Yield Component Analysis Research Articles

Effect of nozzles on disease control with spraying fungicides in soybean crops

ABSTRACT The productivity of the soybean crop (Glycine max) can be limited by several factors, including diseases. In the integrated management of diseases, one of the strategies used is chemical control. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of spray nozzle types on the chemical control of fungal diseases in soybean plants. The experimental design was randomised blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of control (without fungicide application on soybean plants) and application of fungicides with different spray nozzles: hollow cone jet, double flat jet, extended range flat jet, wide angle flat jet and air induction flat jet. The sprayer used was the backpack pressurised by carbon dioxide CO2. The experiment was installed in the Campos Gerais region (Paraná, Brazil); during three cropping seasons. The evaluated variables were incidence and severity, spray quality (covered area, droplet density, and relative amplitude) and yield components. It was concluded that the chemical control of fungal diseases in soybean plants reduced the proliferation of pathogens and losses in crop yield. There were significant changes in spraying quality in all analysed variables. There were no differences among the spray nozzle types regarding the analysis of incidence, severity and soybean yield components.

Using Biochemical and Growth Parameters to Assess Soybean Yield Potential

This study, conducted in 2022 at the All India Coordinated Research Project on Soybean Dharwad, aimed to evaluate the yield potential of ten soybean genotypes, including three checks, using biochemical and growth parameters. Employing a randomized block design, the study assessed variations in chlorophyll content, which was highest in genotypes DLSb 3, DSb 34, and DSb 23. Significant differences among genotypes were observed in absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR). Notably, DSb 34 and DLSb 5 exhibited the highest AGR and CGR at 60-90 days after sowing (DAS), while RGR was most pronounced in DSb 39 at 30-60 DAS. NAR peaked at 60-90 DAS, with DLSb 1 showing the highest values. Yield component analysis identified DLSb 5 and DSb 34 as the top-yielding genotypes, with significant variations in the number of pods per plant among the genotypes. These findings highlight key traits for breeding higher-yielding soybean varieties and offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in crop improvement.”

Duration, not timing during the photoperiod, of far-red application determines the yield increase in tomato

Supplementary far-red light may increase fruit yield in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Apart from end-of-day applications, research has focussed on the effects of far-red light during the entire photoperiod, while few studies focused on the timing of far-red application. In this study, we assessed the impact of timing and duration of far-red application on fruit yield and quality in a high-wire tomato crop. Two commercial tomato cultivars were grown under 226 μmol m−2 s−1 of red and white supplementary LED lighting. Far-red light (63 μmol m−2 s−1) was additionally supplied during either the first or the second half of the photoperiod. These treatments were compared to a negative control, where no far-red light was supplied, and a positive control, where far-red light was supplied during the whole photoperiod. A yield component analysis was conducted to identify the parameters responsible for changes in fruit yield. We determined that fruit yield, total fruit dry weight and fruit production per unit of supplementary PAR light (400–700 nm) increased linearly with the duration of far-red application. Fruit yield was increased to a similar extent whether far-red was supplemented in the first or in the second half of the photoperiod. While different light treatments included 0, 14, or 28 % far-red in their cumulative supplementary photon flux density, there were no significant differences in their fruit production per unit of supplementary radiation (400–800 nm). Supplementary far-red increased fruit dry weight per unit of cultivation area by 23 % to 25 % as a result of increasing both plant dry weight (10 % to 12 %) and dry weight partitioning to the fruits (10 % to 14 %). The increase in fruit yield was less than the corresponding increase in total fruit dry weight due to a simultaneous increase in fruit dry matter content. Total soluble solids and pH of the fruits were hardly affected by far-red application. We concluded that supplementary far-red increased tomato fruit yield without compromising fruit quality, with this increase being determined by the duration of far-red application, not by its timing during the photoperiod.

Genetic analysis of yield components in buckwheat using high-throughput sequencing analysis and wild resource populations.

