Andalusian Cities Research Articles

Effects of an extreme heat event on indoor conditions of social heritage housing in Mediterranean climate

Social heritage housing in Mediterranean historic cities is particularly vulnerable to climate change hazards as protection policies lead to its exclusion from energy retrofitting programmes, leaving their residents - at higher risk of fuel poverty and the heat-island effect – defenceless. Increasingly frequent heatwaves can potentially produce “overheating” in these buildings, a thermal state that impedes people's comfort with harmful consequences to their health. Other indoor air quality factors, like humidity and CO₂ levels, also affect residents' health. The objective of this research is to evaluate the actual indoor environmental quality of three occupied dwellings in social buildings of high heritage value located in two historic cities in Andalusia (Spain) during the extreme heat events that occurred in 2022. A monitoring campaign was conducted and the data collected over the summer was analysed and evaluated using existing metrics. Our results show that the CO2 concentration rates generally remained below the upper limit of 1000 ppm in all cases, probably due to the high air infiltration rates measured (5.83 h−1, 4.39 h−1 and 14.65 h−1). On the contrary, the relative humidity rates were outside the acceptable range (45–60 %) for 90 % of the occupied hours in all cases. In the warmest city, overheating was continuous and severe in all rooms, according to the metric adopted (CIBSE standards TM52 and TM59 under the adaptive thermal comfort model). The situation was particularly critical in the free-running bedroom, but the overheating index values in the living rooms, where air conditioning was installed and used about 50 % of the occupied time, also deviated significantly from the acceptable limits.

The Naming of Korat Cubra, its Location, its Mountains, and the Surrounding Cities

This study discussed one of the cities located in southern Andalusia, focusing on its name and geographical location. The city's name was mentioned using various terms. It is an Andalusian city located south of Cordoba, about thirty to forty miles away. It was part of a region comprising different cities of strategic and historical importance, such as Seville, Al-Zahra, Estija, and others. Additionally, there are mountains surrounding the city, such as Mount Arnich, Mount Shiba, and Mount Aros, which played roles in military and surveillance activities. There is also a connection between the city and other Andalusian cities, as well as the roads linking them

6 - The African diaspora in times of COVID-19

Within a conceptual framework proposed by the African Union, which views the diaspora as a sixth African region, this article analyses the economic situation of Senegalese street vendors in the city of Seville, in the southern European border region. For this community, street trading is the most important economic activity and source of income, of which tourism is a significant market. Using an ethnographic methodology, including interviews with street vendors, City Council officials, a lawyer-activist and observation, the study examines institutional perceptions and the treatment of Senegalese street vendors within the administrative and planning processes of the public administration, and the relationship this has with tourism. The results show how ethnocentric prejudices and criminalising stereotypes influence local administration policy. The analysis also examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in terms of the lack of institutional assistance for this population group, how the Senegalese population coped with the economic impact of lockdown through their own networks and support systems, and by migrating outward. The results presented in this article are part of a broader research project on urban development and sociospatial impacts of tourism in large cities in Andalusia, Spain (PAIDI-FEDER 2020: R+D+i Project).

Funeral customs and traditions in Andalusia Social custom and religious tradition

Death is the inevitable end of all human creatures, and it is an inevitable death that awaits every soul and obsession that dominates people’s minds and causes sadness in their souls, and that is because a dear person has taken his breath, left the world and joined the supreme companion, so that sadness and pain begin, the sadness of parting and the pain of farewell. And the Andalusians, like the rest of human societies, were distinguished by their funerary customs and traditions that distinguished them from the rest of the societies. As soon as the conquerors set foot in the Iberian Peninsula, they started constructing cemeteries, organizing them and taking care of them. Therefore, the Andalusian cities witnessed multiple cemeteries whose names were inspired by the names of the saints and the righteous and divided them into: public cemeteries and private cemeteries. Others are dedicated to those who have died of epidemic diseases. And the Andalusians spread their dead and the funeral processions differed according to the status of the deceased. Political circles among the public, which witness humility from them and increase their attachment to them, so they walk on their feet in respect and reverence for the personality of the deceased, and perhaps some of them went riding and disembarking in front of the funeral. I moved to the Far Maghreb, and it seems that they violated what was prevalent in the countries of the East, where wearing black was an expression of sadness for the dead, and the Andalusians also mourned their dead with poetic poems that were dominated by the nature of sadness and pain, so these poems spread in Andalusian society and Andalusian sources were filled with this kind of The poems and the so-called literature of condolences appeared, and the funerary traditions in Andalusia contained scenes of the wills of the dead through which they are buried. We knew these commandments and summarized their religious and funeral implications. And due to the necessity required by the nature of the subject, the researcher resorted to using the descriptive historical method based on linking historical events and facts in order to reach reliable results. The study was organized with an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first topic was devoted to the study of Andalusian cemeteries, highlighting the emergence and organization of these cemeteries. The second topic was devoted to the study of funeral customs and traditions in Andalusia and the innovations and rituals that accompanied them that contradicted the Islamic religion. her to study.

