Ancient Medicinal Plant Research Articles

Callus induction, subculture, and browning inhibition of the anticancer plant Taxus media

In order to obtain more effective cell culture parameters of Taxus anticancer plants, we optimized the callus induction and subculture conditions of the explants (stem segments with buds) of the anticancer medicinal plant Taxus media by using the plant tissue culture technology and orthogonal test. Furthermore, we studied the method to inhibit browning in the culture. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for inducing callus was culture in the medium composed of B5+0.25 mg/L 2, 4-D+1.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L KT in the dark, which showed short induction time and a high induction rate (86.7%). The formula of the optimal medium for subculture was B5+0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D+2.0 mg/L NAA+1.5 mg/L KT.The proliferation multiple of callus cultured by subculture on the 10th day of callus growth was the highest. Activated carbon inhibited the browning in callus subculture, with the optimal inhibitory concentration of 0.8 g/L. The results of this study lay a foundation for the production of taxol by suspension culture of T. media cells.

In silico screening and identifying phytoconstituents of Withania somnifera as potent inhibitors of BRCA1 mutants: A therapeutic against breast cancer

Breast CAncer gene 1 (BRCA1) is an anti-oncogene that helps the cell repair damaged DNA and preserve genetic material. BRCA1 also acts as a cell growth suppressor and produces tumor suppressor gene (TSG) proteins, i.e., BRCA1 protein. Remarkably, BRCA1 mutations account for 90 % of hereditary breast cancer and a majority of hereditary ovarian cancer. Hence, we have considered three mutants of BRCA1 (R1699W, R1699Q, T1700A) in this study and adopted an in-silico approach to find the best possible phytochemical to inhibit these mutated proteins, enabling early breast cancer diagnosis. Perceiving the importance, many natural molecules from ancient medicinal plants are considered for molecular docking. Our findings suggest that though many molecules bind actively with the receptor's active site, the top three phytoconstituents (27-Deoxy-14-hydroxywithaferin A, Withacoagulin, Somniferanolide) of Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, have high binding affinities and suitable pharmacokinetic properties, making these natural compounds potential drug candidates. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the binding free energy calculation show stability and thermodynamically favourable. We can, therefore, draw the conclusion that these lead compounds act as potential inhibitors against BRCA1. However, wet lab experiments and clinical trials are recommended to ascertain its efficacy, hence the development of novel BRCA1 inhibitors.

EAntiulcer Activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. in Gastric Ulcers.

Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. is an ancient Indian medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of ulcers, wounds, inflammation and pain. The leaves, flowers, and roots are the most important parts that are used traditionally. In the present investigation, antiulcer screening of etOH and aqueous leaves extract was screened in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats at the selected doses. The results thus obtained were compared with standard drugs and it was found that EATPL exhibited significant results when compared with AETPL.

Effects of Berberis asiatica, Withania somnifera, and Their Combination on Body Weight in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Wistar Rats.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and beta cell dysfunction, often leading to chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Berberis asiatica (BA) and Withania somnifera (WS) are ancient medicinal plants with a reputation for having potential therapeutic effects in diabetes management. The purpose of this study was to look into how body weight (BW) was affected in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NIC) induced T2DM in Wistar rats by BA, WS, and their polyherbal combination (PHC). Materials and methods Seventy-eight Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into 13 groups, with six rats in each group, including normal and diabetic controls, and treated with varying doses of BA, WS, and PHC. The rats were under observation over the course of 35 days for any change in BW. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) rules and guidelines were followed in the conduct of acute toxicity tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests, was used for statistical analysis. Results The findings indicated that the highest dose of BA (1000 mg/kg) significantly improved BW in diabetic rats, approaching that of the normal control group. The combination of BA and WS also demonstrated significant improvements in BW, suggesting a synergistic effect. The standard antidiabetic drugs, metformin and glimepiride, were effective in increasing BW in diabetic rats. Conclusion The study concludes that BA, WS, and their combination have a positive impact on BW management in T2DM rats, with the combination therapy showing enhanced effects. These findings support the potential utilization of these herbs in managing BW and other T2DM-associated metabolic disturbances and abnormalities.

Endophytic fungi from Cissus quadrangularis plant a promising source of bioactive compounds.