Fagopyrum tataricum, an important medicinal and edible crop, possesses significant agricultural and economic value. However, the development of buckwheat varieties and yields has been hindered by the delayed breeding progress despite the abundant material resources in China. Current research indicates that quantitative trait loci (QTLs) play a crucial role in controlling plant seed type and yield. To address these limitations, this study constructed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) utilizing both cultivated species and wild buckwheat as raw materials. In total, 84,521 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified through Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) technology, and high-resolution and high-density SNP genetic maps were developed, which had significant value for QTL mapping, gene cloning and comparative mapping of buckwheat. In this study, we successfully identified 5 QTLs related to thousand grain weight (TGW), 9 for grain length (GL), and 1 for grain width (GW) by combining seed type and TGW data from 202 RIL populations in four different environments, within which one co-located QTL for TGW were discovered on the first chromosome. Transcriptome analysis during different grain development stages revealed 59 significant expression differences between the two materials, which can serve as candidate genes for further investigation into the regulation of grain weight and yield enhancement. The mapped major loci controlling TGW, GL and GW will be valuable for gene cloning and reveal the mechanism underlying grain development and marker-assisted selection in Tartary buckwheat.

A Study on Genetic Diversity, Heritability, Genetic Advance, and Factor Analysis of Trait Yields and Yield Components in Promising Maize Lines

A Study on Genetic Diversity, Heritability, Genetic Advance, and Factor Analysis of Trait Yields and Yield Components in Promising Maize Lines

Preliminary Exploration of Physiology and Genetic Basis Underlying High Yield in Indica–Japonica Hybrid Rice

The utilization of heterosis is of great significance in improving rice yield. To explore the physiological and genetic basis for high yield in indica–japonica hybrid rice, Zheyou18 (z18) and Yongyou12 (y12) were used as materials and compared with indica hybrid rice, Zheyou12 (z12); japonica hybrid rice, Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ); and the conventional lines zhe04B (04B) and zhehui818 (h818) under seedling growth vigor, functional leaf morphology, chlorophyll content, yield component, panicle trait, and InDel heterosis analysis. Z18 and y12 showed the largest increase in plant height 6 d and 9 d after germination; the root dry weight of z18 was 31.2% and 42.0% higher than its parents on the 12th d. The length of functional leaves ranked in the middle, while the width was the largest, resulting in z18 and y12 having the largest leaf area. Yield components showed that z18 and y12 had the highest number of primary branches, spikelets, and grains, and grain yield, which was 58.1 g in z18, increased by 29.8% and 8.7%, respectively, in comparison with h818 and LYPJ. The InDel genetic distance was significantly positively correlated with single spike weight, with r reaching 0.771, making it the only consistent and most correlated among the seven traits. Therefore, we speculated that as the InDel genetic distance expands, heterosis mainly manifests in the increase in single spike weight. This study comprehensively explored the physiological mechanism of yield improvement in indica–japonica-hybrid rice and used InDel genetic distances to study the genetic basis of heterosis, which will be helpful for future rice yield improvement.

Combining Ability Analysis and Association of Yield and Yield Components among Selected Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Lines

Background: Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a significant leguminous crop known for its high protein content and dietary value. As global demand for nutritious food sources rises, enhancing the productivity and nutritional quality of Rajmash has become imperative. This research paper aims to investigate the combining ability and character associations in rajmash to facilitate the development of improved varieties with superior agronomic traits. Methods: An experiment was carried out in Rajmash using line × tester mating design to estimate the gca effect of parents and sca effect of 21 hybrids for yield and its traits using 7 lines and 3 testers. Hybrids along with ten parents were studied for combining ability and phenotypic correlations for seed yield and nine yield related traits. Result: The result indicated that the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for most characters indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive genetic components. This implies that a comprehensive understanding of both types of genetic effects is crucial for effective breeding programs. Among parent TRCR 3, SKAU-R-19, RR-21-01 and RKR 1033 were found to be good general combiners for seed yield per plant. This indicates their potential to consistently impart favorable traits to their progeny. The identification of such strong general combiners is valuable information for breeders aiming to enhance overall seed yield. The most promising specific combiners for seed yield were from crosses including SKAU-R-19 × RKR 1033, IPR-205-19 × HUR, RR-21-01 × RKR 1033, RR-21-12 × GR 1 and RR-21-01 × HUR. Significant desirable phenotypic correlations were observed between seed yield with days to flowering, days maturity, number of pods per plant, pod length and 100 seed weight these characters can act as indirect selection criteria in yield that could be used in rajmash breeding programs. The identification of strong general combiners, promising specific crosses and meaningful phenotypic correlations offers practical guidance for future breeding efforts, contributing to the development of improved varieties with enhanced yield potential and desirable agronomic traits.

