Analytical Apparatus Research Articles

СТАН МОСТОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ НА ДОРОГАХ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ЗНАЧЕННЯ НА ПІДКОНТРОЛЬНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ЗА 2023 РІК

Introduction. Bridges are important critical infrastructure facilities; they play a key role in economic development and ensure the security of regions and the state as a whole. During the period of martial law, bridges became an important element of the country's defense capability, as well as routes for humanitarian evacuation and export logistics. To make effective management decisions at the level of the State Agency for the Restoration and Development of Infrastructure of Ukraine in the field of bridge management, the Analytical Expert Bridge Management System (AESUM) software package is being implemented. Problem statement. In connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, ensuring the proper functioning of the bridge sector has become of great social importance, since the availability of sustainable transport links allows to ensure the vital activity of the population and the functioning of the state under martial law. It is also important to improve the strategy of operation of transport facilities, taking into account the scientific and analytical apparatus of the AESUM software package. Objective. Implementation of an effective strategy for the operation of bridges on highways in order to plan financial resources for their repair and maintenance. Providing the general public with up-to-date statistical information on bridges from AESUM will be useful for scientific and practical purposes, and identifying certain analytical trends will allow to improve AESUM in terms of forming a strategy for the operation of transport facilities. Materials and methods. Analytical, statistical, system analysis. Results. The paper presents analytical and statistical information on transport facilities on public roads of national importance in the controlled territories of Ukraine as of the end of 2023. Certain trends have been identified and the technical condition of transport facilities has been focused on.

Разработка методики формирования подсистемы мониторинга и управления сети электроснабжения метрополитена

Objective: consider the development of modern concepts of IoT and Smart grid from the point of view of effective implementation on existing production facilities, in particular, on the metro power supply network. Show the need to develop a scientific and methodological apparatus for the formation of intelligent monitoring and control subsystems, taking into account the introduction of new developments into existing complexes. Determine the features of the metro power supply network and its monitoring and subsystems, indicating development paths taking into account existing new technologies. Develop a methodology for forming a 
 subsystem for monitoring and managing the metro power supply network. Methods: analysis of structures for constructing intelligent monitoring and control subsystems according to modern concepts; analysis of existing monitoring and control subsystems of the metro power supply network. When developing the methodology, semi-Markov models are used to simulate the functioning and recovery processes, and an empirical mode decomposition method is proposed for processing monitoring data. Results: a methodology has been developed for forming a subsystem for monitoring and controlling the metro power supply network. A model and analytical apparatus is proposed for modeling the processes of functioning and recovery and for carrying out work with diagnostic data. A list of method parameters has been generated. Practical importance: the proposed methodology for forming a subsystem for monitoring and controlling the power supply network makes it possible to substantiate the necessary composition, structure and requirements for diagnostic and control tools. This methodology can be applied in the development of new multi-parameter metro complexes, in the formation of justifications for modernization and sections of technical specifications and requirements.

Application peculiarities of operational calculus for dynamic calculations of systems with delay

The main mathematical apparatus used for the analysis and synthesis of optimal automatic control algorithms is the operational calculus based on the Laplace transform. It is a very convenient and powerful tool for dynamic calculations of linear stationary systems, based on a universal analytical mathematical apparatus with all known advantages of formulaic (analytical, symbolic) methods over numerical methods. Unfortunately, operational calculus cannot be directly applied in the presence of a delay in the negative feedback circuit, because there is no direct analytical (as a formula) solution to such a problem. However, this case is the main one for practice. It is the delay that is the decisive factor that limits the quality of regulation and the margin of stability. Therefore, practical calculations are inevitably complicated by the use of numerical methods at some stages of calculation with all their typical disadvantages (only the analysis of a specific numerical problem is possible, it is impossible to obtain general conclusions, solve the problem of synthesis, it is necessary to process large numerical arrays, while problems arise with the accumulation of calculation errors, etc.). The purpose of the system of automatic control, including when there is a delay in the feedback loop. It is proposed to replace the irrational transfer function of delay e-p·tau with the approximate rational formula 1/(tau/m·p + 1)m. The value of the order of approximation m is recommended to be 8 – 10 for calculations of optimal operating modes and 80 – 100 for calculations of modes near the stability limit. The estimated error of the transient process from such a replacement does not exceed 2%. The result of the calculation will be obtained in an analytical form (as a high-order formula). Performing calculations in a symbolic formulaic form is a feature of operational calculus. Modern computer tools for automating algebraic transformations (MathCad, MathLab, etc.) allow to operate with formulas of a very high order without problems.

