Analyst's Interpretations Research Articles

Interpretation: Voice of the Field.

To patients, the most memorable moments in psychoanalytic treatment are seldom the contents of the analyst's interpretations, but the feeling of being understood. Interpretations are most meaningful not because of what they say but because each one is evidence that the analyst, who generally becomes someone of great significance to the patient, knows the patient more than before the interpretation was made. As a result of this process of "witnessing" patients not only know and feel-they also "know and feel that they know and feel." They can feel their roles in authoring their own experience. Therapeutic action results: patients "come into possession of themselves." Interpretations are the outcome of shifts in the interpersonal field, which reveal this new freedom to think and feel. This new freedom allows the creation of the analyst's interpretations, which therefore serve as a sign of a new way of being in one another's presence that has now become possible between analyst and patient. Field shifts are jointly created, without conscious intention, and interpretations arise from these shifts. Thus, interpretations are not really created independently by the mind of the analyst, but are instead the voice of the field. A clinical vignette illustrates these ideas.

ON GROTSTEIN'S 'TRUTH' IN BION'S THEORY OF 'O'.

In this thought-provoking exploration, the author examines Grotstein's seminal work, "The Seventh Servant: The Implications of a Truth Drive in Bion's Theory of 'O'" (2004), and its relevance to the psychoanalytic concepts of truth and lies. Drawing on Bion's K-link and Klein's epistemophilia, the paper argues that Grotstein's concept of a "truth drive" is part of a transformative paradigmatic shift in psychoanalysis, emphasizing a focus on ontology and the process of being with the analysand. The commitment to truth in psychoanalytic practice demands ongoing examination, open-mindedness, and a willingness to embrace bodily sensations, proto-emotions, and new thoughts. Grotstein proposes that the truth drive is a universal human force that compels individuals towards emotional growth and explains why analysands can accept the analyst's interpretation of painful psychical realities. The intersection between curiosity and evolving 'O' exceeds epistemophilia, bridging knowledge and the unknown for optimal truth-seeking. The paper briefly explores the connections between Heidegger's "Dasein," "Aletheia," and Foucault's "Parrhesia," further supporting Grotstein's discovery. Additionally, it addresses the challenge of distinguishing healthy truth pursuit from pathological manifestations and presents a captivating clinical vignette illustrating Grotstein's response to this question. Finally, the paper delves into Bion's puzzling observation that all thoughts as ordinarily known are lies, augmenting the notion of universal emotional truth and its complexities in the clinical context.

Uncertainty analysis on support vector machine for measuring organizational factors in probabilistic risk assessment of nuclear power plants

This paper is a product of a line of research by the authors to explicitly incorporate organizational factors into the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of complex socio-technical systems. This explicit incorporation helps (i) assess the system risk due to organizational and managerial weaknesses, (ii) identify the critical organizational root causes of failure scenarios, aiding in effective corrective action, and (iii) avoid the potential of underestimating the system risk involving human error and organizational factors. To facilitate the measurement of organizational factors contributing to the PRA scenarios, the previous studies by the authors developed the Data-Theoretic methodology, where “data analytics” are guided by a “theory” of underlying causation to prevent misleading results from solely data-oriented approaches. The Data-Theoretic methodology consists of two submodules: (a) DT-BASE that develops a detailed causal model based on a theory-building process and is equipped with a baseline quantification utilizing analyst interpretation of information extracted from relevant references; and (b) DT-SITE that conducts data analytics (text mining using machine learning) to quantify the organizational causal elements based on industry event databases. This article investigates uncertainty analysis for the uncertainties associated with machine learning-based data mining in DT-SITE using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier for industry event databases. This article conducts a literature review and proposes a categorization scheme of the SVM uncertainties to establish a theoretical foundation for identifying uncertainty sources associated with the SVM classifier. The implementation of uncertainty analysis for DT-SITE is then illustrated using a nuclear power plant case study. The potential uncertainty sources related to the SVM classifier used in DT-SITE are identified using the categorization scheme developed based on the literature review. The uncertainty analysis procedure for the SVM classifier in DT-SITE is proposed, and the linkage to the current uncertainty analysis process in PRA is discussed. The proposed uncertainty analysis procedure for the SVM classifier in DT-SITE is applied to the illustrative case study to assess the impact of one of the potential uncertainty sources (i.e., the selection of document sections included in the dataset) on the risk-informed decision-making.

