Andalusian Women Research Articles

Perceived gender equality in caregiving and mental health: the impact of the COVID-19 health crisis in a sample of Andalusian women

The restrictions during COVID-19 seem to have had an unequal impact on the mental health and habits of the population in terms of gender. The literature states that crises such as this have a more negative impact on women. We explored perceived overload due to household chores and informal caregiving in a sample of Andalusian women, their perception of an increase in this overload after the pandemic, and its possible effect on mental health. To do this, we administered an online retrospective questionnaire to explore the perception of 166 women on care economy variables by estimating hours, effort, overload, and sharing of chores at three different times: before the onset of the pandemic, during lockdown, and at the time of data collection (one year after lockdown). We also measured depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction at the time of data collection through validated scales. Results showed that women estimated significantly more time and effort on household chores and caregiving for the lockdown period. The retrospective estimation of the sharing of tasks was similar over the three moments but women perceived that they did more than their heterosexual partners. One in four women perceived an increase in caregiving overload after the pandemic. Women who felt mental overload due to caregiving scored higher in depression than those who felt physical overload. Considering these findings, and despite the limitations of this study, the pandemic may have led to an increase in informal caregiving overload for many women. Furthermore, the relation between depression and overload one year after lockdown was demonstrated. Measures are required to reduce the impact of gender in crises by designing prevention policies and programs that promote co-responsibility.

A Comparison of Women in the Time of Prophet Muhammad and Andalusian Period in Terms of Participation in Social and Political Life

The political presence of Muslims in al-Andalus had remained from Tariq bin Ziyad’s conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711, untill the fall of Ghirnata in 1492. Despite all the political struggles, rebellions, occupations and wars, the history of al-Andalus means more than political history. Because at this period of Muslims’ presence in medieval Iberia, al-Andalus became the center of “convivencia”, that means “the art of living together of all differences”. This convivencia refers to people with different colors, religions, sects, languages and ethnicities. Among these differences, Andalusian women also played an active role in social life, science and politics. Although it is not very far in the temporal plane, al-Andalus, which has fallen to the west of the lands where Islam was born, has been a region shaped by its unique dynamics within Islamic civilization. In this context, a comparison based on the social and political aspects of women between the lands where Islam was born and the furthest point it has reached will be instrumental in our better understanding of the Andalusian woman. Hereby, our aim is to compare the role of women in the social and political life of the Islamic society, which was shaped by the message of Prophet Muhammad, with the activities of Andalusian women and their visibility in social life.

The role of the midwife in Andalusia during the century (2-8AH/8-14AD)

Medicine in Andalusia was interested in obstetrics and gynecology, and they competed with the people of the East in this, and they studied it in depth, and Andalusian women emerged in this area, who were famous in obstetrics, management and treatment, and the objectives of this study are due to the fact that they are trying to know the extent of the prowess of Andalusian women in the profession of obstetrics during the century ( 2-8 AH/8-14 AD). The study reached a set of results, including that the midwife in Andalusia had a role in finding medicines that reduce women’s pain during childbirth, and she also had experience in various difficult obstetric, and relied on tools that were explained to us in Andalusian medical books.

الحجج العقلية في اعتراضات البطليوسي "ت 521 هـ " على كتاب الجمل

This research is aimed at detecting the mechanism used by Al - Beatleusi in his work on a text rich in grammatical directives, which is Al- zajjaji sentence that Al-Batelusi placed in his explanation. Until his explanations came close to the hundred, most of them Andalusian women, and emerged among them the explanation of the Beatles who responded in his objections to the requirements of rational arguments and argument The study focuses on the types of arguments related to existence, absence, time, philosophy, al -Hadd University, the prohibition of limitation and pregnancy, and others, while stopping on the basis of the arguments and rationales that lead to the followings of the most important divisions according to the pathways it organizes. To reinforce the arguments of the people of view to reach their conclusions or conclusions

How ‘Carmen’ became a flamenco doll. Andalusian women and Spanish folklore in films featuring tourists (1905–1975)

ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper is to reveal how the image of Andalusian women was fossilised and re-imagined for tourism during a decisive timeframe (1905–1975), to wit, how Bizet's most well-known heroine became a reified embodiment of Spanish women by turning ‘Carmen’ into a highly domesticated folkloric singer, a symbolic doll. To understand how this process was showcased in cinemas, a sampling of 104 films featuring tourists has been analysed using NVivo software, detecting every mention in their plots of specific categories such as those connected with Andalusian women in folkloric films (Labanyi, J. 2004. Lo andaluz en el cine del franquismo: los estereotipos como estrategia para manejar la contradicción. Sevilla: Centro de Estudios Andaluces. https://www.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/publicaciones/lo-andaluz-en-el-cine-del-franquismo-los-estereotipos-como-estrategia-para-manejar-la-contradiccion): ‘Spanish Gypsies’ and ‘Flamenco World’. A first approach to the sampling suggests that the interrelationship between these categories intensified in the 1920s and 1930s, the first period in which cinema was deliberately used as political propaganda by Spanish filmmakers, the aim being to promote tradition in the lead-up to the 1929 Ibero-American Exposition in Seville. The increasing relevance of the category of ‘Andalusian Women’ can also be perceived during early Francoism, which is key evidence for the concept of reification of the female Gypsy dancer for tourism purposes and the transformation of ‘Carmen’ into a living, standardised Spanish souvenir during the developmentalist period.

History and present of Andalusian women audiovisual creators: teh case of Oliva Acosta

Las mujeres han desempeñado históricamente un papel subalterno en el mundo audiovisual, especialmente detrás de las cámaras. La escasez de creadoras audiovisuales se hace más acuciante en Andalucía, región tradicionalmente alejada de los focos de producción de la industria española. La Transición trajo aparejada una incorporación paulatina de las mujeres al sector y prueba de ello es Oliva Acosta. La gaditana ha desarrollado su labor desde los primeros años 90, en los que empezó ideando y dirigiendo documentales en TVE, hasta la creación de su propia productora, pasando por Las constituyentes (2011), su largometraje más premiado. Acosta ha sido, además, responsable de comunicación en Asuntos de Igualdad de la ONU y es miembro de AAMMA. A través de la revisión documental y de una entrevista en profundidad, este estudio de caso indaga en la relevancia histórica de su figura en el audiovisual andaluz y español, así como en su trayectoria profesional, filmografía y rutinas productivas. Los resultados muestran una vida y obra marcadas profundamente por las perspectivas social y de género, con especial interés por la recuperación de la memoria oral de las mujeres y por la incorporación femenina a los puestos técnicos y directivos de la industria audiovisual.

Gender and Poetry in Muslim Spain: Mapping the Sexual-Textual Politics of Al–Andalus

This article revisits the role of women in the Andalusian literature and culture of the period between the 8th through the 15th centuries C.E. Drawing on some Western sexual-textual political models of analysis, the article reexamines the literary methods and devices employed by selected Andalusian women poets to demonstrate their intellectual equality with men. Moreover, by providing a sexual-textual political reading of some of the women’s poems and/or the anecdotes (akhbār) about them, the article demonstrates how these women exerted their social and political agency in a male-dominated society. The article seeks to bolster an argument that the frequent mention of the preponderance of women poets — their names and the anecdotes about them — suggests the existence of a female literary sub-culture in al-Andalus that was more vibrant than has been documented in the male-authored classical Arabic texts.

Andalusian Women Calligraphy And Their Cultural Contributions To The Arab Islamic Civilization الخطاطات الأندلسیات وأسهاماتهن الثقافیة فی الحضارة العربیة الاسلامیة

The industry of Arabic calligraphy is considered one of the industries that had had the interest and care from the specialist of Islamic scientists, writers, calligraphers and artists. It was a duty of learning the Arabic calligraphy because of its importance in saving the Holy Quran and spreading out the laws of Islamic religion. However, the Arabic calligraphy is considered as a tool for the Arabic Islamic civilization, therefore many types of the Arabic calligraphy were appeared. Hence, the Islamic eastern had its special calligraphy as the Arabic western had its kinds that differs from others. The beauty of the Arabic calligraphy made it used in different fields; so that the Holy Qurans and many scientific and literary books had been written using beautiful various Arabic calligraphies. Beside that, the Arabic calligraphy was used in decorating the walls of mosques, platforms, palaces, shops, and baths. It was used as well to adorn the musical instruments, swords, helmets and scientific instruments such as astrolabe and many others. The currencies had also been sealed using the Arabic calligraphy. Not only men was proficient in Arabic calligraphy and its industry, but also many women were skilled from the Islamic eastern and western and they had a fame in this field as the men had. However, the Andalusian women were one of these women who had taken the care about the Arabic calligraphy over different ages. The research takes a quick introduction on the industry of the Arabic calligraphy, types that had been used and the origin of the Andalusian calligraphy and its development. It also focuses on the most well-known Andalusian women who were professional in the writing using the Arabic calligraphy and their contributions through this industry that enriched the Arabic Islamic civilization.