Path analysis of yield and yield components in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes

Path analysis of yield and yield components in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes

Agronomic Performances and Seed Yield Components of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Germplasm in a Semi-Arid Environment

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is widely known among grain legumes for its high nutritional quality, playing an important role in enhancing Mediterranean farming systems as a sustainable crop. Field experiments comparing 121 lentil accessions (microsperma and macrosperma types from different countries) were conducted in a semi-arid environment of south Italy over two growing seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018). Their agronomic performance was determined, focusing on phenological, morphological, productive, and qualitative variability. Changes in rainfall and temperatures affected the agronomic traits, especially yield components. In both years, the average grain yield (GY) (2.31 and 2.22 t ha−1, respectively) was above the threshold of 2 t ha−1. Consistent yield exceeding the field average in both growing seasons revealed the superiority of accessions from Egypt, Cyprus, Algeria, Nepal, and Tunisia. Moreover, microsperma yielded more (+0.31 and +0.41 t ha−1 in the first and second year, respectively) than macrosperma accessions. Flowering (DASF—days after sowing to flowering) and thousand seed weight (TSW) appeared to be the most important traits related to grain yield. Flowering earliness seems to act as a mechanism for overcoming abiotic stresses. The analysis of yield components revealed a different productive determinism within the two subspecies. As also highlighted by the Principal Component Analysis, microsperma accessions presented on average a significantly higher number of pods per plant (PP) and seeds per pod (SP), despite the considerable variability among countries of origin. The results showed phenological and morphological variability among genotypes, which should be taken into account in view of future selection programs focused on obtaining lentil ideotypes suitable for the Mediterranean environment.

Transforming Agriculture through Nanotechnology: A Comprehensive Overview

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in agriculture, offering innovative solutions to address critical challenges in food production, sustainability, and resource management. This comprehensive overview explores the multifaceted impact of nanotechnology on agriculture, providing insights into its potential to revolutionize the sector and by elucidating the fundamental principles of nanotechnology and its applicability in agriculture, emphasizing nanomaterials’ unique properties that enable precise manipulation at the molecular and nanoscale levels. It explores diverse applications, including nanoparticle-based nutrient delivery systems, nanoencapsulation for controlled release of agrochemicals, and the development of nanosensors for real-time monitoring of crop health and environmental parameters. Furthermore, this delves into the emerging field of precision farming enabled by nanotechnology, where data-driven decision-making and targeted interventions optimize resource utilization, minimize environmental impacts, and maximize crop yields. It examines the potential of nano pesticides in integrated pest management, highlighting their eco-friendly nature and reduced environmental contamination. Nanotechnology’s role in soil management and remediation is also discussed, showcasing its capacity to improve soil health, remediate contaminated lands, and enhance nutrient availability. The review sheds light on the application of nanofertilizers, which not only enhance nutrient use efficiency but also mitigate nutrient runoff, contributing to sustainable agriculture. While nanotechnology holds immense promise, it is imperative to consider safety and environmental implications. This examines the challenges and regulatory considerations surrounding the use of nanomaterials in agriculture, emphasizing the need for responsible development and rigorous risk assessment.

Comparative Analysis of Agronomic Traits, Yield, and Effective Components of Main Cultivated Ganoderma Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) in China.

To assess the strain resources and address production challenges in Ganoderma cultivation. 150 Ganoderma strains were collected from 13 provinces in China. A comparative analysis of agronomic traits and effective components was conducted. Among the 150 strains, key agronomic traits measured were: average stipe diameter (15.92 mm), average stipe length (37.46 mm), average cap horizontal diameter (94.97 mm), average cap vertical diameter (64.21 mm), average cap thickness (15.22 mm), and average fruiting body weight (14.30 g). Based on these agronomic traits, four promising strains, namely, L08, L12, Z21, and Z39, were recommended for further cultivation and breeding. The average crude polysaccharide content ranged from 0.048% to 0.977%, and triterpenoids ranged from 0.804% to 2.010%. In addition, 73 triterpenoid compounds were identified, constituting 47.1% of the total compounds. Using a distance discrimination method, the types, and relative contents of triterpenoid compounds in 150 Ganoderma strains were classified, achieving 98% accuracy in G. lingzhi identification. The 16 triterpenoid components used for G. lingzhi identification included oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyergosta-7,22-dien-5α-ol, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderiol B, ganorderol A, ganoderic acid GS-1, tsugaric acid A, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderenic acid D, ganoderic acid Mf, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid K, ganoderic acid V, ganoderic acid G, and leucocontextin J. This study provides valuable insights for exploring and utilizing Ganoderma resources and for the development of new varieties.