YOLOv5를 이용한 정상/비정상 적혈구 구별 알고리즘 개발

Blood with cells such as WBC, RBC, and platelets, is often used in health diagnoses using morphological analyses. Among them, RBC is used as an indicator for diagnosing diseases such as diabetes, anemia, and heart failure; however, their accuracy is poor due to subjective analyst interpretations since they change reversibly based on various environmental factors such as viscosity, osmotic pressure, and calcium in the blood. In this study, an algorithm that objectively analyzes the shape of RBC and measures the ratio using YOLOv5, an AI technology, was developed and used to distinguish them as normal or abnormal. Data was augmented using image processing technology due to low data, and the YOLOv5 model was applied after labeling, where it was classified into four classes. The developed algorithm was verified through precision and recall, and subsequently applied to the test data to distinguish normal/abnormal red blood cells to obtain a ratio.

Analyst Information Discovery and Interpretation Roles: A Topic Modeling Approach

This study examines analyst information intermediary roles using a textual analysis of analyst reports and corporate disclosures. We employ a topic modeling methodology from computational linguistic research to compare the thematic content of a large sample of analyst reports issued promptly after earnings conference calls with the content of the calls themselves. We show that analysts discuss exclusive topics beyond those from conference calls and interpret topics from conference calls. In addition, we find that investors place a greater value on new information in analyst reports when managers face greater incentives to withhold value-relevant information. Analyst interpretation is particularly valuable when the processing costs of conference call information increase. Finally, we document that investors react to analyst report content that simply confirms managers’ conference call discussions. Overall, our study shows that analysts play the information intermediary roles by discovering information beyond corporate disclosures and by clarifying and confirming corporate disclosures. The Internet appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2751 . This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.

Automatic Delineation of Seacliff Limits using Lidar-derived High-resolution DEMs in Southern California

ABSTRACT Palaseanu-Lovejoy, M.; Danielson, J.; Thatcher, C.; Foxgrover, A.; Barnard, P.; Brock, J., and Young, A., 2016. Automatic delineation of seacliff limits using lidar-derived high-resolution DEMs in Southern California. In: Brock, J.C.; Gesch, D.B.; Parrish, C.E.; Rogers, J.N., and Wright, C.W. (eds.), Advances in Topobathymetric Mapping, Models, and Applications. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 76, pp. 162–173. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Seacliff erosion is a serious hazard with implications for coastal management and is often estimated using successive hand-digitized cliff tops or bases (toe) to assess cliff retreat. Even if efforts are made to standardize manual digitizing and eliminate subjectivity, the delineation of cliffs is time-consuming and depends on the analyst's interpretation. An automatic procedure is proposed to extract cliff edges from high-resolution lidar-derived bare-earth digital elevation models, generalized coastal shoreline vectors, and approxim...

Deseo del analista, la transferencia y la interpretación: una perspectiva analítica

The present paper is a theoretical review of transference, analyst's desire and interpretation as a psychoanalytic concepts and analytic elements. The main question is how the analyst's desire, transference, and interpretation take place in psychoanalytic clinic? Transference and interpretation are the most important elements in analysis, however, the analyst's desire occur before the analytic situation, the analyst's desire and the transference create the atmosphere to the interpretation.

Analyst interpretation of results: experience from microbiology proficiency testing

Although there are a wide range of factors that may contribute to poor performance results, one of the most fundamental aspects that can be a contributory cause is the interpretation of the results obtained through testing. During a number of rounds of the Quality in Microbiology Investigation Competency Assessment Scheme, it was noted that although all participants are provided with the same information, not all participants interpreted this information in the same manner, causing several to obtain poor/unsatisfactory performance scores. This raised the question: how critical is analyst interpretation to gaining satisfactory performance scores?