Cissus quadrangularis is a succulent, perennial plant belonging to the family Vitaceae typically found in Asia and Africa's tropical and subtropical forest zones. It is an ancient medicinal plant, containing phytosterols, polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and ascorbic acid. Due to the presence of phytosterols it plays a crucial role in bone fracture healing. However, due to the limited resources of these medicinal plants there is a need to search for a reservoir of biologically active metabolites. This medicinal property of the plants therefore may be attributed to the endophytic fungi within the plant. This study includes isolation of endophytic fungi from C. quadrangularis and the characterization of fungal extracts. Three endophytes were isolated namely Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum siamense and Phoma sp. The qualitative analysis of targeted metabolites from Cissus quadrangularis stem and fungal extracts of all the three endophytes showed the presence of phytosterols. Methanol extracts of endophytes and C. quadrangularis plant exhibit significant antioxidant and the radical scavenging activity because of the presence of β-carotene. The Ic50 value for stem and isolated endophytes was 5.748, 19.937, 7.00, and 6.493 respectively. This study will give further scope for studying the bone healing ability of phytosterol from the endophytic isolates of C. quadrangularis plant.

Clinico-genomic findings, molecular docking, and mutational spectrum in an understudied population with breast cancer patients from KP, Pakistan.

In this study, we report the mutational profiles, pathogenicity, and their association with different clinicopathologic and sociogenetic factors in patients with Pashtun ethnicity for the first time. A total of 19 FFPE blocks of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) from the Breast Cancer (BC) tissue and 6 normal FFPE blocks were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing (WES). Various somatic and germline mutations were identified in cancer-related genes, i.e., ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, and XRCC2. Among a total of 18 mutations, 14 mutations were somatic and 4 were germline. The ATM gene exhibited the maximum number of mutations (11/18), followed by CHEK2 (3/18), PALB2 (3/18), and XRCC2 (1/18). Except one frameshift deletion, all other 17 mutations were nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). SIFT prediction revealed 7/18 (38.8%) mutations as deleterious. PolyPhen-2 and MutationTaster identified 5/18 (27.7%) mutations as probably damaging and 10/18 (55.5%) mutations as disease-causing, respectively. Mutations like PALB2 p.Q559R (6/19; 31.5%), XRCC2 p.R188H (5/19; 26.31%), and ATM p.D1853N (4/19; 21.05%) were recurrent mutations and proposed to have a biomarker potential. The protein network prediction was performed using GeneMANIA and STRING. ISPRED-SEQ indicated three interaction site mutations which were further used for molecular dynamic simulation. An average increase in the radius of gyration was observed in all three mutated proteins revealing their perturbed folding behavior. Obtained SNVs were further correlated with various parameters related to the clinicopathological status of the tumors. Three mutation positions (ATM p. D1853N, CHEK2 p.M314I, and PALB2 p.T1029S) were found to be highly conserved. Finally, the wild- and mutant-type proteins were screened for two drugs: elagolix (DrugBank ID: DB11979) and LTS0102038 (a triterpenoid, isolated from the anticancer medicinal plant Fagonia indica). Comparatively, a higher number of interactions were noted for normal ATM with both compounds, as compared to mutants.

ANALISIS KETERKAITAN NETWORK PHAMACOLOGY SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER Abrus precatorius L. SECARA IN SILICO

Cancer remains a global health challenge, prompting extensive research efforts worldwide. Lung cancer, the second most diagnosed cancer, presents a particularly grim survival rate. In Indonesia, cancer incidence ranks significantly, with millions affected and hundreds of thousands succumbing to the disease annually. Traditional medicine persists as a preferred option among many, perceived as safer and more affordable. Abrus precatorius L., an ancient medicinal plant, holds promise in this regard, with a rich history of use and a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer properties. Employing in silico modeling and network pharmacology, this study explores the interaction between Abrus precatorius L. compounds and various proteins associated with cancer. Through bioinformatics tools and databases, 27 bioactive compounds are identified and their physicochemical properties assessed, ensuring adherence to pharmacological guidelines. The study predicts potential protein targets for Abrus precatorius L. compounds, revealing interactions with 453 proteins, including those implicated in cancer pathways. Further analysis using StringDB and DISEASES database establishes protein-protein interaction networks, highlighting key proteins like EGFR and TERT, pivotal in multiple cancer types. The study validates the compounds' adherence to Lipinski's Rule of Five, indicating their potential for pharmacological activity and oral absorption. False Discovery Rate (FDR) analysis confirms significant associations between Abrus precatorius L. compounds and various cancers, further underscoring their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, Abrus precatorius L. compounds, particularly targeting EGFR and TERT proteins, emerge as promising candidates for cancer treatment. Their diverse pharmacological activities and interactions with key cancer-related proteins pave the way for further exploration and development of these compounds as alternative medicinal agents. In vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to validate their efficacy, particularly in addressing the complexities of different cancer types. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights into leveraging natural compounds for combating cancer, addressing a critical need in global healthcare.

