilité à l’insuline et les paramètres anthropométriques et métaboliques dans le diabète de type 2

AimThe aim of the study was to evaluate correlations between insulin sensitivity and insulinosecretion with anthropometric and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics. Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with oral antidiabetic medications. The evaluation of insulin resistance and insulinosecretion was based on the calculation of the HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indices. ResultsThe mean age for the 100diabetes recruited was 56.4±8.4years. The mean body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were 30.5±5.7kg/m2 and 101.2±11.9cm respectively. The HOMA-IR and HOMA β indices were respectively 3.5±2.8 and 48.9±45.5. We have found a significantly positive correlation between HOMA-IR index and weight (r=0.406, p<10−3), BMI (r=0.432, p<10−3) and WC (r=0.412, p<10−3). We noticed a significant negative correlation between HOMA β index and fasting glucose (r=−0.457, p<10−3) and A1C (r=−0.399, p<10−3). A positive statistically significant correlation was noted between HOMA-IR and HOMA-β (r=0.400, p<10−3). ConclusionInsulin resistance is very related to overweight, especially the android distribution of fat hence the need for adequate management of this android obesity. It would also be interesting to evaluate the effects of weight loss on insulin resistance parameters.

NARRATIVE REVIEW. How should we assess body fatness? 2. Quantitative field methods available to the epidemiologist and the practitioner.

Objective. The objectives of this narrative review are to consider the simple qualitative field methods that have been used to describe inter-individual differences in body form over the centuries, to explore attempts to use such measures in predicting personality characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and athletic aptitudes, to understand the significance of regional differences in the distribution of body fat, and to decide the current relevance of subjective descriptions of body build. Methods. Information obtained from Ovid/Medline and Google Scholar through to January 2018 was supplemented by a search of the author's personal files. Results. Although a variety of nomenclature has been proposed, most observers from antiquity to the present day have described 3 main body types, now generally termed ectomorphic (a lean and elongated body form), mesomorphic (a thick-set, muscular individual) and endomorphic (the person with a rounded figure, and a substantial accumulation of body fat). Although extreme examples of each of these body types are readily recognized, most people have an intermediate body form, incorporating feature of 2 if not 3 of the potential body types, and this seriously limits the usefulness of such a classification. Correlations between body type and personality have now been largely discredited, and correlations with disease susceptibility reflect in part the effect of disease on body build rather than the converse. Top athletes in a given sport discipline tend to have a common somatotype, but a substantial range of body builds are still compatible with outstanding performance. An android distribution of body fat continues to be of prognostic value; this body type is more common in men than in women, and is associated with a substantial increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions. Earlier interest in the subjective assessment of body build has waned as it has become recognized that extreme body types are uncommon, and that numerical classifications of somatotype make little contribution to the definition of an individual's personality, susceptibility to disease or athletic aptitude. Nevertheless, simple subjective ratings of body fatness ad muscularity can help to distinguish the cause of an excessive body mass in relation to height, and simple determinations of the distribution of body fat provide helpful prognostic information.

Dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS)

Dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome (DIOS) corresponds to mild increase in both liver and body iron stores associated with various components of metabolic syndrome in the absence of any identifiable cause of iron excess. It is characterized by hyperferritinemia with normal or moderately increased transferrin saturation, one or several metabolic abnormalities (increased body mass index with android distribution of fat, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, abnormal glucose metabolism, steatohepatitis), and mild hepatic iron excess at magnetic resonance imaging or liver biopsy. Alteration of iron metabolism in DIOS likely results from a multifactorial and dynamic process triggered by an excessively rich diet, facilitated by environmental and genetic cofactors and implying a cross-talk between the liver and visceral adipose tissue. Phlebotomy therapy cannot be currently considered as a valuable option in DIOS patients. Sustained modification of diet and life-style habits remains the first therapeutic intervention in these patients together with drug control of increased blood pressure, abnormal blood glucose and dyslipidaemia when necessary.