Impacts of PCB analytical interpretation uncertainties on dechlorination assessment and remedial decisions

Laboratory analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) often do not quantitate the 209 individual PCB congeners, thereby requiring analyst interpretation to determine individual congener concentrations. Error introduced during this interpretation is subsequently propagated to calculated surrogate variables, such as the number of chlorines per biphenyl (CPB), and the molar dechlorination product ratio (MDPR), which are used to assess the extent of dechlorination and inform remedial decisions. The present work applies a Monte Carlo (MC) analysis to assess current methods for quantitating co-eluting congeners and the errors that could occur in individual congeners and derived CPB and MDPR estimates. Synthetic chromatograms, which were created using two alternative methods (random assignment and assignment based on relative proportions in Aroclors) for assigning mass to co-eluting congeners, were compared to their fully-quantitated counterparts. The percent error introduced in total PCB (∑PCB) concentration ranges from approximately −60% to +50%. Similarly, the errors associated with CPB and MDPR estimates range from approximately −20% to +20% and −120% to +30%, respectively. Uncertainties introduced during congener analysis and propagated to surrogate variables can thus be substantial, and should be considered in assessments of the extent of dechlorination and associated remedial decisions.

Confocal Raman spectrocopy for the analysis of nail polish evidence

Nail polishes are cosmetic paints that may be susceptible of forensic analysis offering useful information to assist in a crime reconstruction. Although the nail polish appearance could allow a quick visual identification of the sample, this analysis is subjected to the perception and subjective interpretation of the forensic examiner. The chemical analysis of the nail polishes offers great deal of information not subjected to analyst interpretation. Confocal Raman spectroscopy is a well-suited technique for the analysis of paints due to its non-invasive and non-destructive nature and its ability to supply information about the organic and inorganic components of the sample. In this work, 77 regular and gel nail polishes were analyzed with confocal Raman spectroscopy using two laser wavelengths (532 and 780nm). The sample behavior under the two laser wavelengths and the differences in the spectra taken at different points of the sample were studied for each nail polish. Additionally, the spectra obtained for all the nail polishes were visually compared. The results concluded that the longer laser wavelength prevents sample burning and fluorescence effects; the similarity among the spectra collected within the sample is not directly related with the presence of glitter particles; and 64% of the samples analyzed showed a characteristic spectrum. Additionally, the use of confocal Raman spectroscopy for the forensic analysis of nail polishes evidence in the form of flakes or smudges on different surfaces were studied. The results showed that both types of evidence can be analyzed by the technique. Also, two non-invasive sampling methods for the collection of the evidence from the nails of the suspect or the victim were proposed: (i) to use acetone-soaked cotton swabs to remove the nail varnishes and (ii) to scrape the nail polish from the nail with a blade. Both approaches, each exhibiting advantages and drawbacks in terms of transport and handling were appropriate for a further chemical analysis of the samples.

A Thematic Analysis of Analyst Information Discovery and Information Interpretation Roles

This study examines analyst information intermediary roles using a textual analysis of analyst reports and corporate disclosures. We employ a topic modeling methodology from computational linguistic research to compare the thematic content of a large sample of analyst reports issued promptly after earnings conference calls with the content of the calls themselves. We show that analysts discuss exclusive topics beyond those from conference calls and interpret topics from conference calls. In addition, we find that investors place a greater value on new information in analyst reports when managers face greater incentives to withhold value-relevant information. Analyst interpretation is particularly valuable when the processing costs of conference call information increase. Finally, we document that investors react to analyst report content that simply confirms managers’ conference call discussions. Overall, our study shows that analysts play the information intermediary roles by discovering information beyond corporate disclosures and by clarifying and confirming corporate disclosures.

Assessing the success factors of organized crime groups

Purpose – Expert assessment of organized crime (OC) group capabilities is often the basis for national threat assessments; it is rare, however, for variations in collective expert opinions of OC success factors to be systematically evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in how 150 criminal intelligence experts from a variety of national and organizational backgrounds sort and organize perceived attributes for OC group success. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Sleipnir framework as a foundation for a Q-sort survey regarding the characteristics of OC group success. The survey was delivered to over 150 criminal intelligence specialists at a national conference in 2011. Descriptive statistics, seemingly unrelated regression, and biplots reveal different aspects of survey responses. Findings – Results show that perceptions of the ingredients for OC group success both vary by nationality and by analysts’ level within the hierarchy of the law enforcement structure (local, state, national). These differences are marked; particular characteristics are viewed as differentially important for the perceived success of OC groups. Furthermore, the results suggest that there are shared and structured differences in perceptions of OC group success characteristics. Research limitations/implications – The survey has identified distinct differences between the characteristics for OC group's success perceived by analysts in the USA, Canada, and beyond. Furthermore, the organizational level of the analyst (local, state, national) shapes the perceptions of success factors. It is possible variations identified merely reflect differentials in training and experience, i.e. different organizational perceptions of the same problem. That aside, the patterning of results seem likely to be based to some degree on external factors linked to OC group operations, and not just on individual characteristics of the surveyed intelligence professionals. Practical implications – The current research raises a number of questions regarding the confidence that should be placed in OC group assessments. The research has highlighted areas of professional dissonance that were not apparent from the RCMP Sleipnir research alone. Causes of the dissonance in assessments, and connections of these variations to both intelligence analysts’ experience, training, and organizational ethos; and to OC group capabilities, seem deserving of additional attention. Originality/value – Expert intelligence analyst interpretation of OC group capability is central to most national risk and threat assessments, yet the assessment processes themselves are rarely examined. This is a unique survey of over 150 intelligence personnel that highlights significant differences in perceptions of OC groups, differences that raise questions about how the authors evaluate the OC threat.

