Ancient Linguistics Research Articles

Soluzioni per il markup dell’apparato critico: il caso della Latin Grammarians Collection

Starting with the case of the Latin Grammarians Collections, currently under development using the Cadmus system as part of the PRIN 2017 The Transmission of Ancient Linguistics, ERC AdG-2019 PAGES and Thesaurus dubii sermonis project (Sapienza Università di Roma 2018-von Humboldt Stiftung 2020), this article aims to reflect on the challenges posed by the markup of the critical apparatus. The initial section begins by providing a status quaestionis concerning the digitisation of Latin grammatical texts and the annotation of the critical apparatus. Subsequently, the second part delves into the workflow for marking up the critical apparatus using Cadmus.

The traditional phonetic term between use and neglect

This research paper aims at highlighting the reality of the phonetic term use between the old and the modern, based on the following question research: Why did some of the old phonetic terms disappear and were replaced by other translated or updated terms? It turns out that an important number of old phonetic terms have not lost their validity in the modern lesson, as they are comprehensive and accurate enough for the required purpose and are still used. Frankly, the ancient linguists used the orality and the sight at that time, but this doesn't prevent that they were right most of the time, and the best proof is that they prayed for the birth of the phonetic lesson and they pioneered it. I came up with a set of results, the most prominent are: Terms are the corner stone of different sciences, so they have to be tuned and standardized. Furthermore, a significant number of old phonetic terms are still adopted to this day because they are accurate and so suitable.

In the nature and function of language اnd the approach of the old Arab in their treatments for it

Arabic is the language of a nation of this land, it is the language of the Arabs, it performs the functions of the language of its nation from its inception, and became the language of the worlds of faith and belief, and it was tasked with performing the best Islamic performance of faith and sharia. For this reason, at the dawn of linguistic legislation and legalization, the ancient linguists began to collect and sift Arabic, to obtain the clearest and most elegant languages, and required two conditions for linguistic eloquence: deep perfusion and proximity to the Quraysh tribe, to avoid any word that smelled of the clump and the intruder. They accepted the languages of Quraysh, Qais, Tamim and Assad, Hatheel, some Kanana and some Ta’is, and left the languages of eighteen tribes and destinations with flimsy arguments: such as their proximity to the Romans, Persians, India, Nabataeans, etc., and they are Lakhm, Khuzam, Qathae, Ghassan, Ayad and Taghlub, Al-Namir, Bakir, Abdul Qais, Azd Omman, The People of Yemen, Bani Hanifa, Residents of Yamama, Thqif, Taif residents, and the capital of Hijaz. By leaving the languages of these authentic Arab tribes, they did not realize, forget, or been forget, that there are dozens and dozens of non-Arabic words in the Qur’an, and scholars have written books such as Al-Suyuti, The Jawaliqi and others. Quraysh’s language even contains dozens of non-Arabic words. This research, therefore, includes that a new reading must be, and that new legalization of Arabic must be built, including all Arab languages, to fill that linguistic void that has occurred, and the Arab and Arab nation does not lose itself, from its rich linguistic stock throughout time and the place.

Semantic Analysis of Synonymy in The Qur’anic Verses In Surat Yusuf

This research attempts to study the various qur’anic words in terms of similarity in pronunciation and in meaning. The researcher carried out a semantic analysis concerned with the synonymy in the Quranic verse in Surat Yusuf. The researcher's approach is to analyse the verses in which the words have synonymy in meanings. The words were recorded and organized according to the types of synonymy and its divisions, with an explanation of what might be needed from the evidence and the opinions of ancient scholars. The researcher concluded that the synonymy in the terminology is the indication of two or more different words having one name, one meaning, or one indication. In the words of ancient linguists, (words that differ in the pronunciation and have the same meaning) and the types of linguistic synonymy are complete synonymy, semi-synonym (Overlapping), semantic relation, disparity in the general pronunciation, disparity in the strength of meaning, and variance in specification. The synonyms that occur in the Holy Qur’an in Surat Yusuf are (مكّنenabled) (make جعل ), (to bring أتى) and (giveأعطى ), )dreams (أحلام and (vision (رؤيا , )evil (السوء and (immorality(الفحشاء , )plot (كيد and (deception (المكر .

