Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Research Articles

Epidemiological and Histopathology Study of Gastric Lesions in Ouest Africa

Gastric pathologies represent a global public health problem due to their frequency and severity. The objective of the study was to epidemiologically evaluate all gastric lesions diagnosed at the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of Saint-Louis, Senegal over a period of 30 months. In addition to sociodemographic parameters, different histological types and molecular profiles were described. A total of 372 cases was identified, 96% were biopsies and 4% were partial gastrectomy surgical specimens. The sex ratio was 0.92 with 48% men (N=179) and 52% women (N=193). The mean age was 45.08 years. The lesions were distributed as follows: gastritis accounted for 86.02% (N=320) of which 70% were Hp gastritis (N=224) followed by gastric cancers with 10.76% (N=40) of which 95% (N=38) were adenocarcinoma (ADC). Male predominance was clear with a sex ratio of 2.1 (N=26 H/12 F) and the tubular subtype was the most common at 55.26% (N=21) for these ADCs. At the molecular level, 17.14% of cases were HER2+ cotation 3+. Other types of cancer were rare, including 1 case of GIST and 1 case of lymphoma (1 case). Polyps were rarely observed with a rate of 1.67% (N=6) and mostly hyperplastic and glandulocystic type.These epidemiological data described in our study can contribute to the development of strategies and preventive measures in the fight against these diseases in sub-Saharan Africa where studies are scarce.

On Victory Day and the 80th Anniversary of the Lifting of the Siege of Leningrad. Review of the Archives of the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of the Oncology Institute

On Victory Day and the 80th Anniversary of the Lifting of the Siege of Leningrad. Review of the Archives of the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of the Oncology Institute

Frequency and Demographic Analysis of Odontogenic Tumors in Three Tertiary Institutions: An 11-Year Retrospective Study.

The study aims to evaluate the frequency, demographic features, treatment, and outcomes of OTs across three tertiary medical centers. OT cases were identified in King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), and Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC) from January 2010 to December 2021. Ninety-two OT cases were identified from the anatomical pathology laboratories of three tertiary hospitals. KFMC contributed the highest number of cases (43.5%), followed by KAMC (30.4%) and PSMMC (26.1%). The median age of OT patients was 29 years (range: 5-83), with males representing more than half of the patients (56.5%). The mandible was the most frequent site of OT occurrence (72.5%), with ameloblastoma being the predominant OT (63.0%), followed by odontoma (19.5%). Among the treatment modalities, bone resection was employed the most (51.0%), followed by enucleation (25.6%). Notably, 11.5% of OT cases with available follow-up data exhibited recurrence, with ameloblastoma accounting for eight recurrent cases. Although OTs are relatively common in the jaws, they are rare in anatomical pathology laboratories and the general population. This study contributes valuable insights into the epidemiology characteristics, treatment trends, and recurrence rates of OTs in Saudi Arabia.

Overexpression of Mammaglobin-A in Primary Breast Tissue Tumor and High Concentration of mRNA Mammaglobin-A in Peripheral Blood as Risk Factors for Metastatic Breast Cancer

Objective: There is still limited evidence for the use of biomarkers in breast cancer. However, mammaglobin-A in tissue and blood has recently been found as a promising biomarker for detecting metastases. Therefore, this study will examine the overexpression of mammaglobin-A in primary breast tissue tumors and the elevated concentration of mammaglobin-A messenger RNA (mRNA0 in peripheral blood as potential risk factors for breast cancer metastasis. Methods: The study was conducted at Sanglah General Hospital in Bali, Indonesia, from July 2017 to March 2018. It employed a hybrid research design, combining both cross-sectional (n = 70) and case-control (metastasis = 20 and non-metastasis = 20) approaches. Peripheral blood samples were collected using specialized L6 tubes and were analyzed for the expression of mammaglobin-A mRNA using quantitative real-time PCR. The diagnosis of breast cancer was established through open biopsy, considered the gold standard. Biopsy specimens underwent histopathological examination and standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis to assess ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 markers. The evaluation of mammaglobin-A protein expression was conducted via IHC at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Prima Medika Hospital. Result: The mean mammaglobin-A mRNA level in the metastatic group was 11.59±1.37, while in the non-metastatic group was 8.17±1.27-fold change relative to the housekeeping gene beta microglobulin. The mean mammaglobin-A mRNA levels in the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05). Overexpression of mammaglobin-A in cancer tissue was 7.36 times more likely for metastasis compared to non-metastatic (OR = 7.36; 95% CI = 1.34-40.55; p = 0.013). Additionally, mammaglobin-A mRNA concentration was found to be nine times higher for breast cancer metastasis compared to the non-metastatic group (OR = 9.00; 95% CI = 2.15-37.66; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The mean mammaglobin-A level in the metastatic group significantly differs from that in the non-metastatic group. Overexpression of mammaglobin-A and a high concentration of Mammaglobin-A mRNA are influential risk factors for metastatic breast cancer.