FRET-Based Host-Guest Supramolecular Probe for On-Site and Broad-Spectrum Detection of Pyrethroids in the Environment.

The massive use of pyrethroid pesticides in agriculture has brought growing concerns about food safety due to their several harmful effects on human health, especially through the accumulation of the food chain. To date, most of the available analytical methods for pyrethroids still suffer from insufficient detection universality, complicated sample pretreatment, and detection processes, which severely limit their practical applications. Herein, a novel Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-assisted host-guest supramolecular nanoassembly is reported, for the first time, successfully realizing ratiometric fluorescent detection of pyrethroids in real samples through the indicator displacement assay (IDA) mechanism. This method is capable of detecting a broad spectrum of pyrethroids, including bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox, fenvalerate, and permethrin, with ultrahigh detection sensitivity, great selectivity, high anti-interference ability, and, in particular, distinct emission color response from red to green. Such a large chromatic response makes this method available for fast and on-site detection of pyrethroids in real samples with the aid of several simple portable analytical apparatuses.

LITERATURE STUDENTS’ MANUAL FOR EAP WRITING: A SURVEY OF INTERPRETATIVE PRACTICES AND MOVEMENTS IN LITERARY CRITICISM

The practice of teaching Methodology of scientific research, the obligatory course for PhD literature students of Foreign Philology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš, has showed that one of the frequent shortcomings in the process of creating a well-equipped literary scholar represents the lack of adequate knowledge regarding the mere purpose of literary criticism, its interpretative practices, methods and movements. Thus, the most important task of a literary instructor is to offer basic scientific insights into the previously mentioned matter, establish firm initial grounds and prepare students for further acquisition of diverse literary specificities. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to offer a brief survey of methods and movements in literary criticism that may serve as a starting point in the critical analysis of a literary work. Before focusing on the survey itself, diverse definitions of literary criticism are presented in the first part of the article. In the next segment, four most common interpretative practices in literary criticism (close reading, contextual analysis, the application of a critical approach, and social critique) are discussed. The last part of the article depicts and shortly explains some major contemporary schools of critical analysis, most frequently used in literature courses at the university level. The theoretical framework of the study relies on the valuable insights mainly of Rapaport, and then Richards, Brooks, Warren, Selden, Widdowson and Brooker. We finally argue that the obtained theoretical knowledge of literary criticism particularities represents a solid ground for developing an analytic apparatus for EAP writing.

ACHIEVING THE REQUIRED MACHINING ACCURACY BY CORRECTING ERRORS USING VARIABLES OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Nowadays, the machine-building complex is actively saturated with high-tech equipment, without which an enterprise cannot enter the global market or keep up with its competitors. And it's not just about using systems with artificial intelligence elements as scientific and technical solutions to improve quality and reduce production costs. It is also about reducing the time required to prepare products for production and bringing them to the consumer ahead of schedule. Today, the most preferred method in the competitive struggle is to equip CAD/CAM production with computer-aided design systems. With their help, engineering and technology services cannot only design models of new products but also generate CNC control software for manufacturing parts on CNC machines. At the same time, program frames composed in G-codes have several drawbacks, the main one being a "rigid" algorithm of action, i.e., the lack of variability for final solutions when the required accuracy is achieved by correcting the numerical values of the coordinates of the points of formation of individual surfaces in the PC. In this case, the operator largely intuitively corrects individual program frames based on his or her own experience, which is almost impossible without appropriate calculations for controllers with linear-circular and angular motions. In addition, after some such changes, the program loses its geometric adequacy to the part drawing, and by correcting one element of the shaped profile, we invariably violate the laws of contact with neighboring elements specified in the drawing. The paper considers the analytical geometry apparatus that allows a line on a double curvature surface, the theoretical trajectory of tool movement, to be represented not as a set of scalar points but in a vector representation, considering its possible torsion. This approach is ensured by parametric programming with computational frames of point coordinates and logical transitions, determining the angles of inclination of the cutter axis relative to the normal to the surface in the case of multi-axis machining. However, the main advantage of this method is the ability to correct processing errors not by local changes in the numerical values of the coordinates, but by introducing correction coefficients into the equation of the shape formation trajectory - reactors for the appearance of errors in the shape or location of surfaces, arising, for example, from elastic movements. The value of the coefficients per group of personnel can be set in the process of research and industrial production and change depending on the properties of the blanks. For example, according to the current standards, variations in hardness of up to 10-12% were allowed for the blanks of rolling mill rolls. The article presents the experimental data of the research of the correction task in a parametric form and the results of their application for machining parts with radius cutters in real production..

