Analytical-scale Supercritical Fluid Extraction Research Articles

On the Enhanced Accuracy of Kinetic Curve Building in Supercritical Fluid Extraction from Aroma Plants Using a New 3D-Printed Extract Collection Device.

Accurate collection of extracted material represents a technical problem in supercritical fluid extraction because trapping should be performed in severe conditions of rapidly moving and freezing expanded fluid. We have developed a simple device for effective sample collection in analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction. The device consists of a cyclone separator equipped with a spray trap and a heated check valve. The cyclone separator and spray trap are manufactured from a light polymer via 3D printing and are quick-detachable, which encourages its use in applications where mass yield measurements are required. The device was compared to a standard tubing-and-vial approach in the task of building kinetic curves for the extraction from two aroma plants, namely, laurel and rosemary. The new device showed almost two-fold increase in extraction trapping, most probably due to better collection of volatile compounds. A curious effect of the number of mass measurement points per curve on apparent yield was observed. An increase in the number of points led to an increase in yield, probably due to the effect of the static–dynamic extract regime posed by the manner in which the device is used.

Preparation of High-quality Glabridin Extract from Glycyrrhiza glabra

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using cosolvent-modified supercritical carbon dioxide and a two-step separation/purification method was investigated as a way to improve the purity of glabridin, one of the many bioactive components of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). The SFE parameters were optimized using an analytical-scale SFE system in the temperature range 40–80°C and the pressure range 10–50 MPa. The extraction was then scaled up by 100 times using a preparative SFE system under the following set of optimized conditions: 40°C, 30 MPa, and SCCO2 modified with ethanol equivalent to its 25% (v/v) concentration. The glabridin purity obtained through the scaled-up SFE system was 6.2%, a much higher level than that obtained through organic solvent extraction. The licorice extract obtained by scaling up the SFE system was isolated and purified by applying alcohol precipitation/ filtration and adsorption chromatography with 80% aqueous ethanol to obtain a purer product. It was confirmed that the glabridin purity of the final extract product was increased by up to 37%, without significant loss of glabridin after two separation/purification steps.

Determination of anabolic steroids in creatine nutritional supplements after supercritical fluid extraction

The effects of various parameters, i.e. extraction pressure, temperature, time, and modifier on the efficiency of extraction were investigated using an analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction system. An optimal set of conditions for the extraction and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyl derivatives of 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, nandrolone, and testosterone in nutritional supplements was developed. The optimum amount of creatine supplement was 1 g, while the optimum pressure and temperature were determined to be 35 MPa and 80 °C, respectively. The optimum dynamic extraction time was 45 min. The limit of detection (LOD) of the investigated compounds ranged from 5 to 25 ng · g−1 of supplement, while recoveries ranged from 76.1 to 86.6%.

An efficient method for extraction, separation and purification of eugenol from Eugenia caryophyllata by supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of eugenol from Eugenia caryophyllata was performed. The optimization of parameters was carried out using an analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction system. Then the extraction was scaled up by 60× using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 50 °C, 30 MPa and a sample particle size of 40–60 mesh. The yield of the preparative SFE was 17.1% and the yield of eugenol was 94 mg/g of dry buds. Eugenol in the extract was separated and purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.5:1:0.5, v/v). From 1.5 g of crude extract, 804 mg of eugenol was obtained at 98.5% purity as determined by HPLC.