Convergence patterns in the city of Seville

Abstract Research carried out over the past few years in several Andalusian cities has revealed the processes of convergence towards conservative realisations that are occurring among the allophones of the phoneme /θs/. This time, using the Seville PRESEEA corpus, we have analysed the frequency of the seseante and dento-interdental pronunciation patterns that coexist in this city, and we have correlated them with linguistic, social, and individual parameters. Our data showed that this variation process was mainly influenced by closeness of [s] and [θ] in the immediate phonetic context, and by the educational attainment level, the age, and the sex of the respondents. The analysis per surveyed subjects indicated that most of them combined both variants.

Aḥmad al-Kardūdī i jego podróż do Hiszpanii (1885). Konteksty polityczne i kulturowe

The article is devoted to Aḥmad al-Kardūdī, a Moroccan official in the second half of the nineteenth century, and his state and diplomatic activities, with particular emphasis on the account he wrote for Sultan Al-Ḥasan I (ruled 1873–1894) from the 1885 expedition to Spain, which had been published for the first time in 1963 under the title At-Tuḥfa as-saniyya li-al-Ḥaḍra al- Ḥasaniyya bi-al-Mamlaka al-Iṣbanyūliyya [Shining Gift for His Majesty Al- Ḥasan about the Kingdom of Spain]. This report often is included into Arab travel literature. It is not only a report on the tasks that the ruler set before the diplomatic mission of which Al-Kardūdī was a member, but also an image of the social and political consciousness of Moroccan elites associated with power of the West in times of active attempt at reforms undertaken by the ruler. Unfortunately, these attempts had little effect. The delegation was received in audience by Regent Maria Krystyna, also visited the capital of Spain and the most important Andalusian cities, but the author himself, probably on the orders of the Sultan, was also very interested in the military achievements of the Spaniards. The Gift, written in rhyming and rhythmic prose, can be treated as a literary work (although the author probably did not intend to), and simultaneously an example of an original, official, court document in the shape of a diplomatic report addressed to the ruler.

Impacts of the COVID-19 confinement on air quality, the Land Surface Temperature and the urban heat island in eight cities of Andalusia (Spain)

The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuing global lockdown situation have generated a very negative impact on the world economy, but they have also lent us a unique opportunity to research and better grasp the impacts of human activity on environmental pollution and urban climates. Such studies will be of vital importance for decision-making on measures needed to mitigate the effects of climate change in urban areas, in order to turn them into resilient environments. This study looks at eight cities in the region of Andalusia (southern Spain) to comprehensively assess their environmental quality with parameters (Pm10, So2, No2, Co and O3) obtained from meteorological stations. The aim was to determine how these parameters affect the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), on the basis of Sentinel 3 satellite thermal images. Knowing to what extent improved air quality can reduce the LST and SUHI of cities will be essential in the context of future environmental studies on which to base sustainable decisions. The geographic situation of cities in the Mediterranean Sea basin, highly vulnerable to climate change, and the high pollution rates and high daily temperature variations of these urban areas make them particularly attractive for analyses of this sort. During the confinement period, average reductions of some environmental pollutants were achieved: So2 (−33.5%), Pm10 (−38.3%), No2 (−44.0%) and Co (−26.5%). However, the environmental variable O3 underwent an average growth of 5.9%. The LST showed an average reduction of −4.6 °C (−19.3%), while the SUHI decreased by 1.02 °C (−59.8%). These values exhibit high spatio-temporal variations between day and night, and between inland and coastal cities.