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ СЫПУЧЕЙ СМЕСИ В ПНЕВМОСЕПАРАТОРЕ

The paper analyzes classification of crushed substances in high quality food production. The problem in the focus is the lack of analytical apparatus for calculating operating parameters of equipment for food processing. At the same time, the authors propose physical and mathematical model of maximum close to description of real mechanical process in quantitative analysis of crushed mixture classification. The article studies quantitative modeling of separation particle mixtures process in working volume of a pneumatic separator. The data obtained correspond to physical meaning of process under study and, accordingly, it established possibility of loose mixtures classifying based on pneumatic separator.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОЦЕССА СЕДИМЕНТАЦИИ ВЗВЕСИ В РОТОРЕ ЦЕНТРИФУГИ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ

The present paper quantitatively investigates special aspects of the sediment skeleton formation from sucrose crystals and their fragments there of precipitation on the rotor shell of a filtering centrifuge of periodic action (PCPA) as a result of processing of first fillmass into the action field of centrifugal forces. In order to correctly predict the process, it is obvious that it is important not only to understand it correctly, but also requires computational analytical apparatus, taking into account the aspects of massecuite centrifugation process. The study proposes a quantitative analysis technique, based on the physical mechanical and geometric parameters of sucrose crystals precipitation from first fillmass on sieve (perforated) surface of the rotor of a periodic filter centrifuge. Based on the proposed physical and mathematical model of particle motion kinetics numerical analysis is performed of the object of study on calculation of centrifuge performance and the nature of stratification of the solid phase in the formed precipitate as a result of centrifugal processing from crystalline white sugar crystals on the surface of the rotor.

Practical dimension of issues related to assessing the reliability of sources and the trustworthiness of data and information

The phases of preparation, analysis, integration, initial interpretation of data and intelligence are relatively widely described in the literature. Only the field of assessing the certainty of sources and the reliability of data and intelligence has not kept pace with the development of other elements in the domain of information operations. In view of the increasing intensity of activities carried out by potential adversaries, the methods, techniques and tools currently in use should be critically evaluated and their limitations identified, and attempts should be made to develop and implement new processes and procedures. Above all, the capacity to prepare and communicate increasingly accurate assessments of the certainty of sources and the reliability of data and information must be enhanced. Therefore, it is necessary to: quantify the accuracy of the information, prepare new procedures and software, study the degree of information redundancy, its completeness and level of diagnosticity. Acquisition and analytical apparatus staff must be aware of existing limitations and search for ways to solve problems. Such a search should not focus on one-size-fits-all methods, but on a pragmatic approach to each element.

Classical Realism in World Politics. Précis to a Symposium

Abstract This paper introduces some of the major themes of An Unwritten Future: Realism and Uncertainty in World Politics, and provides a short illustration of how the analytical apparatus elaborated there can offer fruitful insights into understanding enduring puzzles in international relations. An Unwritten Future explores, illuminates and interrogates Classical Realism, an approach to the study of world politics that is contrasted with Structural Realism and with the ‘hyper-rationalist’ perspective associated with the ‘Rationalist Explanations for War’ school of thought. It elucidates the fundamental flaws of those two highly influential paradigms, and explains why Classical Realism, with its emphasis on what Structural Realism and Hyper-rationalism forbid—content, purpose, history, and irreducible uncertainty—provides a more promising and productive point of departure for students of international relations.

Paper-Based Analytical Device Based on Potentiometric Transduction for Sensitive Determination of Phenobarbital.

