Analysis Of Weather Charts Research Articles

Concentration of 18O in precipitation over Moscow in 2014

The series of δ18O values is presented for all precipitation events in Moscow in 2014. Precipitation samples were taken at the observation site of the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU MO), and the isotopic analysis was carried out in the isotopic laboratory of the Department of Geography of MSU. The concentration of stable 18O in precipitation over Moscow in 2014 varied from -0.09 to -26.29‰. The maximum amplitudes of δ18O were registered in March-April and October. The pronounced interrelation was revealed between the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation and surface air temperature (the correlation coefficient is 0.85). The computation of back trajectories of air masses and the analysis of weather charts demonstrated that the most isotopically light precipitation is typical of relatively cold air masses slowly moving over the continent during the last five days before precipitation. In this case, the ongoing condensation leads to the progressive isotopic depletion of precipitation (more and more isotope-depleted precipitation is registered). On the contrary, fast air transport from the middle and even from high latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean leads to the relatively constant of δ18O values of precipitation.

The development of Lamb weather types: from subjective analysis of weather charts to objective approaches using reanalyses

The development of Lamb weather types: from subjective analysis of weather charts to objective approaches using reanalyses

대관령에서의 기온 급하강 사례에 대한 기상학적인 연구

일기도, 위성영상, AWS 관측 자료, 단열선도, GDAS FNL 분석자료를 이용하여, 대관령 관측소에서 2013년 4월 16일에 일어난 짧은 시간동안의 극심한 기온 하강(9분 동안에 약 <TEX>$15.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 기온 하강) 현상이 발생한 이유를 분석하여 종합하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남서 기류의 유입과 일중 일사 가열로 영서 및 대관령에서는 지속적인 기온상승이 있는 반면에, 영동 해안지대에서는 북동쪽에서 내려 온 찬공기의 이류로 저온 현상이 일어나는 중이었으며, 둘째, 이러한 상태에서 영동과 영서지역을 분리하는 태백산맥의 지형에 의해, 영서지역과 영동지역 사이의 열 교류가 억제되어 영서지역에서는 지속적인 기온 상승내지는 유지가 이루어졌으며, 영동지역에서는 찬 공기의 이류에 따른 저온 현상이 계속 유지되어 영동과 영서지역의 기온 차이가 크게 증가하였다. 셋째, 시간이 지남에 따라 기압골이 동진하여 이 기압골이 울릉도 부근에 위치함에 따라 이 기압골의 후면에 해당하는 동한만과 영동 동해안에서는 이전 시간보다도 북동 기류가 더욱 더 강해져 영동지역에서는 찬 공기의 누적이 보다 더 강화되었으며, 이렇게 누적된 찬 공기가 북동 기류를 따라 대관령을 넘어 서쪽으로 이동하여 대관령 부근에 위치하였던 따뜻한 공기를 빠르게 대체하였기 때문에 대관령 관측소에서 짧은 시간동안에 가장 극심한 기온 하강 현상이 일어나게 되었다. From the analysis of weather charts, satellite imagery, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) observation data, skew T-log P diagram and GDAS (Global Data Assimilation System) FNL (Final analyses) data, we could infer the reasons for the sharp drop over a short amount of time (<TEX>$-15.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>/9 minutes) in surface temperatures at the Daegwallyeong observation station on 16 April 2013 as follows: (1) there was a continuous temperature increase near the Daegwallyeong area under the influence of the warm southwestern air current and solar radiation in the daytime. Meanwhile, there was a steady temperature decrease over the Yeongdong coastal area due to the cold-air advection form the northeast, (2) under this circumstance, the topography of the Taebaek Mountains separating the Yeongseo and Yeongdong Regions prohibited heat exchange between the Yeongseo and Yeongdong Regions to increase the temperature contrast between the two regions, and (3) as a trough moved toward Ulleung-do, the easterly flow strengthened in the gulf of Donghan and over the Yeongdong coastal area which was located behind this trough. Accordingly, the cold air damming was magnified, leading to the overflow of the cold air. Thus, the accumulated cold air moved westward over the Daegwallyeong, and the warm air staying there until this time was replaced rapidly by the cold air. Consequently, the surface temperature at the Daegwallyeong Observation station dropped sharply.