Criticism of Metathesis in Al-Ubab Alzakhir by Al-Saghani

This paper aims to reveal and study one of the phenomena of Arabic that occupied linguistic thought in the past and present, which is the phenomenon of metathesis in which the ancient linguists wrote many books and the modern scholars made it their concern and wrote researches and studies through a heritage dictionary which is called Al-Ubab Alzakhir by Alsaghani. This dictionary involves words Alsaghani dealt with in criticism which manifest metathesis. This led the researcher to conduct a critical study that reveals the depth of linguistic thought in general and the lexical thought in particular of Al-Saghani in his dictionary.

Modus concessivus, species concessiva and species affirmativa in the Works of Roman Grammarians

The article aims to analyze the use of the term concessivus/concessiva ‘concessive’ in Latin grammatical texts which make up Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum and Digital Library of late antique Latin texts, and to consider the concessive meaning as a grammatical category. A number of grammatical sources (Probus, Ars of Diomedes, Victorini sive Palaemoni Ars, Ars of Cledonius, Explanationes) place the category of concessivity among the verbal categories, namely modus ‘mood’, while in others this term is not mentioned. The text of Diomedes is also notable for the fact that concessivity is included in the concept of species, a term that includes heterogeneous grammatical phenomena among Roman grammarians. At the same time, the grammarian identifies not one meaning of concession, but two, which are defined by the terms — species concessiva (describes situations that are undesirable for the speaker in the present and future) and species affirmativa (describes situations that did not actually happen). All the three terms in the title of this paper correspond to coniunctivus concessivus and indicate the same grammatical form — perfect subjunctive, e. g. feceris ‘even if you did’. In modern linguistics, the meaning of concession is expressed not only by the perfect subjunctive, but also by the present subjunctive, and, thus, does not have a unique formal expression, as in ancient linguistics. I suppose that concession in the Latin language falls under the scope of covert grammatical category, whereas concession, as it was presented in Roman grammars, can be treated as an overt one.

Reflection of the traditional grammar on the the third circle

This research is an attempt to analyze and show the perceptions of the traditional grammar, to identify the traditional grammar and clarify its principles and perceptions. The beginning of the realization of linguistic thought has existed through time in some forms, but it did not appear as an independent field of studying, as the traditional grammar held some conceptions with some methods, was used to analyze linguistic rules and was of great benefit to linguistics. After linguistics came to be known as an independent field of study, many shortcomings and flaws were emerged, and the traditional grammar received a lot of criticisms, which caused the emergence of many schools, theories and linguistic perceptions. But that does not mean that the attempts of the ancient linguists should not be taken into consideration or underestimating their efforts, especially in terms of grammar structure and linguistic rules, as they have taken giant strides and their attempts have become the basis and foundation for the research of linguists.

Quotation from the Prophet’s hadith for linguists: الاستشهاد بالحديث النبوي الشريف عند اللغويين

The study dealt with the subject of linguists’ quotation from the Prophet’s hadith as one of the sources from which the Arabs drew the rules of the language, and based them according to these phenomena, and the opinion of the ancient and modern Arab linguists by citing the noble hadith. There are some ancient linguists who were attributed to them for their refusal to cite the hadith, but they did not raise this issue, and did not discuss the principle of invoking the hadith, and therefore they did not declare their refusal to cite the hadith. Then try to explain it. It has become clear to us that the most correct among scholars is to cite the noble hadith because the Messenger- may God’s prayers and peace be upon him- was the most eloquent of those who spoke the opposite, and that there are many reasons to doubt the authenticity of what was attributed to the ancients about their refusal to cite the hadith, and there are evidences that confirm in a way It is certain that they used to cite the hadith and build their bases on it, whether they worked with language or grammar or both.