Eco-friendly cellulose hydrogels as controlled release fertilizer for enhanced growth and yield of upland rice

The effect of urea-loaded cellulose hydrogel, a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on growth and yield of upland rice were investigated in upland rice. As with the initial research, nitrogen (N) treatments were applied as CRF treatments; T2H (30 kg N ha−1), T3H (60 kg N ha−1), T4H (90 kg N ha−1), T5H (120 kg N ha−1) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at 120 kg N ha−1 RDF (T6U) in split application and T1 (0 N) as control. Results from this study indicated that applying CRF at the optimum N rate, T4H resulted in maximum grain yield, increasing by 71%. The analysis of yield components revealed that higher grain yield in T4H CRF was associated with an increase in panicle number and number of grains per panicle. Maximum grain N uptake of 0.25 g kg−1 was also observed in T4H CRF. In addition, T4H CRF recorded the highest harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI) of 45.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Application of T4H CRF also recorded the highest N use efficiency (NUE) and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), 52.6% and 12.8 kg kg−1, respectively. Observations show that CRF with only 75% N applied (T4H) in soil improved grain yield when compared to CRF with 100% N and 100% RDF in farmers’ conventional split application. This suggested that CRF with a moderate N application might produce the highest potential yield and improved N efficiencies while enhancing crop production and further increase in N supply did not increase yield and N efficiencies. The results suggest that the application of T4H CRF for upland rice would enhance HI, N efficiencies and improve the yield of upland rice. Also, all growth parameters and yield were positively influenced by the application of CRF as a basal dose compared to split application of conventional urea fertilizers.

Genetic analysis of yield components in pea under different powdery mildew conditions

Genetic analysis of yield components in pea under different powdery mildew conditions

Heterosis, Correlations and Path Analysis of Grain Yield Components in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Seven genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used (SK 95, Side14, Side 12, SK94, Giemiza 9, Giemiza 7, Al-Fayyad) and their 21 crosses from half diallel crosses, and they were planted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture. Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates in order to study the hybrid vigor, the genetic and phenotypic correlation, and the path analysis of the grain yield components. It is noted from the results that the hybrid 2*6 had the heterosis deviation from the average of the parents and the best of them are significant and in the desired direction in the number of active tillers plant-1, the number of grains spikes-1 and grain yield, and the genetic and phenotypic correlation was positive for the significant number of active tillers plant-1, the number of spikelet's spike-1 and the number of grain spike-1, and significant positive for the weight of 1000 grains with the grains yield plant-1, and the highest genetic and phenotypic correlation value of the number of grains spike-1 was 0.8** and 0.785**, respectively with grain yield, and when the correlations were divided into direct and indirect effects, the number of grains spikes-1 had the highest direct effect, which confirms the possibility of adopting it as a selective indicator to improve grain yield.

A 3-year application of different mycorrhiza-based plant biostimulants distinctively modulates photosynthetic performance, leaf metabolism, and fruit quality in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).

The use of microbial biostimulants in agriculture is recognized as a sustainable approach to promoting crop productivity and quality due to improved nutrient uptake, enhanced stress tolerance, and improved ability to cope with non-optimal environments. The present paper aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of seven different commercial mycorrhizal-based treatments in terms of yield, phytochemical components, and technological traits of Malvasia di Candia Aromatica grape (Vitis vinifera L.) plants. Metabolomic analysis and photosynthetic performance were first investigated in leaves to point out biochemical differences related to plant growth. Higher photosynthetic efficiency and better PSII functioning were found in biostimulant-treated vines, reflecting an overall decrease in photoinhibition compared to untreated plants. Untargeted metabolomics followed by multivariate statistics highlighted a robust reprogramming of primary (lipids) and secondary (alkaloids and terpenoids) metabolites in treated plants. The analysis of berry yield and chemical components exhibited significant differences depending on the biostimulant product. Generally, berries obtained from treated plants displayed improved contents of polyphenols and sugars, while yield remained unchanged. These results elucidated the significant role of microbial biostimulants in determining the quality of grape berries and eliciting biochemical changes in vines.

