Compared to human medical sciences, digital models of animals are rare, often behind subscription services and are comparatively lacking in interactivity and accessibility features. This study explores how digital models are currently being used to teach animal anatomy, providing the data required to construct the best anatomical models possible, to best suit the needs of a diverse student community. We designed an online survey which was completed by 35 students and eight staff learning and teaching veterinary and biological sciences from six universities across the United Kingdom. The results showed students struggle most with learning topographically vast body regions, such as the nervous and endocrine systems, and the anatomy of exotic and equine species. We find that digital models are being used more frequently by those on veterinary degrees compared to the biological sciences, often to consolidate learning after anatomy practicals. However, most participants were not aware of the existing resources we asked them to rate. Participants agreed that better digital models are needed in anatomy education, which would help students prepare for their studies and future careers. The most important features of the ideal digital anatomical model were being free to use and easy to navigate, with highly detailed annotations which can be toggled on and off to test anatomical knowledge. Participants agreed that while implementation of this ideal digital model would facilitate learning, virtual dissection practicals should not replace traditional anatomy practicals due to the valuable skills gained from hands-on experience with real tissue and dissection tools.

Male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with significant morbidity, yet its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Two main hypotheses have emerged: an autoimmune model, and the urine/occlusion hypothesis, specific to male genital anatomy. This narrative review critically analyses evidence supporting each paradigm. Epidemiological data reveal that autoimmune comorbidities occur significantly less frequently in men with MGLSc than in women with vulvar disease, with some studies reporting prevalence no higher than general population rates. Histopathologically, cytotoxic CD8+ and CD57+ T-lymphocyte infiltration suggests immune-mediated tissue injury, yet extracellular matrix protein 1 autoantibodies show no significant seroreactivity in males. Conversely, the urine/occlusion hypothesis is supported by the near-universal association of MGLSc with intact foreskin, high prevalence of post-micturition micro-incontinence, anatomical mapping demonstrating disease concentration in maximally occluded preputial regions, and case series showing disease resolution following urinary diversion and induction at urostomy sites. Microbiome studies demonstrate convergence between balanopreputial and urinary microbial communities in affected patients, while molecular evidence shows urea-induced fibroblast changes consistent with fibrogenesis. Recent transcriptomic analyses identifying distinct molecular subtypes suggest heterogeneity, with autoimmune mechanisms potentially operative in only a subset of patients. The evidence reviewed supports urine exposure and occlusion as the predominant pathogenic drivers in most MGLSc cases, with autoimmune phenomena likely representing secondary responses to tissue injury rather than primary etiological mechanisms.

(063) Insights into Orgasm Health from Anonymous Online Communities

In the animal kingdom, copulatory wounds occur due to aggressive behavior or injury from the female or male appendages in contact. Copulatory wounds are a source of sexual conflict as the injury can lead to death or infection. In the laboratory,Drosophila melanogasterdoes not ordinarily exhibit signs of injury during copulation, but here we find can be induced to do so by overexpression of the serine protease,Hayan, in either the male or female fruit fly. Melanin deposits mark sites of injury along the female ventral abdomen and occur following a single copulation event. The male fly mid-legs are the source of injury as they rub against the ventral female abdomen. Surgical removal of the male mid-legs prevents melanization while still permitting mating to occur. Likewise, removal of the right or left mid-leg results in a corresponding loss of melanization on the female abdominal side that lacks the mid-leg contact. Thus, it appears that overexpression ofHayanalters the female and male anatomy to sensitize it to injury during copulation. We show that these copulatory wounds heal similar to a puncture wound via the generation of enlarged multinucleated, polyploid cells. However, the size of the injury dictates the mechanism of healing. The polyploid cells arise solely by cell fusion in response to small injuries (<1,000μm2), whereas the endocycle is simultaneously simulated by larger wounds (>3,000μm2) to compensate for cell loss. Therefore, we speculate that wound-induced polyploidization may have evolved to repair similar injuries resulting from sexual conflict in nature.

To describe a case of CBAVD due to a pathogenic variant in ADGRG2, detail the reproductive outcomes of the couple, and provide an up-to-date review of ADGRG2 variant pathophysiology as well as speculate on the mechanism by which defects in ADGRG2 function result in vasal agenesis. Review of the first reported case in the USA and expound on ADGRG2 dysfunction vis-à-vis male reproductive ductal anatomy. A pathogenic variant in ADGRG2 was the genetic etiology of CBAVD. The couple underwent sperm harvesting coupled with ICSI and delivered two daughters. Pathogenic variants in ADGRG2 are important to look for when CFTR analysis is negative and renal ultrasonography is normal.