Causes of the Stops: Selected Examples from Tafsir al-Qurtubi "Al-Jāmi' li Ahkām al-Qur'ān" | علل الوقوف: شواهد منتقاة من تفسير القرطبي الجامع لأحكام القرآن

The study of the causes of the Qur’anic endowment in the Book of God Almighty is a topic of great importance and ignorance of which cannot be tolerated at all, and for this reason the ancient linguists and scholars of the Qur’anic sciences took care of it and used it in their syntheses and consulted with it a lot. It is the result of being influenced by a number of different sciences. Hence this paper came to shed light on the reasons calling for the differences of endowment scholars as well as the commentators about determining the places of endowment and beginning in the verses of the Noble Qur’an, and that their endowments and beginnings were based on a set of rules: explanatory, grammatical, reading, and jurisprudence. The importance of stopping and starting in understanding the meanings of the Qur’an correctly. The search for the reasons that motivate the different aspects of endowment and initiation: in terms of grammar, jurisprudence, and doctrine. My interest in the interpretation of Al-Qurtubi: "The Collector of the Laws of the Qur'an", as I found it a useful book and an original source in a number of sciences. As for the method used in dealing with the subject of the research, it is the inductive-analytical method. One of the advantages of my research, as I see it, is that I have never had a similar study in revealing the reasons for standing and beginnings through the interpretation of al-Qurtubi, and my study was unique in linking the reasons for disagreement with Quranic models of the interpretation referred to previously. In addition to the need for the reader and the exegete to pay attention to understanding the science of endowment and the beginning, its causes, and its aspects... so that he can differentiate between the different meanings and the two different rulings.

CONCERNING SOME PLEONASTIC AND TAUTOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Introduction. The article is devoted to the classification of pleonastic units in the Uzbek language, which, first of all, provides a detailed explanation of the concept of pleonasm. In addition to dwelling on the etymology of this concept, the different views expressed by ancient linguists on the phenomenon of pleonasm are also included in this article. Research methods. This work is mainly led by the methods of description, classification, synchronous analysis and comparison. Including, in this study, pleonasms are classified according to the following aspects: - depending on the type of repeated units; - depending on the composition and origin; - by structure.