In medicine, barbiturates are a class of depressive medications used as hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics. For the treatment of specific forms of epilepsy and seizures in young children in underdeveloped countries, the World Health Organization recommends phenobarbital (PBAR), a barbiturate drug. This review describes the fabrication and characterization of a paper-based analytical apparatus for phenobarbital detection that is straightforward, affordable, portable, and disposable. All of the solid-state ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for PBAR as well as a Ag/AgCl reference electrode were constructed and optimized on a nonconductive paper substrate. Using carbon nanotube ink, the sensors were made to function as an ion-to-electron transducer and to make the paper conductive. A suitable polymeric membrane is drop-cast onto the surface of the carbon ink orifice. The pyrido-tetrapeptide and pyrido-hexapeptide derivatives, which were recently synthesized, functioned as distinct ionophores in the PBAR-membrane sensor, enabling its detection. With a detection limit of 5.0 × 10-7 M, the manufactured analytical device demonstrated a Nernstian response to PBAR anions in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.5, over a linear range of 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-3 M. The PBAR-based sensors showed quick (less than 5 s) response times for PBAR ion detection. The modified separate solution method was utilized to evaluate the selectivity pattern of these novel ionophores with respect to PBAR ions in comparison to other common anions. The analytical instrument that was exhibited on paper had good precision both within and between days. The suggested technology assisted in the detection of trace amounts of PBAR in real pharmaceutical samples. A comparison was made between the data acquired using the HPLC reference method and the information obtained by the recommended potentiometric approach. The described paper-based analytical device may be a good choice for point-of-care PBAR determination because it is cheap and easy to find and can self-pump (especially when combined with potentiometric detection).

Organizational and Technological Platform for Monolithic Construction Using Pneumatic Formwork

Introduction: The active implementation of digital technologies in various fields, including in the construction industry, leads to the development of technological platforms to sell multiple products. The study examines the prerequisites for the formation of an organizational and technological platform for monolithic construction using pneumatic formwork, which is a set of material and labor resources and organizational and technological solutions that, through their consolidation with modern digital technologies, allow the implementation of construction projects with specified technical and economic requirements. This study aims to systematize various production and construction solutions, presenting them as a unified organizational and technological system that allows for achieving optimal criteria for construction products. Materials and methods: The factors ensuring its effectiveness were selected and systematized to form an organizational and technological platform. A complex system decomposition is presented at three levels of a hierarchical matrix using the analysis of hierarchies. The level of the stages of the life cycle of buildings and structures is taken as the basis, followed by the level of components of the areas of activity that form the platform's effective formation. At the last, lower level, some factors ensure its effective formation. The analysis of the totality of material and labor resources and organizational and technological solutions that make up the platform for constructing monolithic buildings and structures using pneumatic formwork systems was carried out. Results: For an adequate analytical description, it is proposed to use the a priori ranking method, which makes it possible to decompose the indicated factors influencing the effectiveness of the formation of an organizational and technological platform and to obtain specific criteria and alternatives inherent in the construction of monolithic buildings and structures on pneumatic formwork. The detailed development of an analytical apparatus for obtaining an integral assessment will be the subject of further research. Conclusions: The organizational and technological platform for monolithic construction using pneumatic formwork is an innovative tool for interaction between all participants in implementing such projects, aimed at successfully achieving construction design indicators in terms of time and cost and ensuring the required level of reliability and safety of the constructed facility. The novelty of the proposed approach is determined by the combined consideration of material, technological, organizational, and managerial solutions within a single platform to increase the efficiency of construction product production processes. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-11-010 Full Text: PDF

Makers, Not Users: Inscriptions of Design in the Development of Postdigital Technology Education

AbstractThis paper directs attention to a recent government-led school development initiative in Denmark, where a broad concept and practice of design became central to imagining and reworking technology education for the postdigital condition, in which schoolchildren were imagined to become makers, not users of technological society. Using an analytical apparatus inspired by Science and Technology Studies (STS), the paper examines how and what understandings of design were propagated in the trial of technology comprehension in the public school. The paper examines two design models as didactic-pedagogical translation of design into the epistemic practices of the public school, articulated in the intellectual traditions of Bildung and Didaktik. Examining the knowledges that make knowledges, the paper contributes an elucidation of the features, capacities, and limitations of the concept and practice of design, as it is mobilised to make knowledge and subjectivities about agency and change for schooling in the postdigital educational future.