The Russian Federation retains one of the world's leading positions in the agro-industrial sector, while fur farming remains an economically significant and promising industry. In the context of intensive cellular maintenance, fundamental and applied research on the urinary system of fur-bearing animals is becoming particularly relevant. Pathologies of the urinary tract of various etiologies have become widespread in modern animal husbandry. These diseases not only negatively affect the general physiological status, growth and development of animals, but also directly lead to a decrease in the quality of fur products, causing significant economic damage to animal farms. The aim of the study was to study the histological features of the ureters of males and females of the black Pushkin breed in the age aspect, as well as to determine their morphometric parameters, and analyze the data obtained. Cadaveric material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine from the fur farming industry of the Tver region. The object of the study was male and female sables of the black Pushkin breed aged 15-20 and 36-40 months from birth in the amount of 10 heads in each group. The ureter samples were subjected to histological examination. The histological examination of the ureter of the sable of the black Pushkin breed allows us to state the presence of pronounced age-related dynamics of thickening of its wall, especially significant in the distal part. The established sex differences in the indicators are stable, but statistically insignificant, and do not indicate a developed sexual dimorphism in the studied structure of the urinary system of the sable.

The sable is one of the most valuable fur-bearing animals, widely used in the fur industry. Research in the field of anatomy helps improve fur quality, optimize breeding and care methods, and consequently increase production and income. Understanding the features of blood supply helps identify and prevent diseases of the vascular system, which contributes to improving the overall condition and lifespan of sables. It allows for optimizing housing conditions and developing more effective methods of veterinary care and treatment – the health of the circulatory system directly affects the quality of fur, its appearance and structure, which is important for the fur industry. The research was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy; ten carcasses of Black Pushkin breed sables at the age of physiological maturity were examined. As a result of the study, the features of the structure of the arteries of the head and the cranial part of the cervical region in sables were determined, and morphometric indicators were provided.

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck in adult females is exceptionally rare. The canal of Nuck is the portion of the processus vaginalis in the inguinal canal in women. This is homologous to the processus vaginalis of male anatomy. Although the canal of Nuck normally disappears completely in the first year of life, if it remains patent, then it can lead to the development of an indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele of the canal of Nuck. Ultrasonography is the preferred investigation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is done to confirm the diagnosis preoperatively. The treatment remains the excision of the hydrocele of the canal of Nuck. We are presenting three cases of hydrocele of the canal of Nuck in adult females, one Bilateral and two unilateral, which were treated by laparoscopic/open excision of the hydrocele with mesh repair.

Artificial intelligence in animal anatomy: Exploring the technologies, applications, benefits, and challenges.

Due to social and religious restrictions on cadaver use, anatomy education in the Ottoman period relied on models, planches and books, and illustrations before dissections were permitted. This study examines whether advancements in medical and anatomical education paralleled modernization efforts by analysing locomotor system illustrations in two anatomy books: Mir’âtü’l-Ebdân and İlm-i Teşrîh between the establishment of the first Ottoman medical school (1806) and the first medical faculty (1909). A total of 103 anatomical illustrations were examined comparatively using document analysis. Findings show that İlm-i Teşrîh exhibits greater anatomical accuracy, symmetry and three-dimensional depth, aligning with the standardized references, while Mir’âtü’l-Ebdân reflects a more individualized approach. The comparison reveals that advancements in anatomical knowledge were mirrored in illustrations, demonstrating their role in medical education. This study highlights the role of medical illustrations in the progression of anatomical education and underscores their significance in the historical context of modernization.

The use of sterilization methods for population management is often necessary in animal facilities, such as zoological settings or nature centers. A surgical vasectomy is one method of sterilization but requires knowledge of the reproductive anatomy of a species to perform. Over a six-year period, six young adult male beavers had surgical vasectomy procedures performed. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia after induction with dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and midazolam. The first three vasectomy procedures were performed via an intra-abdominal technique, while the remaining three procedures were performed via a novel extra-abdominal technique. All procedures were successful, and all beavers recovered uneventfully. Necropsy and surgical dissection techniques were used to better describe male reproductive anatomy for these procedures. Detailed anatomical illustrations were created of the intra-abdominal location of the testicles, as well as their normal track through the abdominal musculature in the inguinal region to sit in a scrotal sac subcutaneously on either side of the vent and can guide practitioners in this procedure.