إعراب المضارع عند النحویین

الملخص : اختلف البصريون والکوفيون في علة إعراب المضارع، فقيل: إعرابه أصل، وذلک لاختلاف معانيه، وقيل: بل فرع؛ لمشابهته الاسم المستحق للإعراب، وتوسط متأخرون بين المذهبين فجعلوا إعرابه فرعا، وعلته اختلاف المعاني التي يدل عليها. والمضارع إذا أسند إلى نون النسوة سکن آخره، وقد عدوه مبنيا، وخالف بعضهم فلم ير حاجة إلى عده مبنيا لدخول نون النسوة، وکأنه اسم أضيف إلى ياء المتکلم، وکذلک اختلف في بناء المتصل بنون التوکيد. واختلفوا في رافع المضارع، فقيل: العامل لفظي، وهو حروف المضارعة، وقيل: السين وسوف، وقيل: عامل معنوي، واختلف في العامل المعنوي، الإهمال، أم التجرد من النواصب والجوازم، أم المضارعة نفسها، أم وقوعه موقع الاسم؟. واختلفوا في ناصب المضارع إذا سبق بأحد الحروف الستة (اللام، وحتى، والواو، وأو، وثم، والفاء)، ففريق جعل العامل معنويا، وهو الخلاف، وفريق جعله الحروف الستة نفسها، وذهب الجمهور إلى أن العامل هو (أن) المضمرة. وفي جزم المضارع اختلفوا في جازم جواب الشرط، فجعله جمهور البصريين أداة الشرط، وجعله آخرون أداة الشرط وفعله، وجعل الکوفيون الجازم معنويا، وهو الجزم على الجوار، وعند المازني أنه مبني لعدم مشابهته الاسم في هذا الموضع، إذ الاسم لا يجيء جوابا لشرط. وکذلک اختلفوا في جازم المضارع الواقع جواب طلب، فقد ذهب الخليل وسيبويه إلى أن الجازم هو الجملة الطلبية التي قبله؛ لتضمنها معنى الشرط، وعند الفارسي والسيرافي جازم المضارع هنا النيابة، مثل ضربا زيدا، وذهب المتأخرون إلى أن الجازم هو أداة الشرط المقدرة. وحاول بعض اللغويين المعاصرين جعل تغير المضارع مرتبطا بالمعاني التي يقصدها المتکلم، فإن قصد المتکلم الاستقبال والإيهام أتى بالمضارع منصوبا، وإذا استقر عند المتکلم وقوع الفعل رفعه، وإذا أراد أن يبقي وقوع الفعل ممکنا جعله مجزوما، وقد سبقهم إلى ذلک قدماء اللغويين فقد ذکروا أن المتکلم هو الذي يرفع وينصب ويجزم بحسب ما يريده من معان. Abstract The Basaris and the Kufuvians differed in the reason for the syntax of the present tense. Because it is similar to the Noun deserved for syntax, and late mediators between the two sects made Arabic a branch, and the reason for it is the difference in the meanings that it indicates. And the present tense, if assigned to Nun al-Nisa, dwelt the end of it, and they counted it constructively, and some of them disagreed, and he did not see the need to count it based on the entry of Nun al-Niswa, as if it were a name added to the speaker J, and it also differed in the construction of the person related to the affirmation. And they differed in the riser of the present tense, it was said: the verbal factor, which is the present-day letters, and it was said: the sin and will, and it was said: the moral factor, and they differed in the moral factor, the negligence, or the abstraction of the accusative and impermissible, or the present-day itself, or its occurrence in the name of the name ?. And they differed in the noun of the present tense if it was preceded by one of the six letters (lam, even, waw, or, and then, wafa), then a team made the factor moral, which is the disagreement, and a group made it the six letters themselves, and the audience went to the fact that the factor is (that) the contra. And in the assertion of the present tense, they differed in the assertive answer of the condition, so the majority of the Basrians made it the instrument of the condition, and others made it the instrument of the condition and its action, and the assertive Kovis made it morally, which is the assertion of the neighborhood, and according to the Mazni it is based on the lack of similarity to the name in this position, since the name does not come in response to a condition. Likewise, they differed regarding the definite present tense, which is the answer to a request. Hebron and Sibawayh went to the conclusion that the affirmative is the ordering sentence that preceded it. Because it includes the meaning of the condition, and according to the Persian and the Seraphic, the present tense is asserted here the prosecution, such as the multiplication of Zaid, and the later went to the fact that the deterministic is the instrument of the condition. Some contemporary linguists tried to make the change of the present tense related to the meanings that the speaker intended, for the speaker's intention to receive and delude it came in the present tense set up, and if he settled with the speaker the occurrence of the verb would raise it, and if he wanted to keep the occurrence of the act it is possible to make it definite, and the ancient linguists have preceded them to that. He is the one who raises, erects and asserts according to the meanings he wants.

Animal listening

The ‘Elegy on the Nightingale’ is a curious Latin poem of uncertain (but probably post-classical) date and authorship that is transmitted by several medieval manuscripts. It offers a catalogue of animal sounds rich in what linguists call iconicity, and literary scholars, onomatopoeia: to read these verses aloud is to imitate the sounds being described. The poem begins in address to the nightingale of its title, praised for her ability to make music by mimicking all she hears. By the end has the poem itself done the same? For all their playfulness, the verses strike at the heart of our own theoretical commonplaces, starting with the supposed arbitrariness of the sign, always unsettled by such examples, exceptional though they may be. So too did the writing down of non-human sounds preoccupy ancient linguists, who sought to segregate them from language proper. Nevertheless, it is difficult to deny that these sound-words conjure what they name, especially since, in many cases, it is only our ability to match their sounds to animals we can still hear that enables us to know what the poem is saying. What happens to our understanding of the poetic text as a transcription of human speech or song when we take it seriously as a recording of non-human sound? And even more dramatically, what happens to our understanding of human language when we strive (as this poem strives, albeit surreptitiously) to listen with non-human ears? With some help from the animal imaginings of Jakob von Uexküll, this article attempts some preliminary answers.