Atmospheric pressure variations at extratropical latitudes associated with Forbush decreases of galactic cosmic rays

Changes of troposphere pressure associated with short-time variations of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) taking place in the Northern hemisphere’s cold months (October–March) were analyzed for the period 1980–2006, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data being used. Noticeable pressure variations during Forbush decreases of GCRs were revealed at extratropical latitudes of both hemispheres. The maxima of pressure increase were observed on the 3rd–4th days after the event onsets over Northern Europe and the European part of Russia in the Northern hemisphere, as well as on the 4th–5th days over the eastern part of the South Atlantic opposite Queen Maud Land and over the d’Urville Sea in the Southern Ocean. According to the weather chart analysis, the observed pressure growth, as a rule, results from the weakening of cyclones and intensification of anticyclone development in these areas. The presented results suggest that cosmic ray variations may influence the evolution of extratropical baric systems and play an important role in solar-terrestrial relationships.

현업예보 관점에서 태풍의 온대저기압화 판단 과정에 대한 고찰

온대저기압화는 중위도 기압계에 큰 영향을 주고 때로는 악기상의 원인이 되기도 한다. 그러나 온대저기압화에 대한 예보와 연구 양쪽 모두 많은 과제가 남아있다. 왜냐하면 태풍으로부터 변질된 온대저기압 자체의 모호한 형태 때문이다. 또한, 온대저기압화의 정의가 예보나 연구 양쪽 모두 만족시켜줄 만큼 정확하지도 않다 따라서 기상청은 2007 년에 "온대저기압화 현엽매뉴얼"을 개발하여 온대저기압화의 일련의 과정과 구조 변화 진단에 사용하였다. 이 매뉴얼에서는 1단계 최대풍속과 해수면온도, 2단계 위성영상, 3단계 단열선도, 그리고 최종단계인 4단계에서 지상일기도를 분석하였다. 이 현업매뉴얼은 온대저기압화가 일어날 때 구조변화의 이해와 감시에 도움이 될 것이다. The extratropically transitioning cyclones have been shown to have a large effect on weather system in the midlatitues and cause sometimes the severe weather phenomena. However, both operational forecasting and research aspect of ET remain a significant challenge. Because it is difficult to distinguish ET stage due to obscure configuration of the cyclone itself. Furthermore, any definition of ET should not only be precise enough to satisfy the needs of the operational and research communities. Therefore, the "operational deterministic process for ET" was proposed and has been used to diagnose both structure and subsequent process of ET in 2007. In this study, it has been examined the maximum wind and SST in the 1st step, satellite image in the 2nd step, sounding in the 3rd step, surface weather chart analysis in the final step. This operational manual has allowed better monitoring and understanding of the changes in the structure as ET occurs.

Synoptic characteristics of dust storms observed in Inner Mongolia and their influence on the downwind area (the Beijing–Tianjin Region)

AbstractSpringtime meteorological and satellite data from 1971 to 2000 have been used to assess surface desertification and grassland deterioration to obtain a better understanding of the synoptic characteristics of dust storms observed in Inner Mongolia, the relationship between dust storms and their impact on the Beijing‐Tianjin Region, and the effect of climatic change on the surface environment of dust storm source areas in Inner Mongolia. Based on the statistics and the analysis of weather charts during each dust storm event, details and characteristics of sand and dust source regions, such as cold air paths, areas of strong winds and typical synoptic types were obtained. Temperature was found to be the most significant indicator of climate change in the dust storm source regions, having increased by 1.01°C in the Alxa source region and by 0.96°C in Hunshdak over the past three decades. Other factors include lack of precipitation, higher evaporation, lower relative humidity, soil desertification and decrease of grasslands in the source regions. As a consequence, nearly two‐thirds of the very strong dust storm events observed in Inner Mongolia (characterised by horizontal visibility below 1000 m and wind speeds of 12 m s−1 or over) led to suspended dust or dust storms in the downwind area, the Beijing‐Tianjin Region. This study also analyses the upper air and surface weather charts of 58 very strong dust storm events and established the direction of three cold air paths: northwesterly, westerly and northerly. The northwesterly cold air path is seen as the major one, responsible for 58.6% of the dust storm episodes. In addition, the observed areas where strong winds occur lie mostly across the central‐west and central regions of Inner Mongolia. Finally, the synoptic situations associated with dust storm events can be classified into three types: trough, northwesterly current and Mongolian vortex. The predominant synoptic system is the trough, responsible for 63.8% of the 58 events analysed in this study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Effects of energetic solar proton events on the cyclone development in the North Atlantic