COLIBACILLOSIS IN PIGLETS AT TARO VILLAGE, GIANYAR, BALI

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, which attacks piglets and can result in weight loss, stunted growth and, if not treated immediately, will cause death. The aim of this case report is to establish a diagnosis of the death of a 35 day old pig using anamnesis, epidemiological procedures, clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology examination and laboratory examination. The laboratory examinations in question are histopathology, bacteriology and parasitology. The animal case obtained was a young pig suspected of being infected with E. coli, which came from a farm in Taro Village, Tegallalang, Gianyar, Bali. The case pig is a Landrace type, 35 days old weighing ± 7 kg, male. Symptoms observed in the cases were that the piglets looked thin, weak, anorexic, and had yellowish diarrhea. The pig population is 100, during one maintenance period there were approximately 7 pigs who were sick and 2 pigs who died. Based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms, epidemiology, changes in anatomical pathology and histopathological lesions, isolation and identification of colonies on NA media, EMBA, gram staining, primary test, secondary test (biochemical test), and sugar test, E. Coli bacteria were successfully isolated. So a diagnosis was obtained that the pig case was infected with colibacillosis. The results of a stool examination in the parasitology laboratory did not reveal any infection with worm eggs or protozoa. Based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms, epidemiology, anatomical pathological changes, histopathological lesions, and bacterial tests. Conclusion in pig cases diagnosed with colibacillosis by Escherichia coli. It is necessary to carry out good sanitation and management to prevent the occurrence of colibacillosis.

Clinicopathological characteristics and tumor infiltrating immune cells associations of PD-L1 tumor expression in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Our study aimed to perform on Moroccan patients' non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) concerning the relationship between PD-L1 tumor expression, clinicopathological features and tumor infiltrating immune cells (ICs). This is a retrospective study (2019 to 2021) conducted on samples from Moroccan patients with NSCLC at the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca. Eligible participants for our study had to meet the following predefined criteria: age ≥18 years, histologically confirmed NSCLC, no prior therapeutic interventions, availability of clinical and pathological data, and a usable tumor sample for determining PD-L1 status. Exclusion criteria applied to patients with other types of lung cancer and unusable tumor samples. The evaluation of tumor and immune expression of PD-L1 was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), with the 22C3 clone on the Dako Autostainer Link 48 platform. Tumor PD-L1 expression was categorized into 3 levels: TPS <1% (negative expression), TPS 1-49% (low expression), and TPS ≥50% (high expression). ICs infiltrating the tumor expressing PD-L1 were considered positive when more than 1% of positive ICs were present. Among the 316 analyzed samples, 56.6% showed a negative expression of PD-L1, 16.8% displayed a low expression of PD-L1, and 26.6% exhibited a strong expression. Regarding the histological type, among patients with TPS ≥ 50%, 25.8% had adenocarcinoma. Among patients with TPS ≥ 50%, 24.81% were smokers. PD-L1 was also strongly expressed in the lung (28.2%) and bronchi (26.5%). PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) was observed in 35.29% of early-stage patients. Concerning tumor cells (TCs), 27.5% of tumors infiltrated by ICs had TPS ≥ 50%. Furthermore, coexpression of PD-L1 on both TCs and ICs infiltrating the tumor was found in 27.8% of tumors. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between tumor PD-L1 expression and smoking status (P=0.019). However, no significant difference was observed between PD-L1 expression and the presence of ICs infiltrating the tumor (P=0.652), as well as the IHC expression of PD-L1 on ICs (P=0.259). Our results demonstrate a significant association between PD-L1 expression and smoking status. However, no significant association was observed between PD-L1 expression and the presence of infiltrating ICs, nor with the IHC expression of PD-L1 on ICs. Our data underscore the importance of participating in the study of specific factors influencing PD-L1 expression in patients with NSCLC.