Orthogonal test design for optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of daphnoretin, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin and 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone from Stellera chamaejasme L. and subsequent isolation by high-speed counter-current chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of daphnoretin, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin and 1,5-diphenyl-1- pentanone from Stellera chamaejasme L. was performed. An orthogonal L 9 (3) 4 test design was applied to select the optimum extraction parameters including pressure, temperature, modifier and sample particle size on yield using an analytical-scale SFE system. The process was then scaled up by 100 times using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 25 MPa of pressure, 45 °C of temperature, 40–60 mesh of sample particle size and modified CO 2 with 20% methanol. The yield of the crude extract from preparative SFE was 2.65%, which contained daphnoretin 25.2%, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin 22.8% and 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone 21.1%, respectively. Then the crude extract was successfully isolated and separated by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (10:13:13:10, v/v) by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml/min after 90 min. The target compounds isolated and purified by HSCCC were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The separation produced total of 69.2 mg of daphnoretin at 99.2% purity, 63.4 mg of 7-methoxy-daphnoretin at 98.7% purity and 58.3 mg of 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone at 98.1% purity from 300 mg of the crude extract in one-step separation. The recoveries of daphnoretin, 7-methoxy-daphnoretin and 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone were 90.8, 91.5 and 90.4%, respectively, in HSCCC isolation step and the chemical structure identification was carried out by MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.

Efficient new method for extraction and isolation of three flavonoids from Patrinia villosa Juss. by supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of orotinin, orotinin-5-methyl ether and licoagrochalcone B from Patrinia villosa was performed. The optimization of parameters including pressure, temperature, modifier and sample particle size on yield was carried out using an analytical-scale SFE system. The process was then scaled up by 100 times using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 25 MPa, 45 °C, a sample particle size 40–60 mesh and modified CO 2 with 20% methanol. The yield of the preparative SFE was 2.82% (crude extract I) and the combined yield of orotinin, orotinin-5-methyl ether and licoagrochalcone B was 0.82 mg/g of dry sample mass. Then the crude extract I was re-dissolved in methanol and methanol soluble fraction (crude extract II, 0.17%) was obtained, which was successfully isolated and separated by a preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:6:6:6, v/v/v/v) by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml/min after 3 h. The target compounds isolated and purified by HSCCC were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The separation produced total of 38.2 mg of orotinin at 99.2% purity, 19.8 mg of orotinin-5-methyl ether at 98.5% purity and 21.5 mg of licoagrochalcone B at 97.6% purity from 400 mg of the crude extract in a one-step separation. The recoveries of orotinin, orotinin-5-methyl ether and licoagrochalcone B were 91.1, 91.6 and 90.3%, respectively, and the chemical structure identification was carried out by UV, IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.

Supercritical fluid extraction of aurentiamide acetate from Patrinia villosa Juss and subsequent isolation by silica gel and high-speed counter-current chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of aurentiamide acetate from Patrinia villosa Juss was performed. The optimization of parameters was carried out using an analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system. Then the extraction was scaled up by 100 times using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 55 °C, 35 MPa and modified CO 2 with 10% methanol. Then, the crude extract I obtained by SFE was chromatographed on silica gel and the solvent system composed of petroleum ether–ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v) was used to produce the crude extract II, which was further isolated and purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:1.2:1.2:1, v/v/v/v). One hundred fifty-five milligrams of aurentiamide acetate was obtained from 400 mg crude extract II (contained 42% target) with a purity of 99.3% determined by HPLC and 92.3% recovery in one-step elution, and identification was performed by UV, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. As far as we know, this is the first report of discovering aurentiamide acetate from the plant of Patrinia genius.

An efficient new method for extraction, separation and purification of psoralen and isopsoralen from Fructus Psoraleae by supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography

Psoralen and isopsoralen were extracted from Fructus Psoraleae ( Psoralea corylitolia L.) by supercritical CO 2. The effect of various parameters, i.e., pressure, temperature and sample particle size on yield was investigated with an analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system to find the optimal conditions. The process was then scaled up by 50 times with a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of pressure (26 MPa), temperature (60 °C) and a sample particle size of 40–60 mesh. The yield of the preparative SFE was 9.1% and the combined yield of psoralen and isopsoralen was 2.5 mg/g of dry seeds. Psoralen and isopsoralen in the extract were separated and purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.7:1:0.8, v/v), and the fractions were analyzed by HPLC, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The structures of the products were further confirmed by comparison with authentic samples (National Institute of the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, China).

