Andosol Soil Research Articles

Key controls on water transit times along a tropical precipitation gradient

The tropics are one of the most diverse and dynamic regions on Earth. Despite their importance, our understanding of tropical hydrological processes remains a significant challenge, mostly due to limited monitoring. Here, we used high-resolution daily input–output isotope data sets from seven tropical catchments ranging in size from 1.6 to 990 km2, situated within a precipitation gradient ranging from on average 958 to 5117 mm year−1, in Australia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. For these catchments, we estimated and compared streamflow mean transit times (MTT) with potential explanatory hydro-geomorphological and climate variables. Using a simple lumped convolution integral model with a Gamma distribution as transfer function (best-fit Kling Gupta efficiencies up to 0.92), our tropical dataset resulted in short MTTs from 49 to 497 days (0.13 – 1.4 years), together with considerable presence of new water in the stream and low damping ratios in most of the catchments. The gamma distribution alpha parameter was below the previously identified quasi-global pattern of around 0.5 in 5 out of 7 catchments. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a relative importance test identified rock type (%), days with zero precipitation and the water storage capacity as the most important controls on TT. In addition, the TT distribution as indicated by the Gamma distribution alpha parameter was best explained by annual evapotranspiration, altitude, and Andosol soil cover (%). Our findings identified the key controls on TT and TT distribution in fast-responding tropical catchments compared to other geomorphic and climate zones, emphasizing the value of TT as a coherent descriptor that can be used for catchment characterization.

Heavy metal remediation in copper (Cu) contaminated soil of Andosol and Latosol using spinach (Amaranthus sp.) as bioaccumulator

Concentration of heavy metal copper (Cu) which often present as pollutant in the environment can be minimized by one of remediation techniques called phytoremediation. It is a relatively inexpensive, simple, effective technique and showed minimal effect to the environment. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of spinach (Amaranthus sp.) in reducing Cu concentration in Andosol and Latosol soils. Three (3) different types of planting media namely Andosol, Latosol, and sandy soils with control treatment (without Cu) and Cu treatment (as CuSO4.5H2O) at a dose of 100 mg/kg or (1.5 gr per 5 kg of soil) were used in this study. The results showed that spinach was able to accumulate heavy metals both in the roots and leaves. However, heavy metal absorption was found to be higher in root tissue compared to other organs observed. The treatment of Latosol soil + compost with spinach plant showed the highest accumulation of Cu compared to other treatments. While in Andosol soils, Cu metal commonly found in the form of residues. Thus, it can be concluded that phytoremediation of Cu using spinach in Andosol and Latosol soil showed promising results.

Analisis Kesesuaian Pengembangan Agrowisata Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr) di Desa Sarah Raya Kabupaten Aceh Jaya

Research on the analysis of the suitability of the durian agrotourism area will have a positive impact on the long-term plans of the local government and the community who are planning the Sarah Raya village area as the durian center of Aceh Jaya. This research was carried out in Sarah Raya Village, Pasie Raya District, Aceh Jaya Regency. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive, aimed at describing findings and measurement data in the field systematically, factually and comprehensively. This research examines the feasibility and suitability of land in Sarah Raya Village for cultivating durian plants as well as the potential and support for developing durian agrotourism areas in Sarah Raya Village. Indicators and field observation results show an annual average temperature of 26.1 °C in 2021-2022, relative humidity of 80% in 2022, Andosol soil type, altitude of 200-600 m above sea level, and rainfall of 3175.9 mm in 2021-2022, while Ph is in a neutral position of 5-7, the results of these measurements show that Sarah Raya Village is very suitable as a durian agro-tourism area, apart from that the potential and community support for the development of agro-tourism in Sarah Raya Village is very positive. This can be seen from the average response of 71% of respondents who gave a positive response to the development of agro-tourism areas.

Microwave-enhanced thermal removal of organochlorine pesticide (chlordecone) from contaminated soils

Soil contamination with chlordecone, an organochlorine pesticide, is causing serious health problems, affecting crop production and local livestock valorization in the French West Indies. In-situ chemical reduction (ISCR) processes for soil remediation have shown promise but need improvement in terms of time, cost and effective treatment, particularly for andosol soil types. Our study shows that a 10-min microwave treatment significantly reduces chlordecone concentrations (50–90%) in contaminated andosol and nitisol soils. Dry andosol soils show the highest removal yields and reach a higher final temperature (350 °C). Microwave treatment is in all cases more effective or at least as effective as 60 min of conventional heating at a target temperature of 200 °C. The thermal response of andosol and nitisol to microwave exposure is different, as the former is likely to undergo thermal runaway, reaching high temperatures in a short time, resulting in highly efficient thermal removal of chlordecone. These results encourage further scale-up, particularly for the treatment of andosol soils due to their strong microwave response.