Analysis of Urban Heat Island and Heat Waves Using Sentinel-3 Images: a Study of Andalusian Cities in Spain

At present, understanding the synergies between the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon and extreme climatic events entailing high mortality, i.e., heat waves, is a great challenge that must be faced to improve the quality of life in urban zones. The implementation of new mitigation and resilience measures in cities would serve to lessen the effects of heat waves and the economic cost they entail. In this research, the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the SUHI were determined through Sentinel-3A and 3B images of the eight capitals of Andalusia (southern Spain) during the months of July and August of years 2019 and 2020. The objective was to determine possible synergies or interaction between the LST and SUHI, as well as between SUHI and heat waves, in a region classified as highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. For each Andalusian city, the atmospheric variables of ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and direction were obtained from stations of the Spanish State Meteorological Agency (AEMET); the data were quantified and classified both in periods of normal environmental conditions and during heat waves. By means of Data Panel statistical analysis, the multivariate relationships were derived, determining which ones statistically influence the SUHI during heat wave periods. The results indicate that the LST and the mean SUHI obtained are statistically interacted and intensify under heat wave conditions. The greatest increases in daytime temperatures were seen for Sentinel-3A in cities by the coast (LST = 3.90 °C, SUHI = 1.44 °C) and for Sentinel-3B in cities located inland (LST = 2.85 °C, SUHI = 0.52 °C). The existence of statistically significant positive relationships above 99% (p < 0.000) between the SUHI and solar radiation, and between the SUHI and the direction of the wind, intensified in periods of heat wave, could be verified. An increase in the urban area affected by the SUHI under heat wave conditions is reported.Graphical

Comparative analysis of short-term rental homes and traditional accommodation in Andalusian tourist cities: intensity, density, and potential expansion areas

ABSTRACT Accommodation is one of the main sectors affected by the emergence of platform economies. This issue has been addressed by many researchers, but they have mainly focussed on Airbnb and large cities. Thus, there is a need for research on medium-sized cities and how they have been affected by the growth of short-term rental (STR) homes. Using official data, we analysed the spatial distribution of holiday rental homes in four Andalusian cities: Cordova, Granada, Malaga, and Seville. Using tourist density and intensity indicators, we created maps showing the concentration of STRs in historic centres, which matches the spatial distribution pattern of traditional tourist accommodation (TA). The analysis also identified areas in each city into which STRs may expand in the future. The results of this study may help policymakers and institutions responsible for territorial and tourism planning to better understand how the emergence of platform economies is impacting tourist destinations. They should also assist policymakers in making informed decisions on regulating this phenomenon.

COVID-19 and female immigrant caregivers in Spain: Cohabiting during lockdown.

From a gender perspective, female immigrant domestic caregivers have been particularly impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic: first, as female immigrants, and second, due to their work within the domestic care sector, which has been so badly affected in this pandemic. This study investigates the emotions and experiences of 15 female Latin American immigrant domestic workers, caregivers in five Andalusian cities (Seville, Cádiz, Málaga, Huelva and Córdoba) (Spain) who were cohabiting with their employees/patients during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, using qualitative research through in-depth interviews and life stories. The results show the moral debt accrued by the caregivers with the family who employ them, while worsening the physical and psychological health of many of the caregivers, due to both work overload and fear of the global pandemic.

Gentrification and Touristification in the Central Urban Areas of Seville and Cádiz

Intensive tourism in historic city centers is causing socio-spatial effects that are already visible to society. This has led politicians and academics to focus on the issue, creating a debate about gentrification in certain central urban areas which overlaps with studies on touristification, understood by some authors as tourism gentrification. This article aims to identify whether socio-demographic changes identifiable as touristification have occurred in the historic centers of two Andalusian cities, Seville and Cádiz, and which we interpret as the replacement of residents with visitors. The work is based primarily on the exploratory analysis of socio-demographic data from the Population Register and data on housing and rentals provided by different sources. The work shows strong indications of a relationship between the increase of tourist apartments and losses of residents in both historic centers. The paper concludes by pointing to the need for further research on this relationship in public statistics that can guide future policy action.