Short-term effects of the energetic solar proton events (SPE) on the different characteristics of the lower atmosphere were studied in the North Atlantic region, which is an area of intensive cyclone genesis and development. The data of aerological soundings over the set of Danish stations (Greenland, Faeroe Islands and Denmark), the vorticity data at the different pressure levels and weather charts at the Earth's surface were used. It was shown that the SPE under study are accompanied by noticeable pressure and temperature decreases at the high-latitudinal stations in the cold (October–March) half of year as well as by relative vorticity increases in the troposphere. The most pronounced effects were found in the region of the arctic front near the south-eastern Greenland coasts and Iceland. The weather chart analysis showed that the effects discovered seem to be related to the intensification of the deepening of well developed cold cyclones in this region. The results obtained suggest that the SPE with particle energies sufficient to penetrate the stratospheric heights may influence the cyclone evolution over the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, a possible physical mechanism involving the radiative forcing of the cloudiness changes which may be associated with cosmic ray variations.

A seasonal variation in the onset of postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction is related to changes in the climate

Background. Postoperative small bowel obstruction following abdominal procedures is more common in patients who have undergone laparotomy. However, little is known about the influence of climate on the incidence of postoperative small bowel obstruction. Methods. To evaluate whether seasonal climatic variations are a risk factor for postoperative small bowel obstruction, hospital-based, retrospective case series was designed from medical records of 230 patients suffering from postoperative small bowel obstruction admitted to the Tokyo University Branch Hospital. Detailed analysis of weather charts from the Japanese Meteorological Agency and review of medical records for selected patients who were diagnosed with postoperative small bowel obstruction. The obstruction was diagnosed by abdominal X-ray imaging, clinical examination, and patient interviews. Results. A total of 233 patients diagnosed with postoperative small bowel obstruction were identified. Analysis of the medical records of these 233 patients revealed that the variables associated with an increased risk of postoperative small bowel obstruction included low ambient temperatures of 5–10 °C, an increase in air humidity by 40–50% and air pressure of 1010–1015 hPa. Conclusion. The typical winter weather in Tokyo is characterised by low temperatures, low humidity and moderate air pressure. These winter climate conditions could be correlated with an increased incidence of postoperative small bowel obstruction in Tokyo during our observation period.

Recent geographical literature on New Zealand

The Vegetation of New Zealand. By J. Macdonald Holmes. Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 51, No. 2, March 1935. Geographical Factors in the Foundation of New Zealand's Wealth. By J. Macdonald Holmes. Australian Geographer, Vol. 11, No. 3. The Pastoral Industry of New Zealand.‐ Frontal Methods of Weather Analysis applied to the Australia‐New Zealand Area. By E. Kidson and J. Holmboe, N.Z. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Meteorological Branch, Wellington, 1935. The Analysis of Weather Charts. By E. Kidson, Australian Geographer, Vol. II, No. 5.

The analysis of weather charts

The analysis of weather charts

未來の天氣圖を豫め調製するAngervo-Petterssenの方法に就いて

In the following, it is proposed that Angervo-Petterssen's kinematical analysis of weather charts should be introduced to our weather bureau system. For practical application to Japanese weather forecasting, some remarks are stated.Next Angervo's formulae on the path of a pressure center are proved in different ways. Also Augervo's results on the formation of a depression (or an anticyclone) from a V-shaped depression (or a wedge) are checked in simpler manners.