Strategy to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde in anatomical pathology laboratory part II

Formaldehyde (FA) is a hazardous chemical, highly used in the anatomical pathology laboratories. The adverse health effects related to FA occupational exposure are generally related to long-term exposure, however the short-term exposure to peak concentrations are equally of high concern. The occupational monitoring commonly uses the 8h-Time Weight Average (TWA) metric to assess the exposure, but for those chemicals with acute effects, also the15min short-term exposure is strongly recommended. In this study, the occupational monitoring was carried out in an anatomical pathology laboratory with an in-continuous, instantaneous, and direct reading instrument for 65 work shifts (WS). In none of these, the FA European Union (EU) TWA occupational limit (620 g/m3) was exceeded. Differently, in 40 WS the EU Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) (740 g/m3) was exceeded, even several times a WS. In sight of this, the 8h-TWA metric only could give poor information of the exposure scenario, involving peak emissions, then a 15min peak exposure assessment, via in continuous monitoring, could help managing the risk. In addition, using the inference equation, an Action Value (AV) of the 8h-TWA above which the 15min measurements are strongly recommended, equal to 23.1 g/m3, is suggested for FA.

(PM-02) GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS IN MALE PATIENTS: A CASE SERIES FROM A FEDERAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Abstract Introduction Tuberculosis is a significant global public health threat, causing 1.2 million deaths in 2019. In Brazil, the incidence of the disease in the same year was 46 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Genitourinary tuberculosis is the third most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, resulting from the spread of mycobacteria through hematogenous dissemination from a latent chronic pulmonary infection or by local spread. Objective This study aims to present a case series of genitourinary tuberculosis in male patients from a tertiary university hospital. Method The study conducted a descriptive analysis of a case series using data from the Unit of Pathological Anatomy Laboratory and the Center for Infectious Diseases between 1999 and 2020. Results Four male patients, with a mean age of 32 years (ranging from 23 to 46), were evaluated. Key symptoms reported during medical consultations at the Urology outpatient service included scrotal nodules, increased testicular volume, and orchialgia, with an average symptom duration of six months. Physical examinations revealed a hard nodular mass in the epididymis or upper testicular pole, mostly on the right side (in half of the cases) or the left side (in the other half). Histological examination of biopsies indicated chronic granulomatous inflammation consistent with tuberculoid in all cases, with negative tumor markers. Notably, none of the patients reported contact with tuberculosis or leprosy patients, and only one patient had a positive PPD test (&amp;gt;24mm). Conclusion Genitourinary tuberculosis is a treatable and preventable disease. Understanding its clinical aspects, forms of presentation, dissemination, diagnosis, and treatment is crucial. Drug therapy, including rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, was effective in resolving symptoms in all patients. Surgical intervention in the form of orchidectomy was required for some cases, resulting in positive outcomes. Financing No conflict.

The impact of formalin fixation in the elemental content of tissues: Parametrization up to 48 h

Formalin fixation is a crucial step in the preparation of tissue samples for anatomic pathology studies, however, research showed that prolonged formalin fixation, can alter the elemental composition of tissues with implications for pathology and biomedical research. In this study we aim to assess and parametrize the influence of short-term formalin fixation in tissues.Six sets of human colon tissue samples were exposed to different formalin fixation times, up until 48 h. The elemental content throughout time was compared to the elemental content of the snap-frozen sample of the same tissue that was not exposed to formalin using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence.Results showed a clear decrease of Cl and K concentration in the tissues solution reaching a plateau between 1 h and 3 h of fixation. Also, there is an uptake of P in the tissue, likely due to the buffered formalin solution, within the first 15 min of fixation. This behaviour was concomitant with an increase of Na determined using Particle Induced gamma-ray emission analysis (PIGE) and Elastic Backscattering Spectroscopy (EBS). The dynamic changes determined in the studied elements demonstrate that a better understanding of the fixation-related mechanisms is in demand as well as optimization of the fixation protocols implemented in anatomic pathology laboratories.

