Ancient India Research Articles

Economic Status of Women in Ancient India, Subsequent Decline and Present Need for Economic Empowerment of Women and Its Impact on their Life

Economic Status of Women in Ancient India, Subsequent Decline and Present Need for Economic Empowerment of Women and Its Impact on their Life

PEMBINAAN YOGA ASANAS UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN KESEIMBANGAN JASMANI DAN ROHANI PADA SISYA PASRAMAN DI KECAMATAN JOGONALAN

Yoga is known as the philosophical system of life in ancient India. Yoga is already a part of lifestyle, everyone can enjoy yoga and feel the benefits of yoga itself. In this modern era, the interest of the Hindu generation to practice yoga tends to be low. For this reason, it is necessary to preserve culture in Hinduism including yoga itself. In order to improve health and physical fitness, therefore we held yoga simultaneously in Gentan Hamlet, Dompyongan Village, Jogonalan District, Klaten Regency. The solution method is to practice yoga, one of which is Yoga Asanas and the indicators can measure the effectiveness of efforts in increasing the interest and participation of Hindu youth in yoga, as well as ensuring that Hindu culture is preserved in a modern context. This activity was attended by pasraman Saha Dharma Saraswati and also several pasraman around Pura Genta Buana Sakti. This activity was attended by 40 sisya participants and accompanied by sisya guardians who participated in participating in the simultaneous yoga activities. This activity was held to realize physical and spiritual balance in sisya pasraman in Jogonalan District, Klaten Regency, Central Java. By holding this simultaneous yoga activity, the enthusiasm of sisya and the Hindu community is very good in this village.

Limitations in the Contemporary Technical Education System and Ways to Improve them

Ancient India had a "GuruKula" system in which a guru (“the dispeller of darkness”) trained his disciples who emanated from different walks of life. The guru knew the strengths and the weaknesses of each of his disciples. For example, the mythological Dronacharya (of the “Mahabharata” fame) made “Arjuna” the master of archery but shaped “Duryodhana” as the ace in mace-fighting. This arcane system has transformed into a commoditized and commercialized present-day education system (thanks to money) that we are witnessing. Technical education (Engineering in particular) still has the charm. Yet, in the ever-changing world of demand versus supply, it is an absolute necessity for us, educators, to prepare our students for the future of the new India and for the benefit of mankind. The students should be industry-ready by the time they graduate from college, regardless of the course they are pursuing. Unfortunately, what we witness today seems largely an “outdated school of thinking” where an instructor is complacent about his/her craft – mainly because he/she has been teaching the same subject usually the same way, for several years. This system has serious flaws. Life is all about new ways of learning and learning new ways - forever and continuously - to keep oneself intellectually motivated and satisfied. The moment we as teachers feel adequate or self-sufficient, we are heading for a slow but sure disaster and make ourselves outdated in the process, like an expired drug. So, better late than never. We, as instructors need to be emotionally closer to the students (many students still see their parents in their teachers) than we currently are, as the expectations from the new generation have changed which wants guidance, mentoring, coaching, and hand-holding. Education has been the only industry in the world where the student – your customer - pays large sums of money and never complains about the quality of the service received. Even this, is changing. We, teachers, learn from our students all the time. The students are more savvy in using modern tools and technology and new ways of thinking. It is the time we align ourselves. Keywords: Complacent; Engineering; Gurukula; Intellectual Motivation; Outdated; Modern Tools and Technology

Ducation and Empowerment of Women in Ancient India: Exploring a Glorious Past

This comprehensive research article delves deep into the multifaceted history of women’s education and empowerment in ancient India. Spanning across various epochs, from the Indus Valley Civilization to the illustrious Gupta dynasty, it meticulously examines the progressive ideals and societal values that laid the foundation for gender equality and the pursuit of knowledge. Drawing from a rich tapestry of primary sources – the sacred Vedas, enlightening Upanishads, and captivating epics – as well as archaeological evidence, this study illuminates the educational opportunities that were availed to women, their active participation in intellectual discourse, and their indelible contributions across myriad spheres of life. Through a nuanced comparative analysis, the complexities and intricate nuances surrounding the status of women in ancient Indian society are brought to the fore. By curating a diverse array of case studies that spotlight notable female figures, delving into the intricacies of legal and social norms, and critically analyzing literary representations, this research endeavors to craft a holistic understanding of the multifarious factors that facilitated women’s empowerment, the formidable challenges they surmounted, and the enduring legacy of their remarkable achievements.