Spray nozzles for application of fungicides in common bean

common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are one of the staple foods for Brazilians. Production can be reduced by the action of unwanted factors, including the occurrence of diseases. In the integrated management of diseases there is the strategy of chemical control. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of spray nozzles on the chemical control of diseases in common bean. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of control (without fungicide application on bean plants) and application of fungicides with spray nozzles hollow cone jet, double flat jet, extended range flat jet, wide angle flat jet and air induction flat jet. The sprayer used was the backpack pressurized by CO2. The experiment was conducted in the region of Campos Gerais (Paraná, Brazil) during the 2016, 2017 and 2018 crop seasons. The variables analyzed were the incidence and severity of diseases, spray quality (covered area, density, and relative amplitude) and common bean yield components. It is concluded that the chemical control of fungal diseases in bean plants reduced the action of diseases and losses in productivity. There were significant changes in spraying quality in all variables analyzed. There were no differences among the nozzles regarding the analysis of incidence, severity and yield components of the bean crop.

Genetic resources and breeding of maize for Striga resistance: a review.

The potential yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and other major crops is curtailed by several biotic, abiotic, and socio-economic constraints. Parasitic weeds, Striga spp., are major constraints to cereal and legume crop production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yield losses reaching 100% are reported in maize under severe Striga infestation. Breeding for Striga resistance has been shown to be the most economical, feasible, and sustainable approach for resource-poor farmers and for being environmentally friendly. Knowledge of the genetic and genomic resources and components of Striga resistance is vital to guide genetic analysis and precision breeding of maize varieties with desirable product profiles under Striga infestation. This review aims to present the genetic and genomic resources, research progress, and opportunities in the genetic analysis of Striga resistance and yield components in maize for breeding. The paper outlines the vital genetic resources of maize for Striga resistance, including landraces, wild relatives, mutants, and synthetic varieties, followed by breeding technologies and genomic resources. Integrating conventional breeding, mutation breeding, and genomic-assisted breeding [i.e., marker-assisted selection, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, next-generation sequencing, and genome editing] will enhance genetic gains in Striga resistance breeding programs. This review may guide new variety designs for Striga-resistance and desirable product profiles in maize.

Genotypic responses of rice to alternate wetting and drying irrigation in the Mekong Delta

AbstractIn the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production during the dry season has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emission and freshwater use. However, its effect on yield compared with continuously flooded systems can vary. To evaluate the effect of AWD on yield and yield‐forming processes on genotypes commonly grown in the VMD, field trials over two consecutive dry seasons were conducted at the Loc Troi Group's agricultural research station in the VMD. We observed a significant yield reduction, 7% on average, across all varieties grown under AWD. Analysis of yield components showed that under AWD, genotypes on average produced more tillers, but fewer spikelets, suffered greater spikelet sterility and had a lower 1000 grain weight. The size of this effect differed between dry seasons. Accordingly, we were able to identify and characterize genotypes better suited to AWD. We also could relate shifts in sink‐source relationships to the overlap of drying events and key phenological stages other than flowering. Our study shows how successful implementation of AWD requires adaptation to both environment and genotype.

Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield components of some Ethiopian faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions

<p>The knowledge of correlation and path coefficient analysis<strong> </strong>allow crop breeders to practice indirect selection to improve traits like grain yield which are complex in nature. The objectives of the present study were to measure association among yield and yield related traits and to identify important traits for indirect selection to improve faba bean grain yield. Eighty-one faba bean accessions were evaluated following 9 × 9 simple lattice design at one of the Bahir Dar University research sites at Mecha district in 2019 rainy cropping season. The result of correlation analysis revealed that grain yield had highly significant (<em>p</em> < 0.01) and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, biomass yield, 100-seed mass and harvest index indicating the possibility of simultaneous improvement of grain yield with these traits through selection. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated that higher positive direct effects were exerted by biomass yield and harvest index on grain yield both at phenotypic and genotypic levels, as a result, these traits could be used as indirect selection criteria to improve faba bean grain yield.</p>

Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and yield components of some Ethiopian faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions

The knowledge of correlation and path coefficient analysis allow crop breeders to practice indirect selection to improve traits like grain yield which are complex in nature. The objectives of the present study were to measure association among yield and yield related traits and to identify important traits for indirect selection to improve faba bean grain yield. Eighty-one faba bean accessions were evaluated following 9 × 9 simple lattice design at one of the Bahir Dar University research sites at Mecha district in 2019 rainy cropping season. The result of correlation analysis revealed that grain yield had highly significant (p < 0.01) and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, biomass yield, 100-seed mass and harvest index indicating the possibility of simultaneous improvement of grain yield with these traits through selection. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated that higher positive direct effects were exerted by biomass yield and harvest index on grain yield both at phenotypic and genotypic levels, as a result, these traits could be used as indirect selection criteria to improve faba bean grain yield.