CANINE PARVOVIRUS INFECTION IN DOGS: PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS, PREVALENCE, THERAPY, AND VACCINATION

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious disease in dogs that attacks the digestive tract. This disease is caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), belonging to the Parvoviridae family. This virus causes the highest mortality in dogs under six months of age. This virus has a very high mortality and morbidity rate, especially in dogs that have not been vaccinated. This literature review discusses the pathogenesis of CPV, the clinical symptoms that can be caused, how to diagnose, the prevalence of CPV cases, therapy, and vaccination to prevent transmission of canine parvovirus. The method used is literature study by collecting and summarizing references relevant to the topic. Based on this literature review, the results obtained include that canine parvovirus infection can occur directly or indirectly and CPV will show various clinical symptoms, namely the type of myocarditis and the type of enteritis. Common methods used to help confirm a diagnosis include anatomical pathology examinations and laboratory diagnostic examinations in the form of blood hematology examinations, test kits, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Based on the prevalence of CPV cases, it is known that CPV mostly attacks dogs aged 0-6 months. Therapy for CPV sufferers is only symptomatic and supportive. Vaccination is the main way to avoid CPV disease. It is hoped that more research on CPV will be carried out so that insight into CPV is easier to obtain and can become a lesson for the future.

Helicobacter pylori Increasing Spread of An Inflammation Cells and Gastric Mucosal Atrophy in Gastritis Patients

Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium which could reason chronic gastritis and then has the capability to purpose gastric mucosal atrophy. The modifications within the degree of gastric mucosal atrophy have been appreciably correlated with the degree of risk of gastric cancer. The purpose of the observe turned into to research the relationship among H. pylori and the spread of inflammatory cellular infiltration and gastric mucosal atrophy in gastritis patients in Banjarmasin. Method The study was carried out in September-November 2021 using a cross-sectional method with purposive sampling, that is as many as 87 samples of histopathological slides of gastritis patients in the anatomical pathology laboratory of Sari Mulia Hospital, Banjarmasin for the period 2019. Research analysis used Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Slide preparations were stained with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Inflammatory cellular clearance was measured the use of a scale from revised Sydney system and gastric mucosal atrophy become measured the use of the OLGA staging system. Results The results showed as many as 40 (45.98%) H.pylori-positive patients with the most chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in 24 (60%) patients at grade 3 (p&lt;0.001) and for gastric mucosal atrophy as many as 29 (72, 50%) of patients at various stages (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion H. pylori has a significant relationship with inflammatory cell infiltration and gastric mucosal atrophy. H. pylori-positive causes a growth within the severity of inflammatory cellular irritation and mucosal atrophy in gastritis patients.

Profile Clinico Patological of Leprosy at Prof. Dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah Central Hospital Denpasar During 2017 – 2022

Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium Leprae. According to the WHO, leprosy is one of the communicable diseases that affect the skin, peripheral nerves, and upper mucosa, and it can cause physical disabilities, if not properly handled. This study aims to determine the clinical and pathological profile of leprosy at Prof. dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah Central Hospital Denpasar, in 2017 - 2022. Metods: The study used a descriptive research design with total sampling from secondary data obtained from the Pathology Anatomy Laboratory of Prof. dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah Central Hospital Denpasar. The sample collected during the study period included 63 samples of patients diagnosed with leprosy, which were then processed using SPSS software version 26. Result: The highest number of cases was found in patients age group of 19-64 years, accounting for 55 cases (87.3%), predominantly in male patients with 36 cases (57.1%). The most common main complaint was red patches, with 43 cases (72.8%) presenting erythematous skin lesions, specifically plaques, in 24 cases (42.8%). Conclusion: Based on classification, leprosy was more frequently grouped into two classifications: WHO classification and Ridley Jopling classification. According to the WHO classification, the majority of patients were found to have the PB type, accounting for 35 cases (55.6%), while based on the Ridley Jopling classification, the BT type was more prevalent, with 21 cases (33.3%). This study is beneficial as it provides insights into the clinical and pathological profile of leprosy. Further analytical research is needed to explore the relationships between various variables