Sushruta: The Father of Surgery and Ancient Medical Innovations.

Sushruta, known as the "Father of Surgery,"was a pioneering figure in ancient Indian medicine whose contributions have influenced the field of surgery, especially cosmetic surgery and medical practices within the global community. His systematized approach to surgery, with the use of herbal anaesthetics and postoperative care, laid the foundation for surgical practices. Sushruta's emphasis on practical experience, dissection of cadavers, and detailed documentation established standards that continue to underpin surgical education today. The influence of his detailing surgical techniques and surgical instruments extended beyond ancient India, spreading to other parts of the world and shaping the development of reconstructive surgery, orthopaedics, ophthalmology, and many more fields. Sushruta has a rich history of medicine that is imbued with his pioneering spirit, which carried enduring influence. His works have been relevant in fomenting generations of surgeons and medical practitioners into the annals of history and solidifying his place as a timeless figure in the evolution of medical science.

A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF KWATHA DHARA AND TAIL DHARA IN STRESS MANAGEMENT

In ancient India, it was said that worry (chinta) had more detrimental effects than a funeral pyre (Chita). Today, stress is recognised as a major factor impacting human health, affecting physical, mental, and emotional well-being. In Ayurveda, stress is viewed as a condition resulting from pragyaparadha (intellectual errors). Alt-hough this procedure is not classically detailed under Panchakarma, Ayurvedic scholars have included it under snehana karma. This treatment can serve as a preparatory step or a primary therapy in Panchakarma, depend-ing on the patient's condition. Shirodhara is recommended for various conditions including insomnia, ADHD, anxiety disorders, phobias, depression, hypertension, and other psychosomatic issues. This paper presents evi-dence supporting the classical Ayurvedic procedure of “shirodhara” and reviews recent research to explore its potential mechanisms of action.

The Historical Sustainable Cities In India: A Survey Of Sustainable Practices Followed In Cities Of India In Ancient And Medieval Times

The role played by India in achieving the sustainable development goals by 2030 is extremely crucial owning to its large but impoverished population. It is necessary for India to achieve these goals so that the world can achieve them. India is currently lagging in many of the goals, targets and sub-targets. But there was a time when India was the centre of sustainable lifestyle. Indian cities were well planned with remarkable sanitation and cleanliness. The excellent drainage system of Harappan cities is well known to everyone. The cities were divided into various layers with the most important structures located on citadel. The great bath of Mohenjodaro, the great granary of Harappa, the water conservation tank of Dholavira and the dockyard of Lothal are living examples of sustainable practices in those sustainable cities. The imperial city of Pataliputra is another example of a sustainable city. The city administration comprised of thirty members which was divided into six committees. There was a separate committee for registration of births and deaths. Similarly, the life of Kanyakubja as described by Hiuen Tsang reflects the sustainable lifestyle of the ruler as well as the people of the city. The early medieval age was categorized as dark age by many historians. But these ages have also produced remarkable cities. Anhilwada (present day Patan, Gujarat) was capital of Solanki dynasty of Gujarat in which we can find Rani-ki-Vaav which is an excellent water conservation tank accessible to the population of the city. Similarly, Bhoj of Parmar dynasty constructed several lakes, tanks and ponds in his capital city Dhar. It was the imperial city of Vijayanagar that can be described as textbook example of a sustainable city. The city was surrounded by seven walls. The agricultural farms in the vicinity which fed the city were fortified. The city was well planned into residential, commercial and military areas. This paper analyses the sustainable structures, practices and lifestyle that existed in the prominent cities of ancient and medieval India.