Onion Growth and Bulb Enlargement Cultivated in Gray Lowland and Andosol Soils

Onion Growth and Bulb Enlargement Cultivated in Gray Lowland and Andosol Soils

Environment’s effect on wood characteristics of white jabon grown in West Java and Banten area, Indonesia

This study analyzed the diversity of physical properties and mechanical properties of white jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) from various locations and ecological conditions in West Java and Banten Indonesia. White jabon wood samples were taken from 8 locations in West Java and the Banten region. Tree ages ranged from 5 to 6 years. This wood was then tested to compare physical characteristics (density or specific gravity) and mechanical characteristics (modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)). The results showed that wood density ranged from 0.29 to 0.43 g.cm-3, MOR ranged from 361 to 641 kg.cm-2, and MOE ranged from 31,117 to 58,910 kg.cm-2. The highest density average (0.43 ± 0.004 g.cm-3) was produced from Cianjur, and the lowest density average (0.29 ± 0.010 g.cm-3) was from Tanjungsari Sumedang. Environmental factors (precipitation and altitude) affect the density of wood. Separately, rainfall has a low effect and a negative relationship to jabon wood density, while altitude has a high influence and a negative relationship to jabon wood density. Andosol soil types tend to produce low density wood.

Growth And Production of Lowland Rice Due to Soil Ameliorant Application on Andosol, Mediterranean And Alluvial Soil

Lowland rice production and growth in Andosol, Mediterranean, and Alluvial soil types were observed in the study, both with and without amendments. The investigation was conducted using a plot experiment with a fully randomized design and three replications. L1: Andosol, L2: Mediterranean, and L3: Alluvial soil types made up the primary plots. Land amendments were divided into two subplots: R1 with no amendment and R2 with an amendment. Plant height, shoot and root dry weight, shoot:root ratio, and grain dry weight were the parameters measured. The findings demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) impact of the interaction effect of soil type amendment and bioslurry dose on the development and yield of three rice cultivars. Plant height, shoot dry weight, and grain dry weight with soil amendment were more significant (P<0.05) than without amendment, according to the interaction between soil type and amendment. The amendment application had little effect on the andosol soil. Alluvial soil types had the highest soil amendment response (P<0.05), followed by Mediterranean and Andosols. Based on the experimental findings, the soil enhancer formulation has been suggested for use in rice production, particularly in Mediterranean and Alluvial soils, although additional study is required to develop new formulations for Andosol soils.

No-tillage and rye cover crop systems improve soil water retention by increasing soil organic carbon in Andosols under humid subtropical climate

No-tillage (NT) combined with a cover crop is a climate-smart agricultural practice that eliminates nearly all physical disturbance of the soil surface and increases soil aggregation and soil organic carbon (SOC); however, the response of SOC and soil water retention (SWR) to long-term NT and cover crops systems in the volcanic ash Andosol soil of Japan has not been well addressed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NT and moldboard plow (MP) tillage systems combined with rye (RY) and fallow (FA) cover crop treatments on SOC, active carbon (AC), water-stable aggregates, aggregate stability index, mean weight diameter (MWD), bulk density, aggregate-associated carbon, and SWR. NT significantly increased the > 4 and 2 mm aggregates, aggregate-associated C at the 0–2.5 and 2.5–5 cm depths, field capacity, and SWR between 0 and 15 cm. RY cover crops significantly increased aggregate-associated carbon at the 2.5–5 and 5–10 cm depths in both NT and MP and SWR at the 10–15 cm depth. NT combined with RY significantly increased SOC and AC in the surface layer and volumetric water content at all soil depths. Path analysis revealed that SOC and MWD were correlated with easily plant-available water (EPAW) and field capacity under the NT system and is the primary reason for the observed increase in SWR. Thus, the NT system increased plant residue, reduced soil evaporation, increased SOC content and SWR, and bonded soil microaggregates into macroaggregates better than the MP system. The use of an RY-based NT system is an effective climate-smart agriculture practice that reduces the drought effects brought on by climate change.