Epicardial Adipose Tissue as a Marker of Coronary Artery Disease Risk

In an era when obesity and the metabolic syndrome are growing to epidemic proportions, interest in visceral fat accumulation as a marker of cardiovascular (CV) risk appears most appropriate. In 1947, Jean Vague ([1][1]) first reported that the android distribution of fat—central adiposity, as

BRCA2 Promoter Hypermethylation in Sporadic Breast Cancer

<i>BRCA2</i> Promoter Hypermethylation in Sporadic Breast Cancer

Relationship between body mass index, fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors in Indian children and adolescents

Studies assessing the relationship of BMI and BF with cardiometabolic (CM) risks in Indian children are scarce. To assess the occurrence of cardiometabolic risk factors in Indian children and adolescents in relation to BMI and body fat and to study their association with body fat distribution. 286 children and adolescents (mean age 11.2 ± 2.6 years, 139 boys) were recruited from routine health checks and schools. Anthropometry and blood pressure were recorded, total body fat (BF) and fat distribution (android and gynoid) were measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile and insulin were also measured. When the study cohort was divided as per their BMI and biochemical cardiometabolic risk factors, 8% children had normal BMI with abnormal biochemical parameters while 40% children had abnormal BMI but normal biochemical parameters. There are normal weight children with cardiometabolic risks. There was an increase in the occurrence of cardiometabolic risk factors with increased android distribution of fat (p-value < 0.05).

Metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Background:In congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), long-term glucocorticoid treatment coupled with increased androgens may lead to undesirable metabolic effects. The aim of our report was to determine the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors in a population of adult patients with CAH due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency.Materials and Methods:Twenty-six patients (11 males and 15 females, mean age ± SD=27.4±8.2 years) were recruited. Anthropometry, body composition, metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors were studied.Results:Obesity (overweight included) was noted in 16 patients (61.5%), with android distribution in all cases. Bioelectrical impedance showed increased body fat mass in 12 patients (46.1%). Lipid profile alterations and carbohydrate metabolism disorders were detected in seven (26.9%) and five (19.2%) patients respectively. Moderate hepatic cytolysis, associated with hepatic steatosis, was found in one patient. Seven patients (27%) had insulin resistance. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed abnormalities in six patients (23%). Increased carotid intima media thickness was found in 14 patients (53.8%).Conclusion:Adult CAH patients tend to have altered metabolic parameters and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Lifelong follow-up, lifestyle modifications, and attempts to adjust and reduce the glucocorticoid doses seem important.

Regional Fat Distribution and Sleep Apnea: Sex Makes a Difference

Regional Fat Distribution and Sleep Apnea: Sex Makes a Difference

Anaesthesia and morbid obesity

The prevalence of morbid obesity is increasing in the UK. Recent UK government statistics suggest that 20% of adults are obese and 1% morbidly obese. Anaesthesia and surgery may entail considerable risk for obese patients. Obesity is a multi-system disorder, particularly involving the respiratory and cardiovascular systems; therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is required. This article presents a broad overview of the pathophysiological and practical considerations for anaesthetizing such patients for major (non-bariatric) surgery. A body mass index (BMI) of .35 kg m with associated comorbidity, or .40 kg m without significant comorbidity, is considered to be morbidly obese; .55 kg m is considered super-morbidly obese (Table 1). However, morbidity and mortality increase sharply when BMI is .30 kg m, particularly in smokers, and risk is proportional to duration of obesity. For a given BMI, men are at higher risk of cardiovascular complications than women. Obesity is described classically as conforming to an android or gynaecoid fat distribution (‘apples and pears’). Both the actual BMI of a particular patient and the distribution of fat are important considerations. The gynaecoid fat distribution characteristically involves more fat distributed in peripheral, sites (arms, legs, and buttocks). An android fat distribution involves more central fat (intraperitoneal fat, including involvement of the liver and omentum). Specific definitions have been proposed based on the waist-to-hip ratio. A value .0.8 in women or 1.0 in men is typical of the android distribution. Although the android distribution predominates in males and is associated with a higher risk of morbidity, either distribution can occur in each gender. Weight loss reduces risk for both groups. Obese people have greater energy expenditure than lean individuals, and this is balanced by increased caloric intake. Basal metabolic rate is ‘normal’ in obese individuals when corrected for body surface area. However, with increasing weight, body surface area increases and hence absolute basal metabolic rate values are higher than in lean individuals. Consequently, there is a greater absolute oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.