The Discrete and the Continuous in Freud’s “Remembering, Repeating and Working Through”

There are two crucial passages in Freud's "Remembering, Repeating and Working Through" that require the analyst to think about entities in the mind while at the same time thinking about the mind as a continuum of activity. Although that is a challenging paradox, the passage that allows the analyst to find discrete memories in the patient's continuous behavior was easily absorbed into psychoanalytic custom. In the reverse direction, however, the description of the patient finding his way from the analyst's discrete interpretations to his own continuous experience of strain was most often pasted over with superfluous platitudes. A practical reason for this aversion is suggested.

Co-Creativity and Interactive Repair

My comments focus on a consideration of three issues central to child psychoanalysis stimulated by rereading the classic paper by Berta Bornstein, "The Analysis of a Phobic Child: Some Problems of Theory and Technique in Child Analysis": (1) the importance of "co-creativity" and its use in analysis to repair disruptions in the mother-child relationship; (2) working analytically with the "inner world of the child "; and (3) the fundamental importance of multiple simultaneous meaning-making processes. I begin with a discussion of current thinking about the importance of interactive processes in developmental and therapeutic change and then lead to the concepts of "co-creativity" and interactive repair, elements that are missing in the "Frankie" paper. The co-creative process that I outline includes multiple contributions that Frankie and his caregivers brought to their relationships--his mother, his father, his nurse, and even his analyst. I then address the question of how child analysts can maintain a central focus on the inner world of the child while still taking into account the complex nature of co-creativity in the change process. Finally, I discuss insights into the multiple simultaneous meaning-making processes in the analytic relationship to effect therapeutic change, including what I call the "sandwich model," an attempt to organize this complexity so that is more accessible to the practicing clinician. In terms of the specific case of Frankie, my reading of the case suggests that failure to repair disruptions in the mother-child relationship from infancy through the time of the analytic treatment was central to Frankie's problems. My hypothesis is that, rather than the content of his analyst's interpretations, what was helpful to Frankie in the analysis was the series of attempts at interactive repair in the analytic process. Unfortunately, the case report does not offer data to test this hypothesis. Indeed, one concluding observation from my reading of this classic case is how useful it would be for the contemporary analyst to pay attention to the multifaceted co-creative process in order to explain and foster the therapeutic change that can occur in analysis.

Comprehensive discovery of 13C labeled metabolites in the bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Herein, we report the identification of isotopically labeled metabolite peaks (or the lack of labeling) between sets of GC–MS data from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. M. extorquens AM1 is one of the best-characterized model organisms for the study of C1 metabolism in methylotrophic bacteria, a diverse group of microbes that can use reduced one-carbon (C1) sources, such as methanol and methane as a sole source for both energy generation and carbon assimilation. Application of a match value (MV) based metric was used to rank the metabolite peaks in the data from those exhibiting the most mass spectral indications of labeling, to those not exhibiting any indications of labeling. The MV-based ranking corresponded well with analyst interpretation of the mass spectra. The MV-based method was initially demonstrated and validated using a mixture of 21 standards with data sets generated for mixtures at natural abundance, a mixture with 6 of the compounds labeled, and a 1:1 mixture of the natural abundance and labeled mixtures. Experimental data from TMS-derivatized extracts from the bacterium M. extorquens AM1 grown with natural abundance or 13C-labeled methanol as the carbon source were analyzed. Of 131 peaks considered for the analysis of M. extorquens AM1, the 40 peaks ranked highest for indications of 13C labeling were all found to be labeled, while those peaks ranked lower progressed from peaks for which labeling was uncertain, to a larger number of peaks that were clearly not labeled. The list of peaks determined to be labeled forms a library of compounds that are known to be labeled following the methanol metabolic pathway in M. extorquens AM1 that can be further investigated in future work, e.g. fluxomic studies.