Heritage Replacements: From Convent to Square and to Contemporary Architecture - Conventual Urban Transformations in Andalusian Cities

Heritage Replacements: From Convent to Square and to Contemporary Architecture - Conventual Urban Transformations in Andalusian Cities

Influencers and connectors in community prevention of drug abuse: balance between multi-site consistency and local community fit in program implementation

espanolRESUMEN La implementacion de un programa en multiples lugares simultaneamente supone un reto para la coordinacion adecuada y la consistencia interna de la intervencion. El funcionamiento de la red de facilitadores del programa puede ser decisiva para la efectividad y el ajuste comunitario de tales intervenciones. En este articulo realizamos un estudio de casos de un programa de prevencion comunitaria de drogodependencias que se aplica en un amplio conjunto de ciudades de Andalucia, en el sur de Espana. Analizamos y describimos dos tipos de posiciones relevantes de los facilitadores locales: aquellos que tienen un papel central de coordinacion para el conjunto de aplicadores del programa, frente a los “conectores” perifericos, que tienen un papel de puente entre areas geograficas diferenciadas. La red del programa Ciudades ante las Drogas (n = 45) en la provincia de Sevilla mostro una estructura centro-periferia, con patrones de coordinacion claramente influidos por la ubicacion geografica de los facilitadores. La capital y su area metropolitana no solo tienen mayor centralidad geografica sino un papel central en la red social. Por su parte, el papel de los “conectores” parece ser funcional para evitar la fragmentacion de los nucleos comarcales mas alejados. Finalmente, discutimos la tension entre la coordinacion central del programa y la adaptacion a las peculiaridades de cada contexto local. EnglishABSTRACT The simultaneous implementation of a program in multiple sites poses a challenge for the adequate coordination and internal consistency of an intervention. The operation of the network of program facilitators can be critical for effectiveness and community adjustment of such interventions. In this paper, we conducted a case study of a community prevention program for drug addiction applied in a large group of cities in Andalusia, in southern Spain. The aim was to explore how integrated planning and local adaptation are combined in community prevention, through the collaboration network between program facilitators. For this aim, we analyze and describe two types of relevant roles of local facilitators: those that have a central coordinating role, versus peripheral “connectors”, which have a bridge role between different geographical areas. The network of the “Cities against Drugs” program in the province of Seville (n = 45) showed a core-periphery structure, with coordination patterns clearly influenced by the geographical location of facilitators. The capital and its metropolitan area not only have greater geographic centrality but also a central role in the social network. On the other hand, the role of “connectors” seems to be functional to avoid the fragmentation of the remotest regional nuclei. Finally, we discuss the tension between central coordination of the program and the adaptation to peculiarities of each local context.

الرخام فی بلاد المغرب والأندلس

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة تاريخية وحضارية لأحد الأحجار أو الصخور ذات الطابع الاقتصادي وهو حجر الرخام وأنواعه وصناعته واستخداماته وتجارته في بلاد المغرب والأندلس وتکمن أهمية هذا البحث في کونه يتناول الدور المهم الذي لعبه حجر الرخام في الحياة الاقتصادية في بعض المدن في بلاد المغرب والأندلس وتم استخدامه سواء کان صناعيا وتجاريا وفنيا على نطاق واسع من خلال تقطيعه وتزيينه وزخرفته وتجارته بين بلدان ومدن الغرب الإسلامي فکانت مدينتي تونس وقرطاجة أشهر مدن بلاد المغرب في صناعة الرخام وتجارته وکانت مدينة المرية أشهر المدن الأندلسية في نفس المجال مستخدما منهج البحث التاريخي وأدواته في جمع المعلومات التاريخية وتحليلها ونقدها حتى الخروج إلى النتائج المرجوة من البحث ويرزت أهم نتائج البحث في أن حجر الرخام دخل في کثير من الاستخدامات والصناعات المعمارية أو الفنية أو الصناعية سواء في المباني الدينية کالمساجد مثلا أو أماکن السکن والمعيشة أو أماکن التعليم ومجالس الترفيه والحدائق والبساتين وغيرها وقد شهدت الکثير من المدن المغربية والأندلسية توفر حجر الرخام في شکله الأصلي الخام حيث قامت بتقطيعه من الجبل وتهيئته وصناعته، بينما شهدت المدن الأخرى استخدامه على نطاق واسع ومن خلال السطور التالية سنتناول دور هذا الحجر تاريخيا وحضاريا في صناعة وتجارة بلاد المغرب والأندلس. This research is a historical and cultural study of the availability of marble stone and its types, Manufacturing, usages and trade in the Islamic Maghreb and Al andalus. This stone played an important role in the economic life of the manufacture of some cities in those countries and was used in many fields, industrial, commercial and artistic widely, by cutting, decorating, and trade between the cities of the Islamic West, The cities of Tunisia and Carthage were the most famous of the Maghreb in the marble manufacturing and its trade, as was Almeria the most famous city in Al andalus in the same field. Marble entered in many usages, whether in religious buildings such as mosques or accommodation places and living or places for education and recreational seating ,gardens, orchards, etc., and saw many maghrebian and Andalusian cities the availability of marble stone in its original form While other cities have seen its widespread usages, the following lines will discuss the role of this stone historically and civilized in the manufacture and trade of the Islamic Maghreb and Al andalus.

