Anastrepha Fraterculus Research Articles

Infestação natural de moscas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritoidea) em café arábica, sob cultivo orgânico arborizado e a pleno sol, em Valença, RJ

As moscas frugívoras vêm assumindo grande importância econômica em cafezais por provocarem queda prematura de frutos e redução significativa da qualidade da bebida. O café é um repositório natural de espécies de Tephritidae que infestam frutas de importância econômica. Este estudo avaliou a influência dos sistemas de café sombreado e a pleno sol, sob manejo orgânico, na infestação natural de frutos de Coffea arabica L. Icatu Amarelo por moscas frugívoras. Um experimento inteiramente casualizado foi instalado em Valença, RJ, com dois tratamentos (café sombreado com Musa sp. e Erithrina verna Vell. e solteiro a pleno sol) e quatro repetições. Uma amostra de 1 kg de frutos maduros por parcela foi colhida em março de 2004 para avaliar a infestação e identificar as espécies infestantes. O índice médio de infestação dos frutos foi significativamente maior no sistema sombreado. Quatro espécies de Tephritidae (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) e Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi) e seis de Lonchaeidae (Neosilba pendula (Bezzi), Neosilba pseudopendula (Korytkowski and Ojeda), Neosilba certa (Walker), Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann), Neosilba n.sp.9 e Neosilba n.sp.10) foram obtidas dos frutos de café. Nove espécies de parasitóides foram identificadas, das quais seis pertencem a Braconidae (Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius bellus Gahan e Opius sp.) e três a Figitidae (Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis flavipes (Kieffer) e Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier). A percentagem de parasitismo total foi de 8,8% e 12,4% em café sombreado e a pleno sol, respectivamente.

A Genetic–Morphological Characterization of Two Cryptic Species of the <I>Anastrepha fraterculus</I> Complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Biological characteristics of two entities of theAnastrephafraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae), referred to in previous publications as A. sp.1 aff. fraterculus and A. sp.2 aff. fraterculus, were further studied by a combined analysis of isozymes, karyotypes, morphometry, and crossings, in samples from 10 Brazilian populations. A survey of 16 enzymatic systems comprising 19 loci showed signiÞcant differences in the allele frequencies at four loci, FUM, ME, HEX, and LDH, allowing the recognition of two population clusters. These clusters also differ in their karyotypes, especially in the length of the sex chromosomes and in the size and location of heterochromatic regions. A morpho- metric analysis of wings and the aculeus in samples from Þve populations clearly showed a distinction between the two clusters but not between populations within each cluster. A phenetic analysis based on the Mahalanobis distance matrix also arranged the populations into the same two clusters. Crosses between populations of the same cluster showed no signiÞcant differences in egg hatching and in the adult sex ratio. However, a signiÞcant decrease in egg hatching was observed in the intercluster crosses. In crosses of cluster 1 males to cluster 2 females, a signiÞcant deviation in the sex ratio was observed according to HaldaneOs rule, but not in the reciprocal crosses, indicating that a certain degree of reproductive isolation occurs between populations of cluster 1 and cluster 2. The results indicate that the two population clusters actually represent two cryptic species of the nominal species Anastrepha fraterculus, corroborating previous studies on this complex. We propose that the denominationsA. sp.1 aff.fraterculus andA. sp.2aff.fraterculus should be maintained until an appropriate taxonomic revision is made.

Effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae against immature stages of Anastrepha fraterculus fruitfly (Diptera : Tephritidae)

The study evaluated the effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Hyphomycetes : Moniliales) strain E9, isolated from the pasture spittlebug Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera : Cercopidae), against larvae, prepupae and pupae stage and emergent adults of Anastrepha fraterculus, the South American fruitfly. The bioassay was carried out simulating field conditions, on autoclaved (AS) and non-autoclaved (NAS) soil from typical citrus orchards in the State of Sao Paulo, Southeastern region of Brazil. Various concentrations of conidia were incorporated into the soil the mortality, calculated based on the percentage of adult emergence, was 86% for the highest conidia concentrations: 2.52 x 1010 for AS and 2.52 x 1010 for NAS. The lethal concentration (LC50), expressed as conidia concentration, was 8.44 x 109 conidia/g of soil (S) for AS and 12.23 x 109 conidia/g of soil for NAS.