To investigate the perceived sexual function of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm before elective endovascular treatment, and to compare it with the perceived sexual function one year after treatment. Descriptive quantitative study. Data were collected as part of a sub-study within a prospective open-label single-centre randomized clinical trial, using the Male Sexual Function-4 questionnaire and three additional items specific to contextual aspects. For female participants, two of the items in the Male Sexual Function-4 questionnaire specifically related to male sexual anatomy and physiology were replaced by two items specifically related to female sexual anatomy and physiology. Descriptive statistics and Friedmans test were used, results were reported according to the CONSORT guidelines. Of the enrolled male patients, 88% did not receive any information from their caregiver at baseline regarding the potential risk of experiencing procedure-related changes in their sexual function and desired more information from their caregiver. On average, male patients reported a significant decrease in both their sexual interest and in achieving ejaculation during sexual activities (p = .036) while simultaneously reporting significant improvement in global sexual health 12 months postoperatively compared with baseline (p = .003). After surgery, the proportion of female patients reporting an interest in sex was low (12.5%), and a low proportion (12.5%) of female patients also reported a preserved ability to achieve orgasm compared to baseline (37.5%). The results indicated a procedure-related impact on sexual health and function among patients undergoing elective endovascular aortic repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm, a risk most patients reported not being informed of. The results suggest a lack of patient education that should be addressed, and a need for better clinician communication to ensure informed consent.

Male breast health and breast cancer risk.

This scopingreview examines strategies to improve adhesion and integration of epicardial patches within the dynamic and wet cardiac environment. It emphasizes mucin-based bioadhesives and auxetic designs as potential solutions for long-term tissue-conformal myocardial repair. Approximately 150 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024 were identified through a structured literature search conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The studies cover adhesive biomaterials, structural patch designs, and epicardial tissue repair approacheswere screened and thematically synthesized to map current advances, limitations, and translational gaps. Commercially available epicardial patches fail to maintain adhesion under cyclic loading and fluid-rich conditions. Among bioadhesives, mucin demonstrates promising wet adhesion, viscoelasticity, and biocompatibility. Nonetheless, its translation is limited by batch-to-batch variability, purification challenges, and potential immunogenicity. Dopamine-, hyaluronic acid-, and alginate-based adhesives provide alternatives but remain constrained by oxidative instability, limitted long-term durability, or inadequate mechanical performance. Structural innovations such as auxetic geometries improve patch flexibility, strain distribution, and conformability compared with multilayered or microneedle-based strategies. However, challenges related to fabrication, sterilization, scalability and potential interference of cardiac anatomy andphysiology require further investigation. The synergistic integration of mucin-based adhesives with auxetic designs presents a compelling pathway toward durable, biocompatible, and tissue-conformal cardiac patches. Addressing manufacturing scalability, reproducibility, and immunological safety will be critical to advancing these concepts toward clinical applications.

This work is devoted to the analysis of the anatomical course, branching and age dynamics of the main arteries supplying the stomach of pigs in order to identify patterns of their growth and assess their functional significance. Knowledge of the anatomy of the vascular bed, in particular the arterial system, is a fundamental basis for the development of both veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. The aim of the study was to study the topography of the hepatic artery as a source of blood supply to the stomach in Yorkshire pigs, as well as to analyze age dynamics. The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education in St. Petersburg in three age groups: one-day-old newborns; 10-14-day-old; 28-30-day-old pigs. To achieve this goal, traditional morphological research methods were used, namely: fine anatomical dissection, photographing, vasorentgenography with morphometry in the RadiAnt program. The analysis demonstrates that the arterial system of the stomach of pigs is a complex but logically organized structure originating from the hepatic artery. Its development in early postnatal ontogenesis is intensive and proactive, which is directly related to the functional load on the organ and the overall growth rate of the body. The most significant increase in the diameter of the main vessels (the right gastric and right gastro-omentum arteries) is observed by the end of the first month of life, as the digestive system prepares for the transition to an adult type of diet. Deep knowledge of anatomical and morphometric features is an indispensable tool for improving the efficiency of veterinary care, optimizing maintenance technologies and, ultimately, ensuring the health and productivity of pigs.