Distribution of adipose tissue and complications of obesity in overweight women with and without hirsutism

A correlation between the serum androgen levels and the distribution pattern of adipose tissue as well as occurrence of complications of obesity were investigated in 24 obese women with and without hirsutism. The hirsute women (n = 12) displayed higher androgen levels than the women without hirsutism (n = 12) of the same age and weight and possessed a more abdominally pronounced distribution of adipose tissue measured as the quotient of waist and hip circumference (0.87 +/- 0.08 as compared to 0.76 +/- 0.06; P less than 0.05). In addition, the overweight women with hirsutism had higher fasting triglyceride levels as well as higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Overall, a positive correlation was found between testosterone and the ratio of waist and hip circumference (r = 0.40; P less than 0.05) and the values of diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.51; P less than 0.01). Moreover, the ratio of waist and hip circumference correlated with the systolic blood pressure values (r = 0.61; P less than 0.001), the fasting triglyceride levels (r = 0.42; P less than 0.05) as well as the basal insulin concentration (r = 0.48; P less than 0.05). These results are an indication that raised androgens predispose to accumulation of fat in the abdominal region. In turn, an android distribution of adipose tissue is associated with more frequent metabolic disorders and vascular hypertension.

Les laminopathies : lipodystrophies, insulino-résistance, syndromes de vieillissement accéléré… et les autres

Laminopathies are a group of diseases due to mutations of type A-lamins, a group of proteins lining the inner aspect of cell nuclei. These diseases illustrate the complexity of the genotype-phenotype relationship characteristic of same genetic diseases. Since the discovery of the causal role of LMNA gene mutations in the genesis of Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy in 1999, no less than eight other diseases have been associated with mutations of this same gene! The tissue-specific nature of the clinical manifestations, contrasting with the ubiquitous expression of these proteins, has incited much research concerning the physiological role of lamins, considered to be much broader than the structural function initially put forward. Certain laminopathies, which combine insulin resistance, android distribution of adipose tissue, dyslipidemia, early atherosclerosis, and hepatic steatosis, appear very similar though more severe to the frequent dysmetabolism syndrome. The relationships of laminopathies with accelerated aging syndrome, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, or progeroid syndromes, which are also related to A/C lamin anomalies, could provide new avenues of research on the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, clinicians have to be aware of atypical and milder forms of laminopathies, that require specific investigations and molecular screening of relatives allowing an adequate medical management.

Effects of hormone replacement therapy on weight, abdominal fat distribution, and lipid levels in Japanese postmenopausal women.

To investigate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on weight, abdominal fat distribution, and fasting lipid levels in Japanese postmenopausal women (PMW). Prospective, 12-month-controlled clinical comparison of women with and without HRT. In all, 35 PMW with HRT (conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg daily; medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg daily; HRT group) and 26 PMW without HRT (control group). Weight, abdominal fat distribution by computed tomographic measurements, lipid profiles, and sex hormones were determined at baseline and after 12 months of treatment or observation. Weight did not change in any group. Visceral abdominal fat increased in controls, but not in the HRT group. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased, and triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in the HRT group; these did not change in the control group. When we divided women into those with android and gynoid types of abdominal fat distribution. Subjects with an android distribution showed reduced visceral fat with HRT, which also decreased the proportion of patients maintaining an android distribution. HRT did not alter abdominal fat distribution in subjects with a gynoid distribution. HRT increased serum TG in the android and the gynoid subgroups. Improved distribution of abdominal fat and fasting lipid levels except for TG may represent beneficial effects of HRT with respect to cardiovascular disease, but caution is warranted concerning TG elevation from HRT performed in PMW.