Women in Catholicism or the eternal absence = La mujer en el catolicismo o la eterna invisible

Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in the provinces of Huelva and Seville (Spain), this article reflects on the current situation, participation and aspirations of Andalusian women in Catholicism. Female activity in the religious sphere is shown to often manifest as an extension of domestic tasks and, as such, is seen as less visible and often less valued. The activities carried out by men, however, are more perceptible in that they are enacted in public, a space traditionally reserved for men. The article also considers Andalusia´s most important voluntary associations -the Brotherhoods- and the rituals most relevant to them. As such, the processions, religious pilgrimages, visits to sanctuaries as well as the system of asking for religious favours are analysed. The outcome of such analysis is that, despite the importance of both the presence and participation of women in religious rites, the predominant role in such activities remains largely male.

The lung cancer epidemic in Spanish women: an analysis of mortality rates over a 37-year period.

Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the European Union (EU) and deaths from lung cancer have been projected to escalate to epidemic proportions amongst females over the next years. We examined lung cancer mortality rates in men and women from Andalusia (Spain) over a 37-year period [1975-2012]. Longitudinal epidemiological study analyzing lung cancer mortality trends in males and females. Data on lung cancer mortality in Andalusia for the period 1975-2012 were obtained from the official cause-of-death publications of the Institute of Statistics of Andalusia. For each sex, age-standardized (European standard population) mortality rates (ASR) from lung cancer were calculated for all ages and truncated at 30-64, 65-74, and >75 years using the direct method. Standardized rate trends by age and sex were estimated by joinpoint regression analysis. In men, the ASR steadily increased through the period 1993-1995, reaching a peak of 145.72 deaths/100,000 people. Subsequently, lung cancer deaths decreased to a rate of 125.47 in the 2011-2012 period. A moderate increase was seen in women until the late 1990s and early 2000s. Thereafter, a very notable rise was observed in females for all age groups, the only exception being older subjects. The sex differences decreased from 8.6:1 in the 1975-1977 period to 6.8:1 in the 2011-2012 period. Lung cancer mortality rates decreased significantly in Andalusian men from 1975 to 2012. More importantly, we demonstrate for the first time the beginning of the lung cancer epidemics in Andalusian women as previously predicted for this area.

Tendencia de la mortalidad por cáncer en Andalucía entre 1975 y 2003

To describe cancer mortality trends in Andalusia for cancer as a whole and for their main locations, by age and gender groups during 1975-2003. Mortality rates age and gender-adjusted have been estimated through cancer mortality data coming from mortality and polpulation official statistics. Joinpoint regression analysis has been used in order to quantify trends and their points of change. Cancer as a whole has showed a descending trend among women and an ascending trend among men, for the period 1975-2003. Annual change rates were -0.45% and 0.42% for women and men respectively, and both of them, statistically significant (p < 0.05). By age, except for the elder group, a fall is noted, both among women and among men. Among women, breast cancer was the first cause of cancer death; in 1993 it appeared a statistically significant change from ascendent to descendent trend. Among men, lung cancer was the first mortality cause; in 1996 appeared a significant trend change and it began to go down. Colon and rectum cancer was the second one in magnitude, both among men and women, but far from the first one and with an ascendent trend, specially among men. Cancer mortality shows a descending trend among andalusian women, with a similar rate to the Spanish average. Among men, the trend is ascendent with a higher magnitude than the national average.

‘I am, by God, fit for high positions’ On the political role of women in al-Andalus

Narrating and explaining the fairly emancipated women in al-Andalus has been fraught with ambiguity for the approximately one century of scholarship on the subject. There has been much stereotyping depending upon the investigator's particular perspective. This paper clarifies the roles of Andalusian women in political relations from the Muslim Conquest in 711 through the fall of Granada in 1492. The interpretations used in historiography pit a traditionalist trend, in which continuity from the pre Islamic past is stressed, against the anti-continuist trend, in which an Oriental culture of the Muslims added the distinctive features of Iberian character today. In order to evaluate the two historiographic approaches, the contributions of seven prominent women are presented and evaluated for their social contexts during the eight centuries of al-Andalus. Comparisons are then made to prominent women in other political contexts within the Arab world in order to evaluate the strength of the two competing historiographic perspectives.