نظرية المجالات الدلالية بين الممارسة والنقد

يتناول هذا البحث نظرية الحقول الدلالية من حيث النشأة والتطور، وفکرتها، وأهميتها، وأنواع الحقول الدلالية، والانتقادات التي وجهت لها. کما تطرق البحث للدراسة الموجزة لأهم العلاقات الدلالية بين مفردات الحقل الدلالي الواحد، وموقف علماء اللغة القدماء والمحدثين منها. Abstract This paper deals with the theory of semantic fields in terms of origin and development, their idea, their importance, the types of semantic fields, and the criticisms leveled against them. The research also dealt with the brief study of the most important semantic relations between the vocabulary of the semantic field and the position of the ancient linguists and modernists.

In terms of the general and different aspects of word formation in english and Uzbek

Much work has been done on word formation in English and Uzbek since the development of ancient linguistics. In modern linguistics, word formation is divided into separate sections in both languages. In this article, I.V. Arnold, a leading linguist, discusses the word formation of both languages. Based on the scientific work of Ayub Ghulomov, Azim Khodzhiev and other researchers, an attempt was made to highlight similarities and differences of word formation in English and Uzbek languages.

أسلوب التقابل وأثره في تماسك النص

Contradiction is a method of expression based on the combination and confrontation between words and meanings for rhetorical purposes, and the presentation of ideological ideas and visions. And if the encounter of the ancient linguists was one of the means of the primitive advantages, then we find it in contemporary studies concerned with (about the text), its concept has expanded to include formal means / pronunciation, and semantic means / meaning, and thus it became a technique of text cohesion and cohesion.

الترادف ودوره في اللغة العربية

A synonym is a linguistic phenomenon that expands the horizons of expression and communication, and helps the speaker to open up broad creative horizons. There has been a lot of talk and discussion between scientists, linguists, writers and researchers, old and new. Many of them have counted it as a feature of Arabic, a feature of its features, and a manifestation of genius in it.This research mentioned the three divisions of the position of ancient linguists on synonym: supported its existence but was not complete, supported its the existence at all, and denied it. He also mentioned the opinions of modern scientists that divided synonym into complete synonymy and near synonymy. Then he mentioned the most prominent scientists of synonym and sealed his turn in Arabic. In summary, old scientists take the meaning of general synonym without any condition in order to expand the circle of it’s in the language. The modernists reversed them, narrowing the tandem circle by setting conditions on the occurrence of synonym.

The semantic dimensions of similar contexts in the Quranic text

The research reached the following results: _ Ancient linguists alerted before the contemporary to the need to refer to the semantics of the context to determine the meaning, and that the words and structures and the text after that are not understood precisely unless they are linked to the context, and this is evidence that the context is the environment in which the semantics of words and structures are affected, so if the words moved to Another environment, that is, another context, led to other connotations, and this obligates the person who analyzes the text to link the text particles with the context in order to reach the speaker's intent. _ The context has the greatest impact in choosing words or formulas over others, so what justifies this choice is a special significance,