Estudio comparativo del tipo de obesidad en mujeres pre y posmenopáusicas: relación con el tamaño adipocitario, la composición de la grasa y diferentes variables endocrinas, metabólicas, nutricionales y psicológicas

The weight increase that many women experience during menopause may be the result of ageing. However, the precise factors inducing obesity during this period remain to be identified. The object of this study was to determine the type of obesity in a group of women along with its distinctive features, if any, as a function of the menopause stage. The sample consisted of 55 women (22 premenopausal and 33 postmenopausal) with grade I and II obesity. Distribution of body fat, composition of the adipose tissue, size and number of adipocytes, lipidic and hormonal profile as well as nutritional and psychological aspects were all taken into account. Postmenopausal women had an android distribution of fat, whereas it was gynoid in premenopausal women. The adipose tissue showed different cell characteristics, the number of fat cells and content of saturated fatty acids (myristic and palmitic) being significantly lower in the postmenopausal group. Menopause was associated with an increase in plasmatic lipids and a decrease in the levels of certain hormones (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate and insulin). Postmenopausal women tended to have healthier eating habits than premenopausal women, with a significantly lower fat intake but higher carbohydrate and fibre intakes. However, the degree of physical activity was lower than in premenopausal women. The type of obesity differs as a function of the menopausal status, a finding that should be taken into account when establishing a dietetic treatment.

Areas of fat loss in overweight young females following an 8-week period of energy intake reduction

In order to investigate the main areas of fat loss after an 8-week period of energy intake reduction, the distribution of body fat was assessed on 14 females (BMI 27.3 0.83kgm 2) (mean SEM), aged 18-22 years. Total body fat was determined by hydrostatic weighing and subcutaneous fat mass and distribution were assessed using ultrasound and waist-hip circumference ratios prior to, and following, an 8-week period during which subjects attempted to reduce their energy intake by about 4.2MJ day 1. Subjects lost an average of 2.99 0.34kg (p < 0.001), with greater loss (p < 0.001) of internal fat (1.5 0.2kg) than of subcutaneous fat (0.7 0.1). Subjects reduced their waist-hip ratio from 0.771 0.01 to 0.762 0.01 (p < 0.01), their waist circumference from 807 24 to 790 23mm (p < 0.001) and their hip circumference from 1047 29 to 1037 29mm (p < 0.001). Those with an android distribution of fat (n=5) lost more weight than those with gynoid distribution (n=9) (3.80 0.38kg vs 2.54 0.14kg, p < 0.05); they also showed a greater decrease in waist circumference (27 5 vs 14 4mm, p < 0.05) and a greater loss from internal fat stores (2.1 0.3kg vs 1.1 0.2kg, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that individuals are prone to lose internal fat during a short period of reduced energy intake. As the visceral fat store is the largest internal fat depot in the body, this suggests that individuals are indeed losing fat that could predispose to upper body obesity.

Associations of body fat distribution, circulating sex hormones, and bone density in postmenopausal women.

The associations of body fat distribution, sex hormone levels, and bone mineral density (BMD) were examined in 52 postmenopausal Caucasian women. Body fat distribution was assessed by waist to hip ratio (WHR) and abdominal fat weight (between the iliac crest and L1), as determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone mineral densities were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and total estradiol, total testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were determined by RIA. Subjects taking hormone replacement had significantly greater total estradiol and SHBG concentrations and a lower free androgen index. BMDs tended to be higher in subjects taking estrogen replacement after adjustment for body weight. There was no difference between subjects taking hormone replacement or not taking hormone replacement in WHR or abdominal fat weight. Subjects with a gynoid (lower body) distribution of body fat had higher SHBG concentrations than subjects with a more android (upper body) distribution of body fat. Subjects with an android distribution of body fat had greater BMDs than subjects with a gynoid distribution of body fat. Abdominal fat weight and WHR were significant predictors in regression models for all BMD parameters. The results of this study suggest that there is an association between body fat distribution and BMD, with the android distribution having higher BMDs.