Análise quantitativa e distribuição de populações de espécies de Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) no campus Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP

The distribution of females of Anastrepha species per trap was strongly clustered, with five traps (6%) capturing 50% of the total of females. Only Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) and A. obliqua (Macquart) were dominant species. A. fraterculus was by far the most frequent species (80.2% of the females), and the most constant, occurring in 98.0% of the samples. In decreasing order of frequency, A. obliqua (12.6%), A. pseudoparallela (Loew) (3.1%), and A. bistrigata Bezzi (2.1%) comprised the other major species. The remaining species showed frequency lower than 1%. The high value of the Simpson's index (0.660) as well as the low values of Shannon's index (0.7518) and the equitability index (0.4597) resulted from the high frequency of A. fraterculus.

Morphometric analysis of Mexican and South American populations of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) and recognition of a distinct Mexican morphotype

Discriminant function and cluster analyses were performed on 19 morphometric variables of the aculeus, wing and mesonotum to determine whether populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) from different parts of Mexico could be distinguished from populations from South America. Samples were collected from seven localities across Mexico, two from Brazil, and one each from Colombia and Argentina. Results showed there were statistically significant differences between Mexican and South American populations with respect to the aculeus (tip length, length of serrated section, mean number of teeth) and wing (width of S-band and connection between S- and V-bands). The degree of morphological variation observed among Mexican populations was extremely low, and as a consequence, the Mexican populations were identified as a single morphotype by discriminant analysis. The 'Andean morphotype'consisting of the Colombian population, and the 'Brazilian morphotype'consisting of the two Brazilian populations plus the single Argentinian population were also distinguished. It was concluded that the macro-geographical morphotypes from Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil plus Argentina correspond to three distinct taxonomic entities. Comparisons of results with those obtained from behavioural, karyotypic, isozyme and DNA studies suggest that sufficient evidence now exists to name a new Mexican species from within the A. fraterculus complex. This will be done in a separate publication. A provisional key to the morphotypes of A. fraterculus studied is provided.

Controle químico de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em laboratório

O efeito de quatro novos grupos químicos de inseticidas incluindo avermectina (benzoato de emamectina), éter piretróide (etofemprox), neoniconitnóide (imidacloprid, thiacloprid e thiamethoxan) e naturalyte (spinosad) foram avaliados em laboratório (25 ± 3ºC, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas), visando ao controle de adultos e ovos/larvas de Anastrepha fraterculus comparando-os com os fosforados fenthion e thrichlorphon. O benzoato de emamectina não foi eficiente no controle de adultos de A. fraterculus via contato e ingestão. O etofenprox, imidacloprid, spinosad e thiamethoxan foram eficientes no controle de adultos de A. fraterculus via contato e ingestão, proporcionando maior mortalidade via ingestão. Os novos inseticidas não provocaram mortalidade significativa de ovos/larvas de A. fraterculus localizados no interior de maçãs, enquanto que os fosforados fenthion e thrichlorphon resultaram em 100% de mortalidade das fases imaturas e adultos. Os novos inseticidas apresentam potencial para uso nas iscas tóxicas, substituindo os fosforados para o controle de adultos.

Ornithine decarboxylase activity during the development of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (EC 4.1.1.17) is very important for polyamine biosynthesis, which is required for main biological events. In the present study, ODC activity was measured in samples of Anastrepha fraterculus's egg, larva, pupa body and abdomen, adult body, ovaries, and fat body of young females, and in ovaries of mature flies. The kinetic parameters (Km app and Vmax) for ODC activity were determined for pupa, larva, and young ovary. ODC activity showed fluctuations during A. fraterculus's life development. In its earlier stages, prior to emergence, the egg has high ODC-specific activity probably due to embryogenesis, which is characterized by a high rate of cell division. This enzyme activity is also significantly high in the ovary and fat body of young females possibly related to the increased oogenesis and vitellogenesis. The kinetic parameters (Km app and Vmax) had great variation. Our results using GTP showed that the great variation in kinetic parameters can be accounted for by post-translational modifications.

Sexual Behavior and Mating Compatibility Among Four Populations of <I>Anastrepha fraterculus</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Argentina

Ongoing discussion on the taxonomic status of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and limited biological knowledge of this species emphasize a need for information on sexual behavior and mating compatibility among populations from different ecological regions. In this study, we studied four populations of A. fraterculus from different fruit-growing and biogeographical areas in Argentina, i.e., Yuto and Horco Molle from the northwest and Posadas and Concordia from the northeast. Pair-wise compatibility tests were performed for all possible combinations. Virgin males and females, in the proportion 1:1, were released into field cages containing a tangerine tree (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Sexual behavior was recorded in each cage. To determine the degree of mating compatibility between any two populations, sexual isolation indices and male and female performance indices were calculated. The values of the sexual isolation index did not differ statistically from the expected value (zero) under the assumption of random mating. This result indicates that A. fraterculus populations are fully mating compatible in Argentina, thus encouraging the application of the sterile insect technique to control this species in the region. Differences found between some populations in copulation duration and couple location in the cage suggest that variability might exist for these traits, requiring confirmation in the future.