جهود اللغويين القدامى والمحدثين في تيسير النحو العربي

لقد كثرت الشكوى من القواعد النحوية وصعوبتها ،وأصبح هذا شعورا عاما لدى أبناء العربية ،الذين باتوا عاجزين عن استخدام لغتهم الفصحى في شتى مناحي الحياة ،مع أن النحوالعربي هو ميزان العربية،وحصنها المنيع الذي رد عنها صولات الدهر. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز الجهود المضنية التي قام بها اللغويون القدامى والمحدثون في تيسيرالنحو العربي،و محاولة الوقوف على أهم المحاور التي يمكن أن تسهم في تيسير قواعد النحو العربي من خلال الموازنة بين جهود الفريقين، وبينت أن هذه المحاولات لم تخرج عن الأصول العامة للنحو،باستثناء دعوة ابن مضاء في كتابه (الرد على النحاة)، غير أنها لم تحظ بالقبول والإنتشار،وكادت أن تذهب في طي النسيان لولا د/شوقي ضيف،وقد حرص الباحث على تقديم نظرة نقدية لبعض المحاورالتي استند إليها ميسرو النحو العربي،وعمل على نبذ الدعوات الهدامة، وأكد أن النحو العربي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه واعتمد الباحث على معطيات المنهج التحليلي ،مناقشا ومحللا، ومستنتجا.وقد توصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج منها : - تيسير النحو العربي لا يجب أن يتم بمعزل عن المجتمع . - يجب الارتقاء بالمعلم والاهتمام بميول المتعلم وزيادة دافعيته نحو تعلم لغته. - يجب أن ينطلق التيسير من أساس مشترك يحظى بالقبول والتقديس(القرآن الكريم). - ضرورة العودة إلى المصادر الأولية( البِكْر)،ومحاولة استنطاقها بما يتناسب مع طرق التدريس وطبيعة العصر. ويجب أن ندرك أن العلوم لا تخلو من صعوبة، كما يجب أن ندرك أن اللغة لاتسلم قيادها لغبي، وهي بذلك تحتاج إلى جهد موصول،وإلى يقظة ووعي كبيرين،وقواعد النحو ليست عصية على الفهم، كما أنها ليست بدعا بين العلوم ،ويمكننا تيسيرها إذا خلصت النوايا وتوحدت الجهود .

The Ancient Dād in Southwest Saudi Arabia

AbstractAl-dād is a unique sound in Arabic. It is believed that this sound is what makes Arabic a distinguished language. However, its description has confused the linguists for long time. Some modern linguists believe that al-dād described by the ancient linguists is not used in the present time. On the other hand, Arabic speakers may not know that the sound they use for the classical pronunciation of al-dād is not the one described by the ancient Arab linguists. This study records the existence of a sound that has the features of al-dād as described by the ancient Arab linguists. It is used among some speakers in Southwest Saudi Arabia.

Libri Ad Mnemosynen Missi

On the occasion of his sixtieth birthday in 1994 and his retirement one year later as professor of Greek language and literature, Dirk Schenkeveld was honoured with a well-deserved Festschrift, which begins with a useful bibliography of his publications up to 1995 and of several forthcoming items (it would be worthwhile to collect at least part of this scattered material in a volume of Kleine Schuften). The papers by scholars of various provenance reflect Schenkeveld's contributions to various specialities, and they are of great interest to students of ancient linguistics, of ancient literary criticism and philology, and of ancient philosophy and rhetoric. Here they are: W. W. Fortenbaugh, Theophrastus, Source no. 709 FHS&G? P. Swiggers and A. Wouters, Poetics and Grammar: From Technique to ?????? L. Calboli Montefusco, Cicero and the Division of Virtue?J. Wisse, GreeL?, Romans and the Rise of Atticism?J. I. Porter, ?? ???t????: A Reassessment?D. C. Innes, Longinus: Structure and Unity?Z. Rito?k, Some Aesthetic Views of Dio Chrysostom and Their Sources? F. Montanari, The Mythographus Homericus?S. R. Slings, Protreptic in Ancient Theories of Philosophical Literature?I. Sluiter, The Poetics of Medicine?P. T. Struck, Allegory, Aenigma, and Anti-Mimesis: A Struggle Against Aristotelian Rhetorical Literary Theory?G. J. M. van Dijk, '?? t?? ????? ???as?a?. Greek Fable Theory after Aristotle: Characters and Characteristics?J. M. Bremer, Menander Rhetor on Hymns?R. Jackson, Late Platonist Poetics: Olympiodorus and the Myth of Plato's Gorgias?T. Conley, Practice to Theory: Byzantine 'Poetries'. Appositely followed by indices locorum, of Greek words, and of English terms.