The skulls of animals of the same family have similar morphological features, but often the morphometric characteristics vary. The method of extraction and the nature of the food consumed have the greatest influence on the development of the skull bones. The common wolf is one of the largest representatives of the Canidae family. The purpose of the study is to study the structural features of the bones of the cerebral skull of the common wolf, to give a craniometric characteristic. The material for the study was four heads of the common wolf, obtained from hunting farms in the Leningrad region. The research was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. Classical craniometry and computed tomography were used in the study. During the study, specific features of the morphology of the bones of the wolf's cerebral skull were established: the occipital crest receives a powerful development, in the laterovental part of the scales there is a paired mastoid foramen, a condyle foramen of large diameter, a large occipital foramen of transverse oval shape (index 60.77); between the plates of the frontal bone there is an extensive frontal sinus ( sinus frontalis ), divided by a septum into two parts; on the basal surface of the sphenoid bone there is an oval foramen, a caudal foramen of the pterygoid canal, a round foramen, a rostral foramen of the pterygoid canal, an orbital fissure and an optic foramen; the latticed foramen is paired; in the articular apparatus of the temporal bone, the articular joint is significantly developed the process that bounds the articular fossa caudally; the bony tympanic vesicle is oval in shape, with clearly localized holes and crevices. The performed craniometry made it possible to classify the skull of the common wolf as mesocephalic type (CHI=52.19). The total length of the skull significantly prevails over its zygomatic width (1.92:1 ratio). At the same time, the dorsal length of the cerebral region slightly exceeds the length of the facial region (1.10 times), while the basal surface of the facial region, on the contrary, is significantly longer than the cerebral region (1.43 times). These proportions reflect adaptation to a predatory lifestyle.

The study of the vascular system, in particular the arterial bed, is a fundamental basis for the development of veterinary medicine, especially in such fields as surgery, orthopedics and traumatology. The shin area in breeding farm animals, including goats, is subject to high functional loads and the risk of injury, which necessitates a detailed knowledge of its blood supply. The purpose of the study is to study and analyze the topography, branching and age dynamics of the shin arteries in goats using the example of the Anglo-Nubian breed, as well as to assess the practical significance of research in the work of a veterinary surgeon. The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The study was conducted in three age groups: newborn baby goats; young animals 5-6 months old; adult animals. To achieve this goal, traditional morphological research methods were used, namely: fine anatomical dissection, photographing, and vasorentgenography with morphometry in the RadiAnt program. According to the results of the study, it was found that the arterial bed of the shin in Anglo-Nubian goats is a complexly organized system with certain age-related patterns of development. The popliteal artery serves as the main source of blood supply, giving rise to the cranial and caudal tibial arteries, which, in turn, provide vascularization of muscle groups, bones and joints. The safin artery plays not only an auxiliary, but also a collateral role. Morphometric data convincingly demonstrate intensive vascular growth in the first months of life, which must be taken into account when developing surgical techniques for young animals.

Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to transform the way veterinary medicine is taught, practised and delivered. Veterinary research uses VR for surgical simulations to practise clinical skills, three-dimensional animal anatomy studies, emergency training and the diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases to reduce stress and enhance safety for both animals and doctors. The technology also provides an interactive learning environment for students and veterinarians at all levels. However, there are still limitations in terms of cost, technological accessibility and the need to provide content that is appropriate to the context of veterinary practise in each country. The goal of this article is to examine the use of virtual reality in veterinary care, as well as the benefits, limitations and potential long-term applications of this technology in the veterinary profession.

Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures consistently lead the aesthetic landscape year after year. Men are increasingly requesting aesthetic interventions with a focus on maintaining a youthful, powerful, and natural look. There are significant anatomical, physiological, and behavioral differences in the aging male face that warrant specific treatment considerations.Literature review of male gender-specific facial anatomy, aging patterns, treatment motivations/preferences. Description of the author's preferred injection techniques.Male and female faces are shaped by different aesthetic standards, impacting what is deemed attractive. Men are keenly aware of the sexual dimorphism in facial characteristics and often seek to preserve or enhance traits associated with traditional masculinity. Minimally invasive procedures can be customized to enhance or retain masculine features.Gaining a deeper understanding of factors affecting male rejuvenation patterns and learning specific injectable techniques will empower aesthetic providers to tailor cosmetic treatments for men, achieving success and encouraging continued growth of this burgeoning demographic.

In 2015. whole body dissection course was proposed by the University of Palermo (UoP). Palermo, Italy, thanks to the cooperation with the University of Malta (UoM), Msida, Malta. The purpose of this study show the difference between the study of anatomy books and corpses. The article focuses its attention on the dissection method of the upper limb. The study was performed on two corpses male and a female, by using a basic surgeon kit. Blunt dissection method was used for fasciae, innards and to isolate vascular-nervous structures from the fat; e used scalpel for cutis. sub cutis, muscles and tendons. We compared the anatomy figured by books and cadaver's anatomy. We separated muscles, fasciae, veins, arteries and nerves of the upper limb from the shoulder to the hand. The upper limb dissection shows the difference between how a real body appears and how books represent it.