Flutuação populacional de moscas-das-frutas em pomares de citros no oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil

As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera, Tephritidae) causam danos econômicos em muitas frutíferas. Para conhecer a flutuação populacional destas moscas em pomares de citros da região Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil, e estudar as interferências de fatores climáticos sobre estes insetos, cinco frascos "caça-mosca", tendo vinagre de vinho tinto a 25% como atrativo, foram semanalmente instalados em dois pomares de laranjeiras da variedade Valência, em Águas de Chapecó e Chapecó, no período de outubro de 1999 a setembro de 2001. As moscas capturadas nas armadilhas foram triadas no Laboratório de Fitossanidade da Epagri de Chapecó. Análises de correlação e regressão polinomial foram realizadas entre o número mensal de moscas do gênero Anastrepha e os dados mensais de precipitação pluviométrica, insolação, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e temperatura ambiente. Temperatura máxima e mínima mostraram interferir na população destas moscas mais do que os outros fatores climáticos. O número mensal acumulado de moscas capturadas foi submetido à análise de regressão não linear, que revelou picos de captura destes insetos de março a junho. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) predominou sobre outras espécies de moscas-das-frutas.

Opiine and Eucoiline (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae, respectively) parasitoids ofAnastrepha fraterculus(Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus orchard areas in Corrientes, northeastern Argentina

Anastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann), the South American fruit fly, andCeratitis capitata(Wiedemann), the Mediterranean fruit fly, are the only economically important Tephritidae species present in the citrus-growing areas in the province of Corrientes, northeastern Argentina. Both fruit fly species severely limit the export of fruit because of quarantine restrictions in importing countries. In this Argentinean region,C. capitatahas been reported mostly infesting cultivatedCitrusspecies such asC. sinensisL. (Osbeck) (Rutaceae) andC. paradisiMacfadyn (Rutaceae), whereasA. fraterculushas been found almost exclusively in wild guava (Psidium guajavaL. (Myrtaceae)), a wild host plant (Turica and Mallo 1961).

Nonhost Status of <I>Citrus sinensis</I> Cultivar Valencia and <I>C</I>. <I>paradisi</I> Cultivar Ruby Red to Mexican <I>Anastrepha fraterculus</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is recognized as a pest of citrus, apples, and blackberries in South America. In Mexico, it is mainly found in fruit of the family Myrtaceae and has never been reported infesting citrus. Here, we sought to determine whether females stemming from Mexican A. fraterculus populations (collected in the state of Veracruz) would lay eggs in 'Valencia' oranges and 'Ruby Red' grapefruit and, if so, whether larvae would hatch and develop. We worked under laboratory and seminatural conditions (i.e., gravid females released in fruit-bearing, bagged branches in a commercial citrus grove) and used Anastrepha ludens (Loew), a notorious pest of citrus, as a control species. Under laboratory conditions, A. ludens readily accepted both oranges and grapefruit as oviposition substrates, but A. fraterculus rarely oviposited in these fruit (but did so in guavas, a preferred host) and no larvae ever developed. Eggs were deposited in the toxic flavedo (A. fraterculus) and nontoxic albedo (A. ludens) regions. Field studies revealed that, as was the case in the laboratory, A. fraterculus rarely oviposited into oranges or grapefruit and that, when such was the case, either no larvae developed (oranges) or of the few (13) that developed and pupated (grapefruit), only two adults emerged that survived 1 and 3 d, respectively (5-17% of the time necessary to reach sexual maturity). In sharp contrast, grapefruit exposed to A. ludens yielded up to 937 pupae and adults survived for >6 mo. Therefore, the inability of Mexican A. fraterculus to successfully develop in citrus renders the status of Mexican A. fraterculus as a pest of citrus in Mexico as unsubstantiated.

Análise faunística de espécies de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) na região Oeste de Santa Catarina

Visando caracterizar os ecossistemas de árvores frutíferas da Região Oeste de Santa Catarina em relação às espécies de Tephritidae, realizou-se uma análise faunística em doze pomares de quatro municípios (Chapecó, Cunha Porã, São Carlos e Xanxerê). O levantamento foi feito entre outubro de 1998 e setembro de 2000, utilizando armadilhas tipo McPhail com glicose invertida a 10%. Para a caracterização dos municípios foram medidos os índices de abundância, constância, dominância e freqüência. Foram coletados 8.393 espécimes de moscas-das-frutas, pertencentes a 20 espécies e sete gêneros. No município de Chapecó foram amostradas 17 espécies de moscas-das-frutas, correspondendo ao índice de diversidade de 2,0, seguido por Cunha Porã, com dez espécies e índice de 1,5. Em Xanxerê o índice foi de 1,1 para oito espécies. O menor índice foi obtido em São Carlos (0,9), para sete espécies. Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) foi acidental na quase totalidade dos pomares onde ocorreu, com exceção apenas de um pomar de laranjeira de São Carlos, onde foi acessória. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) foi a espécie predominante nos quatro municípios.

