Analysis Of Water Demand Research Articles

Hierarchy Analysis of Water Demand Among Hotel Consumers for Water Appliances

Hierarchy Analysis of Water Demand Among Hotel Consumers for Water Appliances

Multi-objective optimal allocation of water resources in Shule River Basin of Northwest China based on climate change scenarios

The optimal allocation of water resources is crucial for addressing regional water scarcity, adapting to climate change, and promoting sustainable development. This study focused on the Shule River Basin and considered three climate scenarios (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP5–8.5), which is combinations of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). A water resources optimal allocation model including water supply and demand prediction, multi-objective optimization, decision-making and analysis on optimal water allocation schemes was constructed. This model aims to analyze the optimal allocation of water resources in the Shule River Basin over three planning years (2025, 2030, 2035), considering guarantee rates of 50 % and 75 % under various climate scenarios. The obtained results indicate that: (1) An increasing trend in water demand in the planning year. For instance, under the SSP1–2.6 scenario, the basin's water demand is projected to reach 1.920×10^9 m3, 2.037×10^9 m3, and 2.103×10^9 m3 in 2025, 2030, and 2035, respectively. (2) The total water supply with a guarantee rate of 50 % (75 %) in the planning years is projected to be 1.939 (1.483)×10^9, 1.957(1.502) ×10^9, and 1.974 (1.519) ×10^9 m3, respectively. (3) In the three scenarios of SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, and SSP5–8.5, the water demand for domestic and ecology is met in each planning year. There is a slight water shortage in the industrial sector, with a shortage rate ranging from 0 % to 13.41 %. The agricultural sector experiences the highest water shortage, with a rate of 1.93–44.77 %. (4) The water supply structure of each optimal allocation scheme of water resources was optimized. The economic benefits mainly depend on the industrial and ecological sectors. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing the distribution of regional water resources in response to changing climatic conditions.

Analysis and forecast of crop water demand in irrigation districts across the eastern part of the Ebro river basin (Catalonia, Spain): estimation of evapotranspiration through copernicus-based inputs

AbstractThe agricultural sector is currently facing the uncertainty that accompanies climate change in terms of the availability of water resources, as well as the need to balance the water demand for agricultural irrigation with other uses in river basins. In Spain, irrigation districts (IDs) play a very important role in the management of water resources. The efficiency of ID water management involves finding an equilibrium between supply and demand. It is in relation to the latter where the uncertainty is greatest, because until now no tools have been available to characterize water demands with sufficient precision throughout irrigation campaigns. ID managers need precise information and the development of tools to support decision making in planning and water management. Therefore, this study aims to identify, compare and analyse the differences between the demands, allocations and consumptions of water for irrigation in different IDs of the eastern part of the Ebro basin during six consecutive growing seasons. In addition, projections of water demands up to 2100 are conducted using a dataset of six global climate models under different climate scenarios. Novel advances in remote sensing for evapotranspiration approaches using Copernicus-based inputs were used in this study. Large variabilities in water demands among IDs and in the adjustments between demands and allocations were observed, suggesting there is still much room for the improvement of water management. All climate projections have a very clear pattern indicating an upward trend in water demands until the end of the century.

Optimizing Ridge–Furrow Rainwater-Harvesting Strategies for Potato Cultivation in the Drylands of Northwestern China: A Regional Approach

The arid and semi-arid region of Northwest China plays a significant role in potato production, yet yields are often hampered by drought due to limited precipitation and irrigation water. The ridge–furrow rainwater-harvesting technology is an efficient and widely used technique to relieve drought impact and improve crop yield by changing the micro-topography to harvest rainwater to meet the water demand of crops. An analysis of precipitation, water demand, and runoff data spanning 30 years guided the selection of suitable rainwater-harvesting methods tailored to meteorological conditions. The results showed that potato water demand exceeded precipitation in the region. The mulching approach performed best in the western arid region with the most significant increase in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) and was suitable for the western semi-arid region and the agro-pastoral ecotone. In the potato dryland farming areas, the water deficit increased from southeast to northwest. Specifically, northern Gansu, northern Ningxia, and midwestern Inner Mongolia experienced a water deficit of over 200 mm, and rainwater harvesting combined with irrigation was recommended. Conversely, regarding deficits below 200 mm in southern Gansu, Ningxia, and central Inner Mongolia, a 1:1 or 2:1 pattern of ridges could be applied, and mulching was needed only in the necessary areas. For the southern Qinghai, Shaanxi, and eastern Inner Mongolia regions, ridge–furrow rainwater harvesting could be replaced by flat potato cropping. In summary, rainwater harvesting addresses water deficits, aiding climate adaptation in Northwest China’s arid and semi-arid regions. The implementation of mulching and ridge–furrow technology must be location-specific.

Quantification model of water use efficiency in indoor swimming venues based on behavioral analysis

Swimming venues provide various services based on water as the carrier, but studies on their water use are few. This study constructed a stochastic model to quantify the water use efficiency of indoor swimming venues under different scenarios based on Monte Carlo simulation. It explored the impact of shower behavior, swimming pool replenishment rate, and appliance water efficiency on water use efficiency in swimming venues. The results show that the indoor swimming pool replenishment volume and shower water use accounted for relatively high proportions and are relatively stable, with a total of about 81 % of the total water use; the model could effectively quantify the water demand in swimming pools under different scenarios. The theoretical water withdrawal of the swimming pool per unit volume under the saving mode and the reasonable mode are 26.32 m3/(m3·a) and 34.71 m3/(m3·a) respectively, which are comparable to the water use quota values of swimming venues by region in China. Conclusions could be drawn from sensitivity analysis that replenishment rate is the most important factor affecting the water withdrawal per unit volume of the swimming pool, followed by shower duration. This study provides theoretical basis for water-saving management to swimming venue managers, and reference for different industries to carry out research on the mechanism of water use behavior and water demand analysis.