Globospiramine from Voacanga globosa Exerts Robust Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Activities on Cancer Cells by Inducing Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in A549 Cells and Inhibiting MAPK14 (p38α): In Vitro and Computational Investigations.

Bisindole alkaloids are a source of inspiration for the design and discovery of new-generation anticancer agents. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of three spirobisindole alkaloids from the traditional anticancer Philippine medicinal plant Voacanga globosa, along with their mechanisms of action. Thus, the alkaloids globospiramine (1), deoxyvobtusine (2), and vobtusine lactone (3) showed in vitro cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities against the tested cell lines (L929, KB3.1, A431, MCF-7, A549, PC-3, and SKOV-3) using MTT and CellTiter-Blue assays. Globospiramine (1) was also screened against a panel of breast cancer cell lines using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and showed moderate cytotoxicity. It also promoted the activation of apoptotic effector caspases 3 and 7 using Caspase-Glo 3/7 and CellEvent-3/7 apoptosis assays. Increased expressions of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP in A549 cells treated with 1 were also observed. Apoptotic activity was also confirmed when globospiramine (1) failed to promote the rapid loss of membrane integrity according to the HeLa cell membrane permeability assay. Network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations identified MAPK14 (p38α), a pharmacological target leading to cancer cell apoptosis, as a putative target. Low toxicity risks and favorable drug-likeness were also predicted for 1. Overall, our study demonstrated the anticancer potentials and apoptotic mechanisms of globospiramine (1), validating the traditional medicinal use of Voacanga globosa.

Evaluating the Metabolomic Profile and Anti-Pathogenic Properties of Cannabis Species.

The Cannabis species is one of the potent ancient medicinal plants acclaimed for its medicinal properties and recreational purposes. The plant parts are used and exploited all over the world for several agricultural and industrial applications. For many years Cannabis spp. has proven to present a highly diverse metabolomic profile with a pool of bioactive metabolites used for numerous pharmacological purposes ranging from anti-inflammatory to antimicrobial. Cannabis sativa has since been an extensive subject of investigation, monopolizing the research. Hence, there are fewer studies with a comprehensive understanding of the composition of bioactive metabolites grown in different environmental conditions, especially C. indica and a few other Cannabis strains. These pharmacological properties are mostly attributed to a few phytocannabinoids and some phytochemicals such as terpenoids or essential oils which have been tested for antimicrobial properties. Many other discovered compounds are yet to be tested for antimicrobial properties. These phytochemicals have a series of useful properties including anti-insecticidal, anti-acaricidal, anti-nematicidal, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Research studies have reported excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although there has been an extensive investigation on the antimicrobial properties of Cannabis, the antimicrobial properties of Cannabis on phytopathogens and aquatic animal pathogens, mostly those affecting fish, remain under-researched. Therefore, the current review intends to investigate the existing body of research on metabolomic profile and anti-microbial properties whilst trying to expand the scope of the properties of the Cannabis plant to benefit the health of other animal species and plant crops, particularly in agriculture.

Ethnopharmacological investigation and traditional cultural use of anticancer medicinal plants in Morocco’s Casablanca-Settat region

Ethnopharmacological investigation and traditional cultural use of anticancer medicinal plants in Morocco’s Casablanca-Settat region

Comprehensive Review on Herbal Medicine: Emphasis on Current Therapy and Role of Phytoconstituents for Cancer Treatment.