Comparison of supercritical fluid and Soxhlet extractions for the quantification of hydrocarbons from Euphorbia macroclada

This study compares conventional Soxhlet extraction and analytical scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for their yields in extracting of hydrocarbons from arid-land plant Euphorbia macroclada. The plant material was firstly sequentially extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide, modified with 10% methanol (v/v) in the optimum conditions that is a pressure of 400 atm and a temperature of 50 °C and then it was sonicated in methylene chloride for an additional 4 h. E. macroclada was secondly extracted by using a Soxhlet apparatus at 30 °C for 8 h in methylene chloride. The validated SFE was then compared to the extraction yield of E. macroclada with a Soxhlet extraction by using the Student’s t-test at the 95% confidence level. All of extracts were fractionated with silica-gel in a glass column to get better hydrocarbon yields. Thus, the highest hydrocarbons yield from E. macroclada was achieved with SFE (5.8%) when it compared with Soxhlet extractions (1.1%). Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed to determine the quantitative hydrocarbons from plant material. The greatest quantitative hydrocarbon recovery from GC was obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extract (0.6 mg g −1).

Supercritical fluid extraction of grape seed oil and subsequent separation of free fatty acids by high-speed counter-current chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of grape seed oil was performed to study the effect of various parameters such as pressure, temperature and the particle size of the sample on the yield and composition of oil using an analytical-scale SFE system. Then the extraction was scaled up by 125 times using a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of high pressure (30–40 MPa) and low temperature (35–40 °C) with medium particle size (20–40 mesh). The maximum yield of the oil can reach 6.2% with pure supercritical CO 2 and 4.0% more oil can be obtained by adding 10% of ethanol as modifier. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFSs) make up about 70% in the oil on the basis of free fatty acids. The grape seed oil was then subjected to separation and purification for free fatty acids after saponification by high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). The separation of 1.0 g of oil can yield about 430 mg pure linoleic acid at 99% purity. The fatty acids were analyzed by HPLC–ELSD.

Supercritical fluid extraction of catechins from Cratoxylum prunifolium Dyer and subsequent purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography

Supercritical fluid extraction of tea catechins including epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin-3- O-gallate (ECG) from Cratoxylum prunifolium Dyer was performed. The optimization of parameters was carried out using an analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system designed in our laboratory. Then the extraction was scaled up by 100 times using a preparative SFE system under a set of optimized conditions of 40°C, 25 MPa and modified CO 2 with 80% ethanol aqueous solution. The combined yield of EGCG and ECG reached about 1 mg per 1 g of tea leaves where the solubility was near 1.4×10 −4 mass fraction of CO 2 fluid. EGCG and ECG of high purity (>98%) were obtained from the crude preparative extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Supercritical fluid extraction of the pesticides carbosulfan and imidacloprid from process dust waste.

Large amounts of contaminated process dust remain from the procedure of pesticide treatments applied to seed pellets. A pilot study in analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was performed to determine the possibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide for the extraction of the nonpolar insecticide carbosulfan and the more polar insecticide imidacloprid present in contaminated dust waste, at concentrations of up to 20% (w/w). The effects of various experimental conditions, such as temperature, flow rate, and addition of modifier, on the recovery of the analytes were evaluated by extracting the pesticides both from spiked support material and from real dust samples. It was found that carbosulfan could easily be extracted from the dust waste within 30 min at 138 bar and 40 degrees C with a recovery of 98.9% (RSD = 2.3%, n = 10), compared to values obtained with a validated liquid extraction method. A sufficient removal of the more polar substance imidacloprid required the addition of a modifier, and the results showed a strong dependence of the extraction efficiency on the choice of modifier. Extractions at 276 bar and 80 degrees C with a solvent consisting of supercritical carbon dioxide modified with methanol (5%) gave a recovery of 97.0% (RSD = 3.6%, n = 10) using a 40 min extraction time. The results indicate that it seems to be possible to use process-scale SFE for the decontamination of pesticides from dust waste. The conditions outlined also permit analytical determinations of the two insecticides based on a combination of SFE and liquid chromatography.