Native and introduced host plants of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Argentina.

Wild or commercially grown, native and exotic fruit were collected in 30 localities in the Tucumán province (NW Argentina) from January 1990 to December 1995 to determine their status as hosts of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and/or Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the only two fruit fly species of economic and quarantine importance in Argentina. A total of 84,094 fruit (3,466.1 kg) representing 33 species (7 native and 26 exotic) in 15 plant families were sampled. We determined the following 17 host plant associations: Annona cherimola Miller (Annonaceae), Citrus paradisi Macfadyn (Rutaceae), Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae), Eugenia uniflora L., Psidium guajava L., Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand (Myrtaceae), Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), Juglans australis Grisebach (Juglandaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Prunus armeniaca L., P. domestica L., and P. persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) were infested by both A. fraterculus and C. capitata. Citrus aurantium L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), and Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) were only infested by Ceratitis capitata. Out of a total of 99,627 adults that emerged from pupae, 69,180 (approximately 69.5%) were Anastrepha fraterculus, 30,138 (approximately 30.2%) were C. capitata, and 309 (approximately 0.3%) were an unidentified Anastrepha species. Anastrepha fraterculus predominated in native plant species while C. capitata did so in introduced species. Infestation rates (number of larvae/kg of fruit) varied sharply from year to year and between host plant species (overall there was a significant negative correlation between fruit size and infestation level). We provide information on fruiting phenology of all the reported hosts and discuss our findings in light of their practical (e.g., management of A. fraterculus and C. capitata in citrus groves) implications.

Karyotypic and molecular identification of laboratory stocks of the South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The taxonomic status of the tephritid pest Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) is a controversial subject, mainly because of misinterpretation of the observed genetic variation. In this work, the different karyotypes and DNA polymorphism of a geographically defined population from Northeastern Argentina were studied, using derived stocks maintained in the laboratory during 25 generations. The karyotypes were analyzed using C-banding and N-banding techniques, while DNA analysis was performed through the DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The variants isolated from both the wild Montecarlo population and the derived laboratory stocks were fully compatible and are present in other wild populations from South Brazil (lat 31 degrees 30' S) to Mid-Argentina (lat 34 degrees 30' S). Single-pair crosses among stocks carrying different chromosomal variants demonstrated the absence of isolation barriers. The polymorphic fragments isolated by RAPDs/PCR showed polymorphisms among stocks whereas the analysis of rDNA ITS1 exhibit a unique ITS1 length. Our results seem to indicate that all the examined variants belong to a single species with extended polymorphism and therefore do not support the hypothesis that the extended chromosomal polymorphism in A. fraterculus implies the existence of a complex of cryptic species.

Karyotypic and Molecular Identification of Laboratory Stocks of the South American Fruit Fly <I>Anastrepha fraterculus</I> (Wied) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Karyotypic and Molecular Identification of Laboratory Stocks of the South American Fruit Fly <I>Anastrepha fraterculus</I> (Wied) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Indigenous parasitoids (Hymenoptera) attacking Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in native and exotic host plants in Northwestern Argentina