Fractal-Cluster Theory and Its Applications for the Description of Biological Organisms.

This article presents an overview of an alternative approach to the systematization and evolution of biological organisms on the basis of the fractal-cluster theory. It presents the foundations of the fractal-cluster theory for the self-organizing systems of the organism class. Static and dynamic efficiency criteria based on the fractal-cluster relations and the analytical apparatus of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are presented. We introduce a highly sensitive static criterion, D, which determines the deviation in the value of the clusters and subclusters of the fractal-cluster system structures from their reference values. Other static criteria are the fractal-cluster entropy H and the free energy F of an organism. The dynamic criterion is based on Prigogine's theorem and is determined by the second differential of the temporal trend of the fractal-cluster entropy H. By using simulations of the cluster variations for biological organisms in the (H, D, F)-space, the criteria for the fractal-cluster stochastics as well as for energy and evolution laws are obtained. The relationship between the traditional and fractal-cluster approaches for identifying an organism is discussed.

Cognitive semantics and polysemy of the verb predicate верить (on the material of religious and common discourse contexts)

This article is devoted to the study of the polysemy of the verb predicate верить in the cognitive-discursive methodology. The relevance of the research is due to the irrelevance of the traditional approach, the impossibility of describing the mechanisms of the development of word meanings as metaphorical, metonymic, or functional transference, as well as the need to understand and explain the contradictions in the semantics of the verbal predicate that arise in the contexts of various discourses. As a result of the analysis, a system of parameters was determined, which constitutes a single analytical apparatus of the cognitive-discursive methodology. On the basis of the analysis, we explicated cognitive features, which in our opinion, embodies the gestalt script of the religious conceptual space of Faith, determined the internal form of the concept of Faith, which acts as a cognitive script and induces all the contextual meanings of the verb predicate верить; compiled typology of the contexts of usage of the verb and differentiated several of its meanings. The subject of our attention was the meaningful difference between the contexts of religious discourse (я верю в бога) and common (я верю в тебя/ прогресс компьютерной техники). The use of terms gestalt, background-figure, focusing-defocusing made it possible to compare the semantics of the verbal predicate in the contexts of religious and common discourses, as well as to trace the distribution of attention in the semantic-syntactic organization of different contexts and the game of cognitive focus at the conceptual level (gestalt scenario). Focusing the interlocutor's attention on the meanings required in the course of religious/common communication, as well as obscuring the background meanings ensures the polysemy of the verb predicate верить.

The Dynamics of Tomas Venclova’s Reputation in the Russian-Language Press in Lithuania (1989-1998)

The analysis of author’s literary reputation and the factors that shaped it are important for the history of literature and biography of individual authors. This article aims to examine the evolution of Tomas Venclova’s reputation in the Russian-language periodical press in Lithuania over a decade. At the beginning of the period in question, texts, some of which were published in other languages outside Lithuania much earlier, shaped Venclova’s reputation. The author was characterized using properties assigned to him previously, that of a scholar, poet, and dissident. During the period of restoration and consolidation of Lithuania’s independence, Venclova acted as a public intellectual and critic of political, social, and cultural life. At the same time, his reputation as a poet, whose poetry was compared to the verses of Czesław Miłosz and Joseph Brodsky, received more and more validation. In terms of Pierre Bourdieu’s analytical apparatus, the peculiarity of Venclova’s case is that he was acting as an agent of three different fields: literary (poet, translator, and literary critic), scientific (literary scholar), and political (public figure and essayist).

Smoothing and differentiation of data by Tikhonov and fractional derivative tools, applied to surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of crystal violet dye

AbstractAll signals obtained as instrumental response of analytical apparatus are affected by noise, as in Raman spectroscopy. Whereas Raman scattering is an inherently weak process, the noise background may lead to misinterpretations. Although surface amplification of the Raman signal using metallic nanoparticles has been a strategy employed to partially solve the signal‐to‐noise problem, the preprocessing of Raman spectral data through the use of mathematical filters has become an integral part of Raman spectroscopy analysis. In this paper, a Tikhonov modified method to remove random noise in experimental data is presented. In order to refine and improve the Tikhonov method as a filter, the proposed method includes Euclidean norm of the fractional‐order derivative of the solution as an additional criterion in Tikhonov function. In the strategy used here, the solution depends on the regularization parameter, , and on the fractional derivative order, . As will be demonstrated, with the algorithm presented here, it is possible to obtain a noise‐free spectrum without affecting the fidelity of the molecular signal. In this alternative, the fractional derivative works as a fine control parameter for the usual Tikhonov method. The proposed method was applied to simulated data and to surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of crystal violet dye in Ag nanoparticles colloidal dispersion.