Cancer poses a significant public health challenge in both developed and developing nations, with a rising global incidence of patients facing the threat of death due to abnormal cell proliferation. Review explores the utilization of different parts of herbal medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical constituents in the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer. Various anticancer medicinal plants have been identified, demonstrating their therapeutic effects by inhibiting cancer-stimulating enzymes and hormones, activating DNA repair processes, boosting the synthesis of protective stimulants, reducing the formation of free radicals, and enhancing individual immunity. Data for this study were gathered from diverse online bibliographic and databases, including Google, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Springer Link, Research Gate, and PubMed. Herbal drugs have a huge contribution to the inhibition of the progression of cancer.A large volume of clinical studies has reported the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on the survival, immune modulation, and quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients, when these herbal medicines are used in combination with conventional therapeutics. The latest medicines for the clinical purpose (Above 50 %) are derived from herbal products. Furthermore, combination of these herbs with nanotechnology shows promise in treating specific carcinomas.

Ginseng Extract Attenuates the Injury from Ultraviolet Irradiation for Female Drosophila melanogaster through the Autophagy Signaling Pathway.

Ginseng is an ancient medicinal and edible plant with many health benefits, and can serve as a drug and dietary supplement, but there are few relevant studies on its use to ease ultraviolet (UV) irradiation damage. After 0.8 mg/mL ginseng extract (GE) was added to the medium of female Drosophila melanogaster subjected to UV irradiation, the lifespan, climbing ability, sex ratio, developmental cycle, and antioxidant capacity of flies were examined to evaluate the GE function. In addition, the underlying mechanism by which GE enhances the irradiation tolerance of D. melanogaster was explored. With GE supplementation, female flies subjected to UV irradiation exhibited an extension in their lifespan, enhancement in their climbing ability, improvement in their offspring sex ratio, and restoration of the normal development cycle by increasing their antioxidant activity. Finally, further experiments indicated that GE could enhance the irradiation tolerance of female D. melanogaster by upregulating the gene expressions of SOD, GCL, and components of the autophagy signaling pathway. Finally, the performance of r4-Gal4;UAS-AMPKRNAi flies confirmed the regulatory role of the autophagy signaling pathway in mitigating UV irradiation injury.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium aromaticum Plant Against Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Women with Urinary Tract Infections

Background: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an ancient medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. It possesses a diverse array of bioactive compounds and has been employed for centuries in Asian countries, especially India and other developing nations, to address fungal infections affecting the skin, mouth, urinary system, and vaginal tract. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial effects of an ethanolic extract derived from the S. aromaticum plant on clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. This was achieved by conducting an agar diffusion susceptibility test, indicating the presence of an inhibitory zone against the growth of the microorganisms. Methods: In this study, 251 clinical urine samples were collected from women suffering from urinary tract infections (UTIs) aged 17 to 52 years in Baghdad City, Iraq, from September 2021 to January 2022. The samples were examined to determine the occurrence of E. faecalis through morphological identification. This involved employing conventional and differential culture media, performing biochemical tests, and utilizing the Vitek II system. Results: Enterococcus faecalis isolates were found in 35 (16.43%) of 213 samples that showed positive bacterial cultures detected by conventional bacteriological methods and Vitek II. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility test results, 4 concentrations (100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/mL) of alcoholic extract of S. aromaticum showed considerable effectiveness against all 35 E. faecalis isolates, where the diameters of the inhibition zones ranged from 21.13 to 7.14 mm; however, no inhibition of zone was seen at concentrations of 6.25 and 3.125 mg/mL. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract obtained from the dried flower buds of clove (S. aromaticum) exhibited significant potential as an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, it suggests the exploitation of this plant as a novel therapeutic alternative for the treatment of UTIs to deal with the problem of drug resistance.