‘A Way Out’ and A Way In: Reply to Commentary

I express my appreciation for Michal Rieck's thoughtful and fully felt reading of my paper. I underline her points that the regression that an unobtrusive yet fully engaged analyst can allow, is not solely a phenomenon in work with more disturbed patients, and that the essence of this position is to be without separateness. I outline a process of the “flow of enactive engagement,” which fosters a narrative unfolding of the field of the treatment. I suggest that the flow of enactive engagement is a contemporary mutual form of enacted free association and that Rieck is correct in saying that from my perspective psychoanalytic cure need not involve the analyst's interpretation. The mutual enactment itself can be the interpretation.

AN ETHICS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS

abstractThis paper is written from a Lacanian perspective and considers Lacan's development of his theory of ethics from its origins in Freud's exploration of psychic inscriptions to a notion of ethics oriented to the Real of the unconscious, the Real that is not symbolizable. The aim of analysis is to change the way the subject enjoys his symptom, a change from suffering to a satisfaction that comes from having a choice. Using the conceptual tools of Lacanian psychoanalysis which differentiate between Imaginary (the image and its lures), the Symbolic (the signifier and the structure of language) and the Real (enjoyment in the body that language does not reach), the argument moves beyond an idea of truth attached to meaning. That is the truth that the analyst's interpretation might produce; its beyond is a notion of truth grounded in the enjoyment of the symptom outside meaning, a truth that will allow for an ethics of psychoanalysis that is oriented towards the Real of jouissance by the compass of affect.

First‐Person Authority and Self‐Knowledge as an Achievement

Abstract: There is much that I admire in Richard Moran's account of how first‐person authority may be consistent with self‐knowledge as an achievement. In this paper, I examine his attempt to characterize the goal of psychoanalytic treatment, which is surely that the patient should go beyond the mere theoretical acceptance of the analyst's interpretation, and requires instead a more intimate, first‐personal, awareness by the patient of their psychological condition.I object, however, that the way in which Moran distinguishes between the deliberative and the theoretical attitudes is ultimately inconsistent with a satisfactory account of psychoanalytic practice; mainly because, despite Moran's claims to the contrary, such a distinction is still inspired by a Cartesian picture of the self. I argue that, in the light of his distinction, Moran may emphasize that an agent's psychological dispositions should be permeable to her decisions and projects, but is forced to reject the idea that permeability could go the other way too. I explore Bernard Williams' notion of acknowledgment and Simone Weil's distinction between two notions of necessity, in order to articulate a notion of receptive passivity which may help us to characterize this second direction of permeability. I finally outline why receptive passivity (and, thereby, the double direction of permeability) is crucial in order to identify the goal of psychoanalytic treatment and, derivatively, to understand how a certain kind of awareness may have a significant therapeutic effect.

The Use of Patients' Metaphors to Assist in Mutative Interpretations

The important use of the patient's metaphors as a basis for the analyst's interpretations is considered. The insight gained by this method tends to expand the patient's self-awareness which leads to major changes in his or her functioning. The value of this approach is supported by clinical case material.

A Comparative Analysis of Auditor, Manager and Financial Analyst Interpretations of SFAS 5 Disclosure Guidelines

This study examines empirically whether financial analysts (users), as well as managers (preparers) and external auditors ascribe different interpretations to the SFAS 5 disclosure criteria. We find: (1) financial analysts are, on average, more conservative than managers and auditors in their numerical interpretations of both the ‘remote’ and ‘probable’ verbal phrases; (2) managers and auditors share very similar numerical interpretations of these verbal phrases; (3) audit partners’ numerical interpretations of the ‘remote’ region are between those of managers and users, whereas audit managers align their numerical interpretations with those of managers. One danger is that preparers of financial statements may omit loss contingency information that users consider valuable.