In-line catalytic purification of carbon dioxide used in analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction analyses are often compromised by trace impurities present in the solvent carbon dioxide. These impurities, commonly used as lubricants in the specialty gas industry, can produce significant background levels, increasing limits of detection and quantification. This problem is especially severe when electron capture detection (ECD) is used for trace concentrations of analytes (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides). In this study, an in-line catalyst-based purification system was successfully employed to remove ECD-responsive contaminants from CO2. Low-purity (98%) "Bone Dry" CO2 was purified to levels cleaner than a very-high-purity grade of CO2 specified at less than 10 ppt ECD-responsive contaminants. Purification was successfully applied to extremely sensitive on-column experiments as well as higher flow rate off-line experiments. In addition to lowering limits of detection and quantification, significant cost savings can be realized by purifying inexpensive, low-purity CO2 instead of relying on much more expensive, prepurified CO2.

超臨界流体抽出法を応用した環境試料分析

超臨界流体抽出法を応用した環境試料分析

Sulfur removal from coal by analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) under pyrolysis conditions

Sulfur removal methods were developed using analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) under pyrolysis (450 °C) conditions on a bituminous coal sample (IBC-101) obtained from the Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program (IBCSP) and on physically cleaned Indiana No. 3 coal samples from AMAX Research and Development Center. Approximately one-half of the total sulfur was removed from IBC-101 using supercritical CO 2 (40.53 MPa) under pyrolysis-SFE conditions. Using on-line SFE gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFE-g.c.-m.s.), the major organic sulfur forms removed by pyrolysis-SFE were identified as alkyl-thiophenes (C 0-C 5). When phosphoric acid was added to the coal prior to pyrolysis-SFE, about 80% of the total sulfur was removed from both coals regardless of whether the sulfatic sulfur, or both the sulfatic and pyritic sulfur, were removed (by HCl and HNO 3 extraction, respectively) prior to pyrolysis-SFE. These results demonstrate that the major fraction of sulfatic, pyritic and organic sulfur were extracted in the presence of phosphoric acid. In contrast, pyrolysis-SFE with CO 2-methanol appears to preferentially extract organic sulfur species, since only about 60% of the total sulfur was removed from the raw coal by pyrolysis-SFE using CO 2 modified with 10% methanol, while about 80% of the total sulfur was extracted if the sulfatic and pyritic sulfur were removed prior to extraction.

Role of Modifiers for Analytical-Scale Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Environmental Samples

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRole of Modifiers for Analytical-Scale Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Environmental SamplesJohn J. Langenfeld, Steven B. Hawthorne, David J. Miller, and Janusz. PawliszynCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 6, 909–916Publication Date (Print):March 15, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 March 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00078a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views398Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction of aflatoxin B1 from field-inoculated corn

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction of aflatoxin B1 from field-inoculated cornScott L. Taylor, Jerry W. King, John L. Richard, and Judith I. GreerCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 6, 910–913Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00030a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views151Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (489 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Sulfur removal from coal by analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction

Sulfur removal from coal by analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction of polar analytes using in situ chemical derivatization

Analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of polar organics from solid samples was enhanced by derivatizing the analytes to less polar under static SFE conditions using reagents including trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide and boron trifluoride in methanol. After derivatization, the analytes were extracted with CO 2 using standard SFE techniques and analyzed without additional treatment using conventional capillary GC

Supercritical fluid extraction of polymer additives for use in biocompatibility testing

AbstractBiocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. This response is poorly understood and so there exist inconsistencies in test results both between different laboratories and within the same laboratory. Standard reference materials and test protocols are essential.Analytical‐scale supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been investigated as a potential standard test protocol for obtaining additives from polymer matrices. These extracts have been analysed for in‐vitro cytotoxicity using standard cell culture techniques whose clinical relevance has already been established.