Penyiangan dan Pemangkasan Cabang Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) terhadap Keragaman dan Kepadatan Gulma

A field experiment to examine the effect of weeding and reducing the number of branches on tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on weed diversity and density was carried out in the Griya Santa research area, Lowokwaru District, Malang City with andosol soil type. This experiment was designed in a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is: the weeding period (P) which consists of 3 weeding periods, i.e. without weeding (P0), 2 times weeding at 30 and 58 days after planting (P1) and 3 times weeding at 30, 44 and 58 days after planting (P2). The second factor was: pruning the number of tomato plant branches (W) which consisted of 3 levels, namely: Without pruning branches (W0), Pruning branches leaving 2 branches (W1) and Pruning branches leaving 4 branches (W2). All treatment plots were repeated 3 times. The experimental results showed that at 30 DAP (P0W0) there were 2 dominant weeds namely Portulaca oleraceae and Cyperus rotundus. At 44 DAP it showed that there were also 2 dominant weeds namely: Ricinus communis and Cyperus rotundus. The most dominant P2W0 weed treatments were Ricinus communis and Ageratum conyzoides. The P0W1, P1W1, P0W2, and P1W2 treatments had weed species: Ricinus communis and Cyperus rotundus. The dominant weeds found in the P2W1 and P2W2 treatments were Ricinus communis and Portulaca oleraceae.

Aquifer Geometry Identification and Determination of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) in Bandung

Groundwater basins in Bandung city are included in the category of vulnerable areas to damage. It is interpreted that the Bandung area has damaged groundwater conditions. Geological conditions and soil in Bandung and its surroundings consist of alluvial layers of the eruption of Mount Tangkuban Perahu. The type of material in the north is generally a type of andosol. In the south and east of Bandung consists of a distribution of alluvial species with clay deposits and andosol soil types scattered in the central and western parts. This research was conducted to determine the hydrogeological and environmental conditions, groundwater level, pisometrics, aquifer characteristics, and water balance in the ASR Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wellbore. The research resulted in providing clean water that continues to be developed because of its effectiveness as a solution to overcome the groundwater crisis and groundwater level decline in the manufacture of ASR wells.

Efektivitas Ukuran Blok Campuran Tanah dan Hydraulic Loading Rate Pada Multi Soil Layering Guna Menurunkan Parameter Fosfat dan Surfaktan Anionik di Usaha Binatu

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The laundry business is one of the business that produces phosphate and anionic surfactant parameters that cause eutrophication and environmental pollution. Parameters of phosphate and anionic surfactants can be reduced using multi soil layering with two stages. This study aims to analyze the effect of soil mixed block size and hydraulic loading rate on reducing pollutant concentration. The materials used in this study are andosol soil, rice husk charcoal and iron powder. The permeable layer uses gravel and pearlite media. The reactor is made of acrylic with a length of 50 cm, a width of 15 cm and a height of 50 cm. Multi soil layering systems successfully reduce concentrations to 98,603% for phosphate parameters and 99.99% for anionic surfactant parameters. The decrease in phosphate parameters and anionic surfactants is caused by physical and chemical adsorption processes by soil components and rice husk charcoal. The decrease in the parameters of anionic surfactants is also helped by the process of biodegradation of microbes in the soil.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Novel Dose of Natrium Chloride and Soil Concentration in Reducing Medical Waste Bacteria before Incineration

If it is not adequately managed, the waste from healthcare facilities containing infectious material poses a risk to the general public and the natural environment. As a result, hospitals must ensure that their waste management policies do not add to the dangers posed to both human health and the environment. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect that varying doses of disinfectant in conjunction with andosol soil had on the total number of bacteria present in the medical waste generated by three hospitals in Semarang City, Indonesia. According to the findings of the study, the most efficient method for decreasing the overall number of microbial colonies by 93% was a combination involving soil (at a percentage of 30) and chlorine (at a concentration of 0.75 ppm). As a consequence of this, and due to the limited technology available, this straightforward method can become an alternative for the healthcare industry in managing medical waste before dumping or incinerating it. Hospitals have been advised to discontinue the practice of directly burning, disinfecting, or transporting waste to disposal locations before it receives treatment. This can help reduce the risk of pandemics, as the correct disposal of medical waste can control infection sources.