Thyroid masses in Sierra Leone: a one-year retrospective clinico- pathological study

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid disorders are the second most common endocrine diseases in humans. There has been no study of thyroid masses in our setting in spite of recurrent presentations. We undertook a retrospective study of incident thyroidectomy cases in our anatomic pathology laboratory over one year to establish the frequency and clinico-pathologic features of thyroid masses.&#x0D; METHODS: All thyroid specimens submitted to the anatomic pathology laboratory of the University of Sierra Leone Teaching Hospital Connaught from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, were included in the study. Data was extracted from archived request forms, pathology reports, and patient’s case notes retrieved from the records department. The data obtained was analyzed with SPSS software.&#x0D; RESULTS: Twenty-seven thyroidectomy specimens (4.5% of all surgical pathology cases) were seen over a one-year period. Ninety-two percent were from women, while 7.4% were from men. The age range of patients was 17 to 65 years; the median age (IQR) was 40 (35-48) years. Duration of mass before presentation ranged from 3 months to 50 years. About 75% of the resected thyroid masses weighed 5 to 21 times more than a normal thyroid gland. Multinodular goiter was the most common histology (70.4%). Twenty-two percent of the resected masses were malignant.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Thyroid masses constitute about 4.5% of all surgical specimens in our laboratory. Most thyroid masses are borne for years with no serious consequences. Some of the resected masses were up to 20 times the size of a normal gland. The frequency of malignant diagnoses in thyroid masses was 22.5%.

EXPRESSION OF CASPASE 3 IN RAT LIVER CELLS BY MAXIMUM PHYSICAL EXERCISE AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF GAGATAN HARIMAU NANOHERBAL (Paraboea leuserensis B.L.Burtt)

This research aims to analyse Expression of Caspase 3 in Rat Liver Cells With Maximum Physical Exercise After Administration of Gagatan Harimau Nanoherbal (Paraboea leuserensis B.L.Burtt). The research was conducted in April-June 2023. The research location was the Animal Physiology Laboratory and Experimental Animal House, Department of Biology, FMIPA USU, PT. Synergy of Indonesian Nanotech, South Tangerang, Banten and the Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra, Medan. There were 6 treatments in the study, namely control group (K-), maximum physical exercise (K+), maximum physical exercise + Vitamin C at a dose of 2 mg/Kg Body Weight (P1), maximum physical exercise + Gagatan Harimau nanoherbal 100 mg/Kg BW (P2 ), Maximum physical exercise + Gagatan Harimau nanoherbal dose 125 mg/Kg BW (P3), Maximum physical exercise + Gagatan Harimau nanoherbal dose 150 mg/Kg BW (P4). The data obtained from each observation parameter (variable) is recorded and presented in table form. The data was then analyzed using SPSS version 25 software with significant differences determined at p&lt;0.05. The results of the study showed significant differences between all groups (p&lt;0.05) in the expression of caspase 3 in the liver. A dose of 150 mg/Kg BW from the nanoherbal Gagatan Harimau leaves (Paraboea leuserensis B.L.Burtt) reduced the expression of caspase 3 in rat liver. The induction of gagatan harimau leaf nanoherbal to act as an antioxidant in male rats given swimming physical training showed improvements in liver histology and morphology. The dose of 150 mg/KgBW of nanoherbal gagatan harimau leaves was the best dose because it showed cell regeneration that was close to the normal treatment group.