Nishad: History of the origin of primitive man

The history of Nishads is an important chapter in the development of ancient human civilization and culture. It is a symbol of the formation of human settlements on earth, the establishment of residences and the advancement of early civilizations. Based on the skeletons and evidence obtained from the excavations of the Indus Valley Civilization, it is clear that the Nishad community was part of a strong and prosperous culture till the Vedic period. Nishad culture played an important role in the creation of Vedic literature, epics, and Puranas. Nishads have been mentioned in epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata as a symbol of ideals, bravery and cooperation. Nishad kings are especially mentioned in the Mahabharata period, in which important personalities like Nishad King Nala and Eklavya are described. The roots of Nishad culture were spread in wide areas of the Indian subcontinent, in which Nishads expanded from the Himalayan ranges to Rajasthan and Punjab. Nishad mountains and Nishad land are also mentioned in the Mahabharata, which shows their geography and places of residence. The social and cultural identity of the Nishads evolved over the centuries, and they became important components of Indian culture. The etymology and usage of the word Nishad has been used in various contexts of music, yajna, and society in different periods. The contribution of the Nishads is not only significant in the cultural heritage of ancient India, but their counting system and language have also had a significant impact globally.

Marriage and Family Relations in Ancient Eastern Civilizations

This article examines the relationships related to marriage and family in the countries of the Ancient East. Their specifics in Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Ancient India and Ancient China are presented. Their study makes it possible to reach the genesis and trace and better explain the development of marriage and family relations.

Reshaping the future of Design Education: Takeaways from the accounts of the ancient Indian Rishis

Design Education today is being imparted across the globe by varied institutions. We frequently witness new academic approaches, teaching methods, and pedagogies being discussed, and presented at various Design symposiums, and conferences, in the attempt of improving Design Education. While some investigate new strategies via experimentation and imaginative lenses, others investigate past wisdom to identify its relevance in the present context. The paper explores the latter through the teaching methods of ancient Indian teachers (also called Rishis) and seeks to determine its significance in the modern context. Ancient India had a long and illustrious history of learning and education. There are several examples that stand out and have valuable lessons for educators of today and future. The paper incorporates instances from Pt. Sriram Sharma Acharya's ‘Pragya Purana: Devsanskriti Khand (fourth volume)’, which contains references to Indian culture, gurukuls, and the old Indian educational system. The paper discusses three instances of which one presents an intriguing relationship between diet and education as explained by Maharishi Uddalaka. Another instance is Maharishi Uddalaka's description of how he teaches in the absence of any physical infrastructure, while the last instance is from Takshashila, where Acharya Brahaspati employs a novel method of assessing his Ayurvedic pupil before he graduates. The paper goes into additional detail about the instances cited above from the ‘Pragya Purana’, that demonstrate significant takeaways for the Design education.

Concepts, signs and types of bookmaking activity

The paper notes that sports betting has been popular since the days of Ancient Rome. Fans would place bets on their favourite player or team, and if they won, they would receive a prize. It is worth noting that not only the Romans were known for their love of gambling, it was also popular in ancient Egypt, China, Japan, and India. In many cases, gambling was regulated or banned depending on the cultural and moral values of the society. The legacy of the love of gambling can be traced even today in various types of activities. The paper provides a detailed analysis of scientific and legislative approaches to the definition of the concept of "betting activity". Based on the results obtained, the author proposes his own definition, according to which: "bookmaking activity is the activity of organising and conducting events in which a player bets on the outcome of events that are to take place and the outcome of which is difficult to predict, and the organiser of the game (bookmaker/bookmaking organisation) undertakes, in case of winning, to pay the players an amount that depends on the bet made by the player". The paper also identifies and analyses in detail the signs of bookmaking activities. The main features are as follows: 1. The purpose of the activity is to make a profit; 2. The content of the activity is the provision of services for organising and conducting betting; 3. Obligatory availability of a permit (licence) to conduct such activities; 4. Risky nature. Special attention is paid to the study of the subjective composition of legal relations. The concept and characteristics of players and organisers of betting activities are studied. As a result of the study, the author concludes that betting activity is a special type of entrepreneurial activity which has its own peculiarities, taking into account the specifics of its implementation.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MARMA AND ACUPRESSURE POINTS