Decrease in population of Ditylenchus dipsaci in garlic cultivation with the application of mycorrhizae and organic fertilizers

Garlic is the main commodity of farmers in Tawangmangu, Central Java. The superior variety in the area is Tawangmangu Baru. Unfortunately this variety is susceptible to garlic root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. The infection of this pathogen was increased by the presence of the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Besides the loss due to single infection, this nematode can predispose garlic to be susceptible to garlic root rot disease. Therefore, population decrease of D. capsaci is important as a component of integrated control of the two pests. Environmentally friendly control is a priority now and in the future, including biologically, such as the application of mycorrhizae and orgnically such as organic fertilizers. This paper reports a decrease in the population of D. dipsaci in garlic cultivation with the application of mycorrhizae and organic fertilizers. This research was conducted on farmer’s land in Tawangmangu Karanganyar Central Java at an altitude of 1000 m asl and Andosol soil type. The results showed that mycorrhizae, compost, and husk charcoal could decrease the population of D. capsaci. The effectiveness of nematode population decrease in the single treatment of mycorrhizae, compost, and husk charcoal were 18.45, 42.14, and 27.56%, respectively. While the combination of the three treatments gave the highest effectiveness value, namely 48.52%.

Waste treatment innovation for infusion bottles using soil solution.

The amount of medical waste, especially infusion bottles, is a problem for environmental pollution. Improper management of infusion bottle waste can have an impact on disease transmission. The medical waste treatment used high technology and high costs will be a financial burden, so simple and effective treatment innovations is needed. This study uses an experimental method of removing bacteria from infusion bottles using a mixture of water and Andoso soil as a solution for washing infusion bottle waste. The soil solution concentration used in washing was 45% with a contact time of 2 minutes. The experiment was carried out with two repetitions. The treatment effect on decreasing the number of bacteria using a multiple linear regression mathematical model. The results showed that the disinfection process of bacterial-contaminated infusion bottles using water required rinsing up to six times, whereas using 45% andosol soil solution only rinsed once. The effectiveness of the disinfection of infusion bottles contaminated with bacteria using soil solution reduces the number of bacteria by 98%.

Soil greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical vegetable farms, using forest as a reference

Field-based quantification of soil greenhouse gas emissions from the Philippines’ agriculture sector is missing for vegetable production systems, despite its substantial contribution to agricultural production. We quantified soil N2O emission, CH4 uptake, and CO2 efflux in vegetable farms and compared these to the secondary forest. Measurements were conducted for 13 months in 10 smallholder farms and nine forest plots on Andosol soil in Leyte, Philippines using static chambers. Soil N2O and CO2 emissions were higher, whereas CH4 uptake was lower in the vegetable farms than in the forest. Vegetable farms had annual fluxes of 12.7 ± 2.6 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, −1.1 ± 0.2 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, and 11.7 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-C ha−1 yr−1, whereas the forest had 0.10 ± 0.02 kg N2O-N ha ha−1 yr−1, −2.0 ± 0.2 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, and 8.2 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-C ha−1 yr−1. Long-term high N fertilization rates in vegetable farms resulted in large soil mineral N levels, dominated by NO3– in the topsoil and down to 1-m depth, leading to high soil N2O emissions. Increased soil bulk density in the vegetable farms probably increased anaerobic microsites during the wet season and reduced CH4 diffusion from the atmosphere into the soil, resulting in decreased soil CH4 uptake. High soil CO2 emissions from the vegetable farms suggested decomposition of labile organic matter, possibly facilitated by plowing and large N fertilization rates. The global warming potential of these vegetable farms was 31 ± 2.7 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 (100-year time frame).

Changes over the Years in Soil Chemical Properties Associated with the Cultivation of Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) on Andosol Soil

The sowing-to-harvest period for the medicinal plant Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is 4–6 years. Although one of the primary soils used to cultivate ginseng in Japan is Andosol, there have been few studies of the changes in the soil’s chemical properties during the cultivation of ginseng in Andosol soil. Here, we investigated the chemical properties of Andosol soil by collecting soil samples from cultivation sites with various numbers of years of ginseng cultivation. A significant negative correlation was observed between the years of cultivation and the soil’s pH, indicating that soil acidification increased with an increasing number of years of cultivation. Similarly, exchangeable calcium (Ca) showed a significant negative correlation with the years of cultivation. The soluble aluminum (Al) concentration showed a significant positive correlation with the years of cultivation and was significantly negatively correlated with the exchangeable Ca and magnesium (Mg) contents. These results suggest that a decrease in pH due to Ca absorption by ginseng, increasing Al dissolution, and a further accelerated decrease in pH occur during the cultivation of ginseng in Andosols. The increase in soluble Al with increasing years of cultivation also affected the dynamics of essential trace elements in the soil, showing significant negative correlations with the soil’s soluble copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contents, indicating that the Cu and Zn contents decreased with increasing Al. Our findings indicate that in the cultivation of ginseng on Andosol soil, the soil’s soluble Al content is an essential factor in changes in the soil’s chemical properties.