Mechanistic role of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels in glycation induced diabetic nephropathy via RAGE–NF–κB pathway and extracellular proteins modifications: A molecular approach

Ethnopharmacology relevanceSyzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (SC), an ancient medicinal plant, is used as a complementary and alternative medicine for treating diabetes mellitus and its associated complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Phytochemicals present in SC homeopathic formulations possess anti-glycemic, anti-glycation, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Additionally, the non-enzymatic formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) increases during hyperglycemia in diabetes. AGEs interaction with their receptor of AGEs (RAGE) promotes inflammation via Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and the accumulation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to the renal dysfunction in DN. However, the molecular mechanism through which SC formulations interact with the AGEs-RAGE–NF–κB pathway has not yet been investigated. AimThis study aims to examine the impact of SC formulations on the RAGE–NF–κB pathway and ECM protein modifications in glycation-induced DN using a molecular approach. Materials and methodsHuman serum albumin (10 mg/ml) was glycated with MGO (55 mM) in the presence of SC formulations - Mother tincture (MT), 30C, 200C for 7 days. Glycated samples were added to renal cells (HEK 293) for 24 h. Subsequently, cellular gene and protein expressions of RAGE, NF-κB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), collagen IV (Col IV), and fibronectin were determined using RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. The immunofluorescence, luciferase assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques were employed to gain insights into glycation-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, transcriptional activity, and its effect on RAGE promoter activity in SC-treated cells. ResultsSC formulations significantly downregulated glycation-induced elevated levels of RAGE and NF-κB. Mechanistically, SC formulations prevented NF-κB nuclear translocation, transcriptional activity, and RAGE promoter activity. Also, SC formulations significantly attenuated glycation-enhanced expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and VEGF) and ECM proteins (Col IV and fibronectin). ConclusionOur findings enlighten the molecular mechanism of SC in DN by targeting the AGEs-RAGE–NF–κB signaling pathway, inflammatory responses, and ECM accumulation. Hence, the study validates the protective role of SC formulations and signifies its novel potential for treating DN.

Molecular dynamics simulations assisted investigation of phytochemicals as potential lead candidates against anti-apoptotic Bcl-B protein

Due to the multifarious nature of cancer, finding a single definitive cure for this dreadful disease remains an elusive challenge. The dysregulation of the apoptotic pathway or programmed cell death, governed by the Bcl-2 family of proteins plays a crucial role in cancer development and progression. Bcl-B stands out as a unique anti-apoptotic protein from the Bcl-2 family that selectively binds to Bax which inhibits its pro-apoptotic function. Although several inhibitors are reported for Bcl-2 family proteins, no specific inhibitors are available against the anti-apoptotic Bcl-B protein. This study aims to address this research gap by using virtual screening of an in-house library of phytochemicals from seven anti-cancer medicinal plants to identify lead molecules against Bcl-B protein. Through pharmacokinetic analysis and molecular docking studies, we identified three lead candidates (Enterolactone, Piperine, and Protopine) based on appreciable drug-likeliness, ADME properties, and binding affinity values. The identified molecules also exhibited specific interactions with critical amino acid residues of the binding cleft, highlighting their potential as lead candidates. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations and MM/PBSA based binding free energy analysis revealed that Enterolactone (CID_114739) and Piperine (CID_638024) molecules were on par with Obatoclax (CID_11404337), which is a known inhibitor of the Bcl-2 family proteins. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

A comprehensive review of Aconitum heterophyllum

Aconitum heterophyllum, commonly known as Ativisha or Indian Atees, is a perennial herbaceous plant with a rich history of use in traditional medicine systems across Asia, particularly in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Traditional medicine systems have utilized Aconitum heterophyllum for centuries to treat various health conditions, including fever, digestive disorders, respiratory ailments, and pain-related conditions. It is also known for its antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative properties, among others. The pharmacological activities of Aconitum heterophyllum are attributed to its bioactive compounds. Studies have demonstrated its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, along with antipyretic and immunomodulatory properties. It has also shown promising antimicrobial activity and potential as an anticancer agent. However, safety concerns arise due to the presence of toxic alkaloids, particularly aconitine, which can be harmful if not properly processed or used in excessive amounts. Traditional preparation methods, such as boiling and purification, are employed to reduce toxicity and enhance safety. This review emphasizes the importance of cautious and responsible use of Aconitum heterophyllum in medicinal practices. While its therapeutic potential holds promise for various health conditions, further research is required to validate its efficacy and safety for modern medical applications. By bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific investigations, this review aims to contribute to the understanding of Aconitum heterophyllum's medicinal properties and its potential role in modern medicine. The synthesis of traditional wisdom and contemporary research findings underscores the significance of this ancient medicinal plant as a valuable resource for natural medicine and drug development.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Eclipta alba and Its Activity Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line (MDA-MB-231).