Marma holds a significant position within Ayurveda, as documented in the Susruta Samhita, which identifies 107 Marma points in the human body1. These points are located at junctures where muscles, veins, ligaments, bones, and joints converge and are considered vital centres of life energy. In comparison, acupoints in Tradition-al Chinese Medicine (TCM) share a similar positional concept with Marma points and serve to regulate vital energy. Acupuncture techniques often involve stimulating relevant acupoints to alleviate pain and address ail-ments. Given their shared location and energy regulation characteristics, this study systematically compares their origins, general attributes, and clinical applications, drawing upon Ayurvedic and TCM literature. The findings reveal a primary distinction in their origins, with Marma originating from the battlefield culture of ancient India, while acupoints stem from the medical experiences of ancient China. In terms of general attrib-utes, they exhibit diverse characteristics rooted in their respective medical theories, employing distinct classifica-tion methods. Regarding clinical applications, acupoints have long been integrated into the broader scope of medical science, whereas Marma points gradually gained recognition for their therapeutic functions. Collective-ly, these body points emerge independently, reflecting varying perspectives on the human body cultivated by two distinct civilisations. Through cross-regional comparison, this research enriches understanding of each traditional medicinal system and the cultural contexts that underpin them. Such insights facilitate collaboration and innovation within conven-tional medicine, fostering mutual exchange and appreciation of diverse cultural heritages.

The Plot of “The Wizard and His Horse” in the Oirat Monument “Aršāni Nomiyin Tuuǰi” (“The Tale of the Nectar Teaching”)

This work continues the study and introduction into scientific circulation of the Oirat monument “Aršāni nomiyin tuuǰi” (“The Legend of the Nectar Teaching”). The article is the first to examine the plot of “The Wizard and His Horse” using the material from one of the unpublished lists of the monument, stored in the manuscript department of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author explores the origin of the plot, citing its variants from ancient Indian, Tibetan and Mongolian literatures. The study of this plot is dictated by the need to further understand the content of this written monument. The article used descriptive, comparative-typological and comparative-contrast methods to identify general and local features of the plot in the works under consideration. The author came to the conclusion that the plot “The Wizard and His Horse” in “The Tale of the Nectar Teaching” was created on the basis of ancient Indian and Tibetan material, which is based on the “concept of illusoryness” and the “theory of instantaneity”, which occupy an important place in both Buddhism and ancient Indian philosophy. The results obtained in this article will be used by the author in preparing a typological index of the plots of the Oirat monument “Aršāni nomiyin tuuǰi” (“The Legend of the Nectar Teaching”).

Education in Ancient India as a Possible Inspiration for the Future

Education in Ancient India as a Possible Inspiration for the Future

Revisiting Hindu Marriage Norms: Unveiling Women’s Agency in Ancient India

This article extensively explores marriage norms in ancient India, focusing on women's agency. It begins by dissecting the concept of marriage and its variations in ancient India and sheds light on its significance from women's viewpoints. It scrutinises the roles of women within the institution, including debates surrounding the age of marriage, the qualities sought in brides, and the complexities of partner selection including the prohibited degrees of marriage. The paper delves into her roles in marriage rituals as well as post-marital positions. Contentious issues like divorce and remarriage of women have also been touched. Overall, this article aims to uncover obscure aspects of women's autonomy within marriage, analysing their roles and representations across all facets. By examining evolving Hindu marriage norms throughout the Vedic, Puranic and Smriti periods, it emphasizes the need for a refined understanding of women's agency. The paper seeks to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of marriage in ancient India, particularly from the perspective of women's representations, urging readers to reconsider conventional narratives. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 69(1), 2024, pp. 1-32

A Critical Review of Charaka Samhita in Reference to Varnya - Ahara, Vihara, Aushdha Evum Karam

Beauty has been admired since time immemorial. From the ancient Indian and Egyptian cultures to the present, through all the cultures and through the span of centuries, mankind has been giving great importance to beauty and physical appearance. Ayurveda is considered as one of the ancient sciences of health and medicine. Acharya Charaka has mentioned the aim of Ayurveda as to protect health of an individual and alleviate disorders in the diseased. This definition of complete health includes cosmetic aspects as well. Beauty is more than just skin deep according to Ayurveda. It is the most obvious external manifestation of overall well-being. Skin is a mirror to your physical, mental and spiritual wellness. Varna in Ayurveda is a broad term comprises of various parameters like color, lustre, texture, radiance etc. In this review article an effort has been made to recollect the various Varnya Ahara, Vihara, Aushdha Evum Karam quoted by Acharya Charaka in Charaka Samhita.