Study of Lerak (Sapindus Rarak) Biochar Application for Andosol Agricultural Soil Remediation

Andosol is a type of soil that has a high nutrient content and is suitable for agricultural land. However, the use of pesticides in farming to increase and protect production from physical defects can cause a decrease in andosol soil quality. This study aims to determine whether the application of lerak biochar can improve the quality of andosol soil on the parameters of pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen based on the Soil Quality Standard of the Indonesian Agricultural Environmental Research Institute in 2009. The experiment was carried out by applying 0.805 g of biochar to 2 kg of andosol soil that already add by urea, KCl, insecticides and fungicides in standard dosages. The results showed that the quality of the andosol soil increased from the acidic category to slightly acidic in the pH category (6.01). The medium category became high for organic carbon (4.85%) and the medium category became high for total nitrogen (0.58%). This statement is evidenced by the results of the t-test which shows that there is no difference between the average value of each parameter and the respective standards. This means that the value meets the existing standard category.

Growth Dynamics and Production of Kara Oncet Bean (Ficia Faba L.) Through Plant Growth Analysis Approach To Get Optimum Planting Distance

Setting the spacing with a specific density allows each plant to grow well. Spacing will affect the density and efficiency of light use and competition between plants in the use of water and nutrients to affect crop production. At low densities, plants compete less with other plants so that individual plant performances are better. Conversely, at high densities, the competition between plants for light, water, and nutrients is getting tighter so that plant growth can be stunted. Each kara oncet bean cultivar responds differently to different plant density levels. The experiment was conducted in farmers' rice fields in Lembang with Andosol soil. The altitude is 1500 m above sea level. Cangar and Bromo kara oncet bean cultivars with populations of 83,333 plants per ha, 66,667 plants per ha, and 55,556 per ha were studied using factorial block design with four replications. The response surface methodology and snugness test responses to find the highest population of each kara oncet bean cultivar. From the experimental results, it turns out that different plant populations cause differences in (ILD), (LTT), (LAB), and results. The optimum population to obtain the highest yield of two faba bean cultivars has not yet been determined. The components of plant organs that can be relied upon as a determinant of the yield of kara oncet beans are the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and the weight of 25 dry seeds.

Modelling avocado-driven deforestation in Michoacán, Mexico

As demand for avocado climbs, avocado production in Michoacán—Mexico’s biggest avocado growing region—expands into new places. We use a spatial probit model to project the geographic distribution of likely future avocado expansion and analyze those results to determine (a) threats to specific forest types and (b) how the distribution of avocado is shifting spatially under current and future climate scenarios. Our results suggest that avocado expansion in Michoacán is strongly driven by distance to existing agriculture, roads, and localities, as well as the dwindling availability of Andosol soils. As future expansion ensues, it presents risk of forest loss across various forest types, with pine-oak forest, mesophilic montane forest, and oyamel fir forest being of particular concern. Moreover, our results suggest that avocado production will occupy wider ranges in terms of temperature, precipitation, slope steepness and soil. The model predicts that climate change will alter the spatial distribution of avocado plantings, expanding into forest types at lower and at higher elevations. Forest loss threatens ecosystem degradation, and a wider avocado crop production footprint could lead to orchard establishment into dwindling forests that host a high diversity of native oaks and charismatic species, including the monarch butterfly.

Modelling avocado-driven deforestation in Michoacán, Mexico

Abstract As demand for avocado climbs, avocado production in Michoacán - Mexico’s biggest avocado growing region - expands into new places. We use a spatial probit model to project the geographic distribution of likely future avocado expansion and analyze those results to determine (1) threats to specific forest types and (2) how the distribution of avocado is shifting spatially under current and future climate scenarios. Our results suggest that avocado expansion in Michoacán is strongly driven by distance to existing agriculture, roads, and localities, as well as the dwindling availability of Andosol soils. As future expansion ensues, it presents risk of forest loss across various forest types, with pine-oak forest, mesophilic montane forest, and oyamel fir forest being of particular concern. Moreover, our results suggest that avocado production will occupy wider ranges in terms of temperature, precipitation, slope steepness and soil. The model predicts that climate change will alter the spatial distribution of avocado plantings, expanding into forest types at lower and at higher elevations. Forest loss threatens ecosystem degradation, and a wider avocado crop production footprint could lead to orchard establishment into dwindling forests that host a high diversity of native oaks and charismatic species, including the monarch butterfly.