Identity construction of the European medium sized city through the monasticism repercussions in Écija

The monasticism appeared during the dawn of Christianity has made a major contribution to Europe’s culture and identity. The spread of Christian faith throughout the continent was achieved not only through a new morality and religion but also through art and convent architecture. The Middle Ages were the peak of this monastic production. Orders such as Cistercians or Dominicans would appear mainly in France and Italy spreading their rules and ways of life to the whole continent. It is a phenomenon that transcends borders, kingdoms and geographical elements, bringing together many people under the same identity. The flag of the Latin cross waved in the European Middle Ages. However, the reality in southern Iberian Peninsula was different. Al-Andalus stood as a bastion of Islam in Europe long before the appearance of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Castile began to occupy territories held by the Muslim Kingdom of Granada. The need to Christianise the new conquered lands would call a multitude of monastic orders settled in Europe to focus their attention on the new Kingdom of Seville. The main cities such as Seville, Cordoba, etc. would be the most coveted for the new foundations. Nevertheless, Écija is located in the Guadalquivir river valley in a difficult position on the border with the Kingdom of Granada. In the 14th Century, Écija had close to 10, 000 inhabitants, which, at the time, was a large number. A city which was an attraction point for Christian Communities, which according to their origin, 31% came from Italy, 22% from France, 37% from Spain and 10% from Jerusalem. The study of Écija shows the crossing of continental relationships through monasticism. How could the influence of Christianity manage to cover an entire continent to the most remote place? We could find the keys to understand the urban construction of western monasticism through the main average conventual cities in Andalusia.

Deeping in the genetics of medium-sized cities. Heritage as an identity feature in Andalusia

Interest in urban agglomerations, metropolitan areas, large cities and in general the spaces where the majority of the world’s population is concentrated, has occupied the interest of an urban research for decades. According to the United Nations sources, today, the world population is 7.6 billion, is going to reach 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.8 billion people in 2050. In Spain, according to sources from the National Institute of Statistics, the population reaches 46.57 million inhabitants, although its distribution is not uniform in the territory. Andalusia, with 8.37 million, is the first most populated Spanish autonomous community, followed by Catalonia (7.55) and the Community of Madrid (6.50) with almost one million fewer inhabitants, respectively. Following the same indicators, most of this population already lives in large cities and in the upcoming years, this figure will increase exponentially. This means that a large part of people will be concentrated in a small part of the territory and, on the other hand, which we begin to have large areas of the territory without inhabiting or with a very low population density. Examining aspects traditionally considered as secondary, involving a minority of the population, has been one of the disciplinary general constants in the last century and that not only affects architects or urban planners. To say medium-sized cities in Europe is to think about urban-territorial heritage, historic landscapes that continue shaping wide territories. In Andalusia (87600 km2), the effects of metropolization are still punctual (3.72 % on 778 municipalities). Totalling 778 municipalities, up to 122 of them are listed for their Historical Centres. We find that only 3.72 % of these municipalities exceeds a population of 50 000 inhabitants. The Heritage constitutes its ‘genetic heritage’. Both considering international and national scales, its historic relevance is noted in Civitates Orbis Terrarum (with 25 Andalusian cities from 34 Spanish). Nowadays, its heritage value is represented by the Historic Centres (the first two listed cities in Spain, 1929, were Andalusian), and World Heritage inscriptions. This outlines the necessity of decoding the Heritage DNA, as an indissoluble variable prior to planning. The aim of this research is to characterize the European medium-sized cities and their territory in the heritage terms, defining what is the Andalusian territory. Different cultural and productive landscapes are the main actors of the medium-sized Andalusian cities: the landscape of fishing, the art of the almadraba, the wine cellars, the olive trees plantations, the urban networks of convents are only a sample. The dynamics experimented at this regional level could be extended to the rest of the European countries analysed in the project. This research will gather partial results of an R&D project “Patrimonial Urban Characterization and Cultural Tourism Model in the Middle Cities. Potentialities and Challenges for its Internationalization: Inner Baetica”, funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain.