Analytical and computer modeling of surfaces with the curvilinear projection method

The article discusses the shaping of surfaces by analytical methods and their visualization by means of computer graphics. This topic attracts the attention of architects, engineers and mechanical scientists, for whom it is important to see the surfaces in the structures of machines for various purposes and in the forms of structures, to approximate complex surfaces with simpler ones - analytical ones; choose a rational form of the shell from several options, taking into account the functional, technological and ergonomic requirements for the product. The purpose of the work is to study the methods of formation of surface shapes. The research method is the general analytical theory of applied surface shaping, which meets modern requirements for the use of computer technology. In this paper, parametric equations of the cyclic surface of Joachimsthal are obtained, the possibilities of shaping such surfaces, which are recommended for practical use, are shown. Using examples of visualization of surfaces by means of computer graphics (Maple program), the use of analytical models is shown, which makes it possible to quickly and reliably assess the constructive and aesthetic qualities of the shell in scientific research, design, and manufacture. The ways of developing an analytical apparatus are determined, which allows modeling the process of curvilinear projection and the formation of surfaces as a system of projecting rays passing through a given surface projection. The purposeful choice of the parametric form of analytical modeling of surfaces contributes to the direct use of models in automated design systems, pre-production systems and in modern computer graphics packages (Kompas 3D, Renga, Revit, Ansys, Lira Sapr, Scad, etc.).

Elementary students’ ‘outdoor – digital’ explorations in ecology - learning through chains of transduction

This article illustrates a research project in a Swedish elementary school where young students are engaged in a project on ecology. Species, digital resources and nature contribute to place-based exploration of ecological issues, relevant in learning for sustainability. Since children grow up in a digital era, their meaning-making is transversed by oral, digital and physical modes. By launching the terms relations, gaps, stand fast and chain of transduction as an analytical apparatus and connecting video ethnography to pragmatic theory and multimodal analysis, we contribute to the body of knowledge on students’ participation and meaning-making featured in digital and physical representations. Specifically, ecological and sustainability learning takes place in the transduction displaying students’ drawings, texts, digital images and biological arrangements. The article concludes with several education concerns: the teacher’s responsibility in supporting agency-processes, the growth of ecological literacy in a blurred ‘digital-ecology’ environment and the educational need to support students’ attachments and care for the living and nonliving.

A spatio-temporal model for determining the possibility of timely counteraction to the enemy by the forces and means of the observation post of a security unit

The experience of carrying out combat (service-combat) tasks by various components of the security and defense sector in the initial period of the russian-Ukrainian war points to the need for reliable protection and defense of military units (objects), the basis of which is the planning and implementation by operative response forces of measures aimed at for complete neutralization or reduction of the negative impact from the actions of the enemy's subversive forces. In order to ensure high-quality planning of the protection and defense of the object (objects) of the military unit, commanders (chiefs) need to have an appropriate tool to support informed decision-making, namely a mathematical (calculation, analytical) apparatus that will make it possible to predict events under certain conditions. which may occur in the event of an enemy attack and determine effective measures for maximum preservation of the integrity (combat capability) of the protected objects. The article presents a spatio-temporal model for determining the possibility of timely countering the enemy with the forces and means of the observation post of the security unit, which is based on the solution of the spatio-temporal problem, and, unlike the existing ones, takes into account: the fire capabilities of the observation post and on-duty forces; maneuverability of the main (regular) forces of the security unit; mutual placement of the enemy in relation to the observation post and security facilities, as well as the main (on-duty) forces of the security unit. In the future, the model proposed in the article can be used as an integral part of the methodology for determining the rational composition of forces and means of protection and defense of military units (objects). Also, this tool can be implemented in the educational process.