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) doesn't have well-defined molecular targets making it unable to treat with chemotherapy also have faster metastatic rate and worse survival rate. In the current study we aim to target TNBC through eco-friendly green synthesized silver nanoparticles having anti-cancer phytoconstituents from the traditional anti-cancer medicinal plant Eclipta alba. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are agglomerates of spherical shaped 40-60nm sized showing characteristic light absorption at 437nm, banding pattern at 1479, 1285, 1036, and 471 showing and further X-ray diffraction pattern confirm face-centered cubic crystal silver structure exist in the green synthesized silver nanoparticle preparation. Further in vitro anti-oxidant analysis results revealed that green synthesized AgNPs showed 2.6-fold higher anti-oxidant potential (IC50 15.70g/ml) than that of aqueous plant leaf extract (IC50 39.80g/ml). In MTT cytotoxicity analysis Eclipta alba plant extract and AgNPs both display dose-dependent cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), although their IC50 values differ substantially, at 105.80µg/ml and 77.20g/ml, respectively. Finally, AgNPs from Eclipta alba tested for anti-leishmanial activity and it showed 91.36 ± 1.05 for promastigotes and 76.62 ± 0.95 for amastigotes at the highest dose of 400g/ml. Altogether present data showed that Eclipta alba leaf extract actively bonded with silver nanoparticles suppresses the MDA-MB-231 cells growth through high antioxidant characters and anti-leishmanial activity. From together we confirm that Eclipta alba was recommended to a future therapeutic drug and agent to control breast cancer in the clinical level.

A Mechanistic Review on Phytomedicine and Natural Products in the Treatment of Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome of excess glucose levels in the blood. It may be due to glucose intolerance by the tissues and inadequate insulin production from pancreatic β- cells. However, diabetic complication includes cardiovascular and kidney diseases, eye, skin, and foot complications, and neuropathy. The intention behind writing this article was to gather recent information regarding the use of ancient traditional medicinal plants having recent importance in treating diabetes. Several therapies are available for curing the condition based on severity and type of diabetes. Although pharmacological treatments are effective and economical, drugs are associated with unwanted side effects and physiological complications on long-term use. Interestingly, herbs and herbal plants have been used since ancient times against diabetes worldwide. Its importance still exists due to medicinal plants' effectiveness and safety profile in treating various diseases. In this article, we searched online databases, including PUBMED, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and traditional resources, for collecting information regarding the use of plants against diabetes. We described the pathophysiology of the disease and incorporated plant sources and their chemical constituents responsible for antidiabetic activity with their mechanism in reducing blood glucose levels. The present article may be very helpful for researchers and professionals whose work is inclined towards diabetes and in search of lead compounds for the development of a suitable drug.

High-throughput transcriptome sequencing and analysis of the endangered anticancer medicinal plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying

High-throughput transcriptome sequencing and analysis of the endangered anticancer medicinal plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying

A Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Aspects of Gossypium barbadense L. (Cotton)- A Multidimensional Plant

As an ancient medicinal plant, Gossypium barbadense has been used for medicinal, textile and edible purposes since ancient times to benefit humans. This plant belongs to the Malvaceae family originated from Mexico and Peru, and is commonly called ‘Cotton’. Different parts of G. barbadense are used to treat colds, diarrhea, gout, and skin diseases, as well as ear, respiratory, reproductive and neurological problems in Africa, Brazil, and India. From roots and seeds, gossypol, 6-methoxygossypol, and 6,6′-dimethoxygossypol have been isolated, along with these phytochemicals some other compounds, such as triterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, are known to be present in leaves. The extracts and essential oil of this plant displayed anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-ulcer activity. The seed oil of this plant is known among all unsaturated edible oils as 'Heart oil' due to its beneficial effects on the heart. The fiber is the longest with excellent quality, used by industries such as clothes and textiles like archival paper, tents, coffee filters, book binding and fishnets. The aim of this study is to validate the limited available data on this multidimensional plant, its phytoconstituents, and pharmacological aspects, and to stress the need of further research to identify new plant-based medicines and other products for full financial and environmental benefits.