Sustainability and Water Sensitive Cities: Analysis for Intermediary Cities in Andalusia

There is currently a phenomenon of global urbanization, where in Europe intermediary cities play a major role by concentrating more than 40% of the European urban population. These types of cities have specific challenges regarding their sustainability and are key to meeting the objectives set out in the UN 2030 Agenda (United Nations, UN), due to their local character and proximity to the citizen. The intermediary cities of Andalusia in Spain, its urban sustainable development and its relationship with water are the object of analysis in this article. They are analyzed through the winning plans in the first call of the Spanish “Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategy ” (ISUDS). In this process, the citizens are the main actors through their participation in the elaboration of the ISUDS, in which they express the scope of the “hydrosocial contract ” of citizenship. The research presented in this article analyzes the latter through a methodological framework applied to the ISUDS, which shows the unequal interest of Andalusian intermediary cities when integrating water into their sustainable development. The article ends with a series of recommendations that make it possible to bring these cities closer to the “water sensitive cities ” stage.

Association between Motivational Climate, Adherence to Mediterranean Diet, and Levels of Physical Activity in Physical Education Students.

Physical Education is an essential educational area to develop physical-healthy habits and motivational orientations, which are fundamental to guide the situation of future Physical Education teachers. These professionals will have a fundamental role in teaching different types of motivations, active lifestyles, and healthy habits in youths. For this reason, the objective of the study is to know the association between motivational climate, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), and the practice of physical activity in future Physical Education teachers. A cross-sectional and nonexperimental study was carried out using a single measurement within a single group. The sample consisted of 775 university students from the cities of Andalusia (Spain). Motivational climate was evaluated through the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), levels of physical activity were evaluated through the adolescent version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-A), and level of adherence to the MD was assessed through Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED). On one hand, the healthy and self-improvement component promoted by physical activity favors an orientation focused on process and learning. Likewise, the competitive component is key to motivation focused on product and social recognition. In addition, future Physical Education teachers should pay special attention to the unequal recognition among members that physical activity can generate, in order to avoid personal disregard and social rejection. The ego climate is related to a high adherence to the MD. On the other hand, the future Physical Education teachers who manifest motivational processes based on fun and their own satisfaction have low levels of adherence to the MD.

THE URBAN HERITAGE CHARACTERIZATION USING 3D GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. THE SYSTEM OF MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES IN ANDALUSIA

Abstract. The primary objective of this paper is to approach the use of the 3D Geographic Information Systems (3D GIS), as an instrumental tool that allows us to deal efficiently with the extensive amount of information that characterises a large part of the research carried out in the field of Urbanism and Regional Planning. Specifically, the study focuses on medium-sized cities in Andalusia, the most populous and the second largest region in Spain. The Andalusian urban system is substantially characterised by the historical importance of this type of cities within its territorial organisation, which dates back to more than two thousand years, and whose potential as sustainable and balanced stands out. In particular, it is intended to address features related to urban characterisation as medium-sized cities that have been declared as heritage sites, as well as, the integration of the cultural heritage into urban development planning as an active strategy by the cultural administration of the regional and local governments. In detail, this paper will analyse data relating to the development experienced, their characterisation through urban indicators or the evolution and traceability of their protection. In this sense, the use of 3D GIS will not only allow the efficient recording and the graphical representation of a significant amount of data resulting from the quantitative and qualitative analysis carried out but also model them using the third dimension to facilitate a cross analysis among the cities under study. Definitely, the aim is to demonstrate the suitability use of this technology in this type of scientific research.

Assessing creativity: an index proposal

ABSTRACTCreativity as a driving force for the economy of a region is the subject of a large body of research that aims to assess this concept by means of a system of indicators. Our research is based on the idea that each dimension of this theory can be grouped into three main structures: a creative base, public policies and creative industry output. In order to contrast this hypothesis, we have created a system of indicators that is based on the analysis and review of existing indicators, grouping them into the three aforementioned domains. By applying these indicators to a practical case, namely to the three largest cities in Andalusia, we have identified the connections that exist between these domains, while also establishing a creativity ranking list. We have named this indicator proposal, The Potentiality of Creative Industries Index, due to the potential value to be obtained from the analysis of the connections that exist between the aforementioned three vectors. The aim of this study is to propose an analysis tool that will facilitate the design and implementation of effective public policies in the field of creative industries.