Valoración de conocimientos sobre el climaterio en mujeres andaluzas

To evaluate the level of knowledge about the menopause of Andalusian women between 30 and 60 years old; and to determine their knowledge's relationship with social and demographic variables, health service use and their position as regards the climacteric. Cross-sectional study. A sample of 770 Andalusian women between 30 and 60 was chosen, for a sample error of +/- 5% and 95% confidence interval, chosen through multi-stage sampling: at random with proportionality for province and size of habitat, and sampling by age quotas and educational background. The principal study variable was women's level of knowledge about the menopause, evaluated through a validated test of 56 dichotomous questions. In the descriptive analysis, the mean, standard deviation and 95% CIs were obtained; in the analysis of relationships, the test of homogeneity of means, and variance and regression analysis were used. On a scale of 0-56, the mean on the sample was 18.17 with a standard deviation of 14.37 (95% CI: 17.15-19.17). 57.9% of the sample polled had values of low or very low level of knowledge. In the analysis of relationships, and according to the variance analysis data, we found that the level of understanding is related (p < 0.001) to age (F = 64.21), educational background (F = 131.19), type of menopause (F = 8.94), and having received information on the menopause (F = 7.57). Of these four variables it is educational background which most explains the variability in knowledge (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). However, experience of the menopause or use of the health services for the menopause do not seem to affect knowledge about the climacteric period and its treatment. The lack of knowledge of the menopause shown by the population studied demonstrates the need for Health Education on this stage of life. The relationships analysis leads us to conclude that the profile of women studied who knew most was someone with middle/high educational background, aged 30-40, who had had a surgical menopause, and had received information about the menopause.

Trabalhando com história oral: reflexões sobre procedimentos de pesquisa

Spanish immigrants to Brazil have been doubly excluded first, because of their poverty and second because of the second class satatus of immigrants in general. For this reason, oral interviews give life to memories not usually preserved by records and archives. This research will analyse the testimony of six Andalusian women from the first wave of Spanish immigration, focusing on their style of life, the solidarity of compatrists, and questions of home, work and feeling of insecurity.

Test de conocimientos sobre el climaterio: proceso de construcción y validación

To construct and validate a test of knowledge about the menopause. The context for use of this test is the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. 1. Construction of the theoretical universe through the Delphi Technique. 2. Weighting of each of the dimensions of the theoretical universe. 3. Formulation and selection of the conceptual elements to introduce into the questionnaire and formulation of the corresponding items. 4. Selection of items and analysis of their internal consistency, homogeneity, stability and equivalence after a pilot study. The questionnaire's pilot study was run with 150 Andalusian women, chosen through sampling by quotas of age, habitat and educational background. A questionnaire with 56 true and false (T/F) items grouped in four dimensions was obtained: biological aspects (14 items), psychological and social aspects (14), health risks linked to the menopause (6), care and preventive and health-improvement activities at the menopause (22). Its validity and reliability were determined by the following results: internal consistency and overall homogeneity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86); stability or absence of significant differences at the moment the questionnaire is run (Student's t = 1.09; p = 0.28); intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.753; equivalence or absence of bias of the questioners (Student's t = 1.09; p = 0.28), ICC = 0.761. The results lead us to conclude that the instrument is stable, allowing for the independence of the time and questioner variables, with high internal consistency and representing well the conceptual elements that shape the theoretical universe.

Andalusian women and their participation in rural tourist trade

Andalusian women and their participation in rural tourist trade

Men and Women in Southern Spain: “Domestic Power” Revisited

This article offers a definition of “domestic power” and attempts to operationalize this for comparative study of gender relations in southern Europe. It describes male‐female relations in two stratified rural towns in Andalusia (southern Spain). The data show that working‐class women in these towns, often united with their mothers, are able in many cases to prevail in domestic decision making despite opposition from their husbands. The article explores the cultural and psychological reasons for this apparent inversion of a constituted patriarchal ideal and the relative effect of social class upon male and female power asymmetries. The implications of limited access of male fieldworkers to Andalusian women are briefly addressed. Finally, these findings are discussed in the light of broader epistemological issues in gender study.