“Wonder of Sciences and Technology Behind Magnificent Indian Temples which Leads These to UNESCO World Heritage list” A Review

ABSTRACT: From ancient time India has religious, spiritual and cultural heritage. Probably India was the land of engineering and artist. India has lot of marvellous temples from 6 to 7th century which indicates its rich culture as well as knowledge of science and technology of Indians. This is the reason why Indian temples are continuously added to world heritage list. UNESCO World Heritage list is compiled by United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) through the world heritage committee according to the provision of the world heritage convention which was established in 1972. As of November 2021, India has 40 world heritage sites including 32 cultural, 7 natural and 1 under mix category. In 2023- 24 more sites are added to the list…… Shanti Niketan (Ravindanath Tagore house) and Temples of Hoysael rulers in Helibid. In India there are lot of temples which are part of UNESCO World Heritage list from 1983 onwards. Rock cut temple of Ellora 1983 Sun temple Konark 1984 Monument of Mahabalipuram 1984 Khajuraho group of monuments 1986 Group of monuments in Hampi 1986 Group of monuments in Pattadakal 1987 Chola temple (Brihadisawar temple Tanjavur) 1987 Mahabodhi temple Bihar 2002 Kakatiya Ramappa temple 2021 And recently in September 2023 Heysel rulers’ temples in Helibid also added to the list. Through this research paper we are going to know about the science and technology behind these marvellous temples which make these magnificent in structure and design also.

Public Governance and Democracy in Ancient India: Understanding the Essence of Yogakshema in Abhijnanshakuntalam of Kalidasa

Public Governance and Democracy in Ancient India: Understanding the Essence of Yogakshema in Abhijnanshakuntalam of Kalidasa

Education and Empowerment of Women in Ancient India: Exploring a Glorious Past

This comprehensive research article delves deep into the multifaceted history of women’s education and empowerment in ancient India. Spanning across various epochs, from the Indus Valley Civilization to the illustrious Gupta dynasty, it meticulously examines the progressive ideals and societal values that laid the foundation for gender equality and the pursuit of knowledge. Drawing from a rich tapestry of primary sources – the sacred Vedas, enlightening Upanishads, and captivating epics – as well as archaeological evidence, this study illuminates the educational opportunities that were availed to women, their active participation in intellectual discourse, and their indelible contributions across myriad spheres of life. Through a nuanced comparative analysis, the complexities and intricate nuances surrounding the status of women in ancient Indian society are brought to the fore. By curating a diverse array of case studies that spotlight notable female figures, delving into the intricacies of legal and social norms, and critically analyzing literary representations, this research endeavors to craft a holistic understanding of the multifarious factors that facilitated women’s empowerment, the formidable challenges they surmounted, and the enduring legacy of their remarkable achievements.

Mathematical Inscriptions on Copper Plates in Tamil Nadu: A Study of Numerical Notations, Calculation Methods, and Economic Implications

Mathematical inscriptions on copper plates found in Tamil Nadu provide valuable insights into thenumerical notations, calculation methods, and economic activities of ancient South India. This researchpaper aims to analyze and interpret these inscriptions to understand the mathematical techniques employed by ancient Tamil societies for accounting, taxation, land measurement, and trade. By examining the content and context of mathematical inscriptions on copper plates, this study seeks to illuminate the mathematical literacy, computational skills, and economic sophistication of ancient Tamil Nadu. Additionally, the paper will explore the implications of these findings for our broader understanding of mathematical history, economic development, and cultural exchange in ancient South India.