Strategy to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde in anatomical pathology laboratory – part i

Formaldehyde (FA) is a chemical compound commonly used in anatomical pathology laboratories as a tissue preservative, and it is common and epidemiologically related to cancer. Therefore, the personnel resident in the anatomical pathology laboratories is among the workers most exposed to FA and its related cancer and non-cancerogenic risk. Thus, risk assessment, cancerogenic and non-cancerogenic, and a careful occupational exposure assessment are recommended. In this study, FA was monitored in an Italian anatomical pathology laboratory to perform an occupational exposure assessment, according to the UNI EN 689:219, and to determine the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Lifetime Cancer Hazard Risk (LCHR) for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment, respectively. The exposure observed for pathologists and technicians is lower than the EU Occupational exposure limit mandatory (0.62 mg/m3), and both group of workers are in Compliance with it. Nevertheless, concerning the risk assessment, both the HQs and the LCHRs resulted in being higher (1.3 and 1.6 HQ and 3.2x10-5 and 3.9x10-5, for pathologists and technicians, respectively) than the ones observed in similar scenarios. This study shows how the exposure assessment to FA could face striving situations in terms of workers' health safeguard, due to the differences among occupational limits recommended and the high health risks, especially in the healthcare field.

Belgian Recommendations for Analytical Verification and Validation of Immunohistochemical Tests in Laboratories of Anatomic Pathology.

Analytical verification and validation of immunohistochemical (IHC) tests and their equipment are common practices for today's anatomic pathology laboratories. Few references or guidelines are available on how this should be performed. The study of Sciensano (the Belgian national competent authority regarding licensing of medical laboratories) performed in 2016, demonstrated a significant interlaboratory variation in validation procedures of IHC tests among Belgian laboratories. These results suggest the unavailability of practical information on the approach to the verification and validation of these tests. The existing Belgian Practice Guideline for the implementation of a quality management system in anatomic pathology laboratories has been reviewed to meet this demand and, in addition, to prepare the laboratories for the EU-IVD revised regulations (IVDR). This paper describes Belgian recommendations for the verification and validation of IHC tests before implementation, for ongoing validation, and for revalidation. For each type of test (according to the IVDR classification and the origin) and its intended use (purpose), it addresses how to perform analytical verification/validation by recommending: (1) the number of cases in the validation set, (2) the performance characteristics to be evaluated, (3) the objective acceptance criteria, (4) the evaluation method for the obtained results, and (5) how and when to revalidate. A literature study and a risk analysis taking into account the majority of variables regarding verification/validation of methods have been performed, resulting in an expert consensus recommendation that is a compromise among achievability, affordability, and patient safety. This new consensus recommendation has been incorporated in the aforementioned ISO 15189:2012-based Practice Guideline.

Histochemical and morphological evaluation of a glyoxal acid-free fixative

ABSTRACT The application of most chemical fixatives, such as formalin, in the anatomic pathology laboratory requires safety training and hazardous chemical monitoring due to the toxicity and health risks associated with their use. Consequently, the use of formalin has been banned in most applications in Europe; the primary exception is its use in the histology laboratory in lieu of a suitable and safer alternative. Glyoxal based solutions, several of which are available commercially, are the most promising alternative fixatives, because they are based on a mechanism of fixation similar to that of formalin. Unlike formalin, however, glyoxal based solutions do not dissociate from water and therefore do not require ventilation measures such as a fume hood. A primary barrier to the adoption of commercially available glyoxal based solutions is their low pH, which can produce undesirable morphological and antigenic tissue alterations; however, a recently available neutral pH glyoxal product (glyoxal acid free) (GAF) has been developed to mitigate the challenges of low pH. We compared the morphology and histochemistry among tissues fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, a commercially available acidic glyoxal product (Prefer), and GAF. Tissues fixed in formalin and Prefer exhibited similar morphology and staining properties; tissues fixed with 2% GAF exhibited deleterious effects.