Abstract We collected 16 species of wild and cultivated fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) host plants over a 5-year period (1991–1995) in the province of Tucuman, Northwestern Argentina, with the aim of determining: (1) relative abundance and variations in native parasitoid abundance over time, (2) parasitoid associations with C. capitata / A. fraterculus host plants, and (3) parasitoid guild composition in native and exotic hosts. The fruit species surveyed included the following native (3) and exotic (13) plants: Juglans australis Grisebach (Juglandaceae), Eugenia uniflora L., and Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand (Myrtaceae) (all native species); Annona cherimola Miller (Annonaceae), Citrus aurantium L., C. paradisi Macfadyen, C. reticulata Blanco, C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), Prunus armeniaca L., P. domestica L., P. persica (L.) Batsch, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae), Diospyros kaki L. (Ebenaceae), Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), and Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) (all exotic fruits). Of these, only J. australis , P. persica , P. armeniaca , P. domestica , E. uniflora , M. pungens , and P. guajava harbored parasitoids. A total of 13,926 native larval–pupal parasitoids representing five species in two families were obtained. Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) (Braconidae: Opiinae) and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brethes) (Figitidae: Eucoilinae) represented 61.5 and 27.9%, respectively, of all recovered parasitoids. The other three species, Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szepligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and Opius bellus Gahan (all Braconidae: Opiinae), represented 9.2, 1.2, and 0.3%, respectively, of the total parasitoid number. Of the latter five parasitoid species, only D. areolatus and A. pellenaroi exhibited diapause. A. pelleranoi was significantly more abundant in guava and peach samples gathered from the ground than in samples collected from the trees. The fly species recovered were Anastrepha fraterculus , Ceratitis capitata , and Anastrepha sp. representing 76.3, 23.2, and 0.5%, respectively, of all emerged adults. Parasitization levels varied according to fruit type and year and ranged between 3.1 and 19.2%. Highest parasitism rates were recorded in “feral” P. guajava and P. persica (both exotic) and the native E. uniflora , which was one of the smallest fruits sampled. In exotic fruits such as M. indica L., A. cherimola , and Citrus spp. (all over 150 g) and E. japonica , F. carica , and D. kaki (all less than 89 g) not a single parasitoid was obtained over the 5-year study period. We discuss our findings in light of their biological relevance (e.g., lack of C. capitata parasitism by native braconid parasitoids) and their practical implications.

First record of Coptera haywardi Loiácono (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) as a parasitoid of fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Brazil

This study reports the first occurrence of Coptera haywardi Loiácono as a pupal parasitoid of fruit-infesting Tephritidae in Brazil. We reared this diapriid from fruits of Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) infested by Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and/or Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi. We also identified two other species of pupal parasitoids: Pachrycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani and Spalangia endius Walker (Pteromalidae). Four species of larval-pupal parasitoids were also recorded: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck), Opius bellus Gahan (Braconidae) and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Figitidae).

Flutuação populacional de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera, Tephritidae) na Região Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Fruit flies are the major pests in fruit orchards and require a frequent insecticide aplication control, which increases production cost and chemical residues in fruits. Adults of Anastrepha fraterculus were sampled from twelve peach, plum, orange, tangerine and acid lime orchards in four counties in the Western Region of Santa Catarina. Modified McPhail plastic traps, baited with glucose 10%, were used to collect the flies from October 1998 to September 2000. Trap monitoring, bait replacement and fruit flies sorting by species and sex were done weekly. A total of 4,164 specimens of A. fraterculus was collected and highest population was registered in the county of Chapeco (64,8% of all sampled flies). Adults were collected all year long, with the highest population peaks occurring from December and January, although the fluctuation was different for each fruit species due to their particular phenology and in different years. Positive correlation among temperature, atmospheric humidity and population levels of adults of A. fraterculus was observed. According to the degree days obtained for each year, 4851.9, 4632.9 and 4983.7, respectively in 1998, 1999 and 2000, it was established that A. fraterculus could present an average of 11.2 generations a year.

The effects of constant and alternating temperatures on the reproductive potential, life span, and life expectancy of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Ovarian development, oviposition, larval eclosion, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, ovarian, testis and ejaculatory apodeme measurements (length, width, and area), and the number of spermatozoa of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) were analyzed at alternating (20 degrees/6 degrees C and 20 degrees/13 degrees C) and constant (6 degrees C; 25 degrees C) temperatures. Life span and life expectancy were also analyzed for both genders. All the results suggest that temperature, especially alternating temperatures, increase not only male and female reproductive potential but also their life span and life expectancy. These changes can be a powerful strategy triggered by A. fraterculus as a means to survive the stressful temperature conditions found in winter in the apple production region in Brazil, enabling this species to increase its population density and cause apple damage when spring begins.

Species Diversity of Frugivorous Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea) from Hosts in the Cerrado of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Thirty-five fruit species were sampled in seven municipalities located in the cerrado of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (January 1993 to March 1997) in a study to evaluate the infestation by frugivorous flies. Species of six genera of Tephritoidea were reared from 29 host fruits: Anastrepha Schiner, Ceratitis MacLeay (Tephritidae); Dasiops Rondani, Lonchaea Fallen, Neosilba McAlpine, (Lonchaeidae) and Notogramma Loew (Otitidae). Fruit flies (Tephritidae) were found in 19 host fruits and were represented by 11 species: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, Anastrepha n. sp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). From Lonchaeidae were reared: Dasiops inedulis Steyskal, Dasiops spp., Lonchaea spp., Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine and Neosilba spp. The species of Neosilba were the most abundant, occourring in 22 host fruits. Notogramma was the only genus of Otitidae obtained. The association between frugivorous flies and the fruit species is discussed.