Histopathological Pattern and Audit of Skin Tumors Seen in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, South-East Nigeria: A 10-year Retrospective Study

Abstract Background: Skin tumors consist of neoplastic lesions that affect the integumentary system which includes skin, hair, nails, and related muscles and glands. Diagnosis of these lesions can be a dilemma for both physicians and pathologists. Tumors of the skin are more heterogeneous than those of any other organ in the body, and this is a result of varying types of cells which can give rise to both benign and malignant skin lesions. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this is to audit the histopathological patterns of skin tumors seen in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, South-East Nigeria. Materials and Methods: All cases of skin tumors diagnosed in the center within the study period of January 2013 to December 2022 were retrieved from the archives of the Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, NAUTH. Histology slides of the cases that met the inclusion criteria were carefully reviewed. Then, tissue blocks for those diagnosed as malignant skin tumors, were sent for immunohistochemistry. The data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: There were a total of 206 cases that met the inclusion criteria, 103 males (50.0%) and 103 females (50.0%). The most common tumor as seen in the study is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (19%), with the least common being cylindroma, sebaceoma, and trichoepithelioma (1% each). The peak age incidence is in the third decade. The anatomic site most affected by the tumors is the head-and-neck region (78%) followed by the lower-limb region (66%) and the least affected is the anogenital region (25%). Immunohistochemistry showed a 100% correlation for the malignant skin tumors. Conclusion: The overall most common skin tumor is SCC followed by hemangioma, whereas trichoepithelioma, sebaceoma, and cylindroma are the least common. The most common benign tumor is hemangioma, whereas the least common benign tumors are trichoepithelioma and cylindroma. The most common and least common malignant tumors are SCC and Paget’s disease respectively. This study served to generate baseline data for the histopathologic pattern of both benign and malignant skin tumors in NAUTH, Nnewi.

Manchas de Wischnewsky em casos de hipotermia fatal em bovinos

ABSTRACT: Wischnewsky spots (WS) are hemorrhagic, non-erosive, and non-ulcerative lesions that affect the gastric mucosa. They are considered common in the stomachs of humans who have died from hypothermia and are rarely described in other animal species. This study describes the occurrence of WS in cattle that had died of hypothermia in two cities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Two properties were visited, and three cattle were necropsied by the team from the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (LAP-UFMS). The epidemiological conditions and clinical signs of the cattle examined on both properties were similar. The deaths occurred on days when there was a sudden drop in environmental temperature, with continuous rain for more than 24 hours. During the visits, the most affected live cattle were found in sternal decubitus, with their heads resting on their flanks, or laterally in a comatose state, with nystagmus and a rectal temperature below 32°C. Macroscopically, there were multifocal to coalescent red and black areas on the mucosal surface of the abomasums of the three cattle necropsied, mainly at the apex of the folds, oval or punctate in shape, measuring 0.1 to 1.0cm in diameter. Microscopically, these dark areas corresponded to areas of rarefaction of the mucosal epithelial cells associated with hemorrhage and the frequent deposition of golden-brown pigment (hematin) in the extracellular medium. The diagnosis of hypothermia in cattle was based on epidemiology, clinical-pathological examination, and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. The lesions found in the abomasum of cattle that had died from hypothermia were compatible with WS, highlighting the importance of recognizing them in cases of cattle deaths in which this condition is suspected.

Clinicopathological Profile of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soedarso Hospital Pontianak

Background: Colorectal adenocarcinoma is ranked third globally in the category of the most commonly diagnosed cancers, as reported by the Global Burden of Cancer (GLOBOCAN) survey in 2020. This condition ranks as the second leading cause of death from cancer with a mortality of 9.40%. Therefore, this study aimed to discover the clinicopathological profile of colorectal adenocarcinoma in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soedarso Hospital Pontianak in 2017–2020. Methods: This descriptive study used secondary data from the histopathology reports of the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory obtained by total sampling, which were processed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients was 148, and the majority were in the category of 53–61 years, accounting for 30.41%, and 51.35% were female. The majority of the anatomical sites of tumors were in the “Rectum Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)”, with a percentage of 35.14%. The most frequent histopathological subtype was adenocarcinoma NOS, accounting for 85.81%, while the majority of differentiation grade was well differentiated, with a percentage of 90.54%. The most TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastatic) staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) was IIA (33.78%). Based on the classification using the Dukes staging system, the most stage suffered by patients was C2 with a percentage of 39.86%. Conclusions: In conclusion, the incidence of diagnosed colorectal adenocarcinoma cases increased yearly in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soedarso Hospital Pontianak. Further study of the clinical characteristics and analysis of risk factors in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients were important to support the development of effective preventive strategies.