Analisis Penyediaan Air Bersih di Gedung Rektorat Universitas Tanjungpura

The provision of clean water in the Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building area until now has not been analyzed for its efficiency leve. In this research, 11 buildings including the Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building were reviewed. Therefore, it is very important to analyze whether the water available in these buildings is still sufficient, given that the need for clean water will continue to change from time to time. In this final research, clean water demand for the Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building area in 2023 is predicted, and clean water usage data is taken for 1 month of working days from March to April 2023. Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building Area itself has a total of 11 buildings with 2 types of areas, namely office areas and education areas. The results of observations of 5 meters in the Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building Area that the amount of clean water usage is 688.9 m3 / month. Then the analysis of clean water demand in the Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building Area is carried out both based on the building area and the total number of clean water users in the area. The results of this study found that the effectiveness of each area is known to be different, but in total, the amount of clean water usage is smaller than the predicted amount of clean water demand. So it can be concluded that the provision of clean water in the Tanjungpura University Rectorate Building area in 2023 is effective.

Water Demand and Availability in the Tarutung District, North Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia

This comprehensive study addresses the intricate dynamics of population growth, water demand, and availability in the Tarutung District. Employing a geometric approach, we projected the population growth from 2018 to 2032, estimating a 0.74% annual increase. Subsequently, a meticulous water demand analysis encompassed domestic sectors, including household connections and public hydrants, and non-domestic sectors such as educational, religious, market, health, and commercial facilities. The calculated total water demand, encompassing both domestic and non-domestic needs, reached 6,034,026.38 liters per hour and 123,552,000 liters per hour, respectively. In parallel, we investigated the water availability through an examination of spring sources and rainfall data, revealing a substantial surplus. As of now, Tarutung District boasts a surplus water availability of 183,326,289.18 cubic meters per year. In conclusion, the findings indicate that, under current conditions, the Tarutung District is well-equipped to manage its water resources until 2032. However, the study underscores the importance of implementing sustainable environmental policies to safeguard water sources and optimize resource management. The proposed recommendations advocate for local government interventions, community awareness initiatives, water use efficiency enhancements, infrastructure improvements, and stringent forest area management. This research contributes valuable insights to water resource management, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to sustain the water abundance in the Tarutung District. The conclusions drawn and recommendations presented serve as a foundation for informed decision-making, aligning with the broader goals of environmental sustainability and community resilience.

Analysis and prediction of urban household water demand with uncertain time series

Analysis and prediction of urban household water demand with uncertain time series

Water safety planning for healthcare facilities for extreme events.

Disasters such as the Ahr Valley flood in 2021 make us aware of the importance of functioning healthcare facilities. Their functionality depends on the availability of drinking water. Water safety planning is a long-established method to increase the safety of water utilities. Our work supports the implementation of water safety planning in healthcare facilities during normal operations and emergency situations concerning the water supply. The authors conducted a stakeholder mapping exercise and problem awareness analysis. Based on these results, it was identified what is needed to overcome barriers to water safety planning (WSP). Building on existing procedures, the WSP concept, and latest scientific findings, an event-specific risk assessment method for healthcare facilities was developed and applied in a case study. Based on an analysis of water demand, water-related processes, and infrastructure, potentially necessary components for establishing an emergency supply were identified. For these, based on technical and legal requirements, planning principles were developed, and prototypes of components for emergency water supply were built. They were tested in pilot trials, particularly regarding hygienic safety. For the management of crises in hospitals, a survey was carried out on the command structures used in practice. Finally, recommendations were drawn based on the German Hospital Incident Command System.

Solar Energy for Water Optimization: Advancing Clean Water Distribution at Universitas Samudra

The use of solar energy has become increasingly popular in recent years due to sustainability and environmental benefits. Universitas Samudra is designing the centralization of water distribution using solar energy as an energy resource. By using solar energy, universities can reduce their carbon footprint and energy costs while improving access to clean water for students, staff, and the surrounding community. This paper explores the benefits, challenges, design, and optimization of solar energy in pure water distribution, focusing on the technical and optimization of implementing such systems. The optimization is based on the water demand analysis and water source regarding the rainwater harvesting, then distribution points, including time patterns, peak demands, and seasonal fluctuation. The analyzing variables include the flow and residual head at each point distribution, pressure drop, pipe sizing, storage tank sizing, and water supply capacity input to each storage tank. The data is also based on the university's master plan and blueprint for the next 30 years of Development. Furthermore, the data will be analyzed and calculated to obtain optimum distribution pump capacity and pump working hours. The system was Analysed and calculated using Epanet hydraulic modeling software. The calculations result are that the distribution pump capacity is 16 L/s, the head is 30 M, the works for five hours a day, the power is 4.7 kW, the total energy is around 23.5 kWh per day, and The solar panel is eight kWp

Digitalization of Water Distribution Systems in Small Cities, a Tool for Verification and Hydraulic Analysis: A Case Study of Pamplona, Colombia

Digitalization in water networks is essential for the future planning of urban development processes in cities and is one of the great challenges faced by small cities regarding water management and the advancement of their infrastructures towards sustainable systems. The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology that allows water utilities with limited budgets to start the path toward the digitalization and construction of the hydraulic model of their water distribution networks. The small city of Pamplona in Colombia was used as a case study. The work explains in detail the challenges faced and the solutions proposed during the digitalization process. The methodology is developed in six phases: an analysis of the cadastre and existing information, the creation and conceptualization of the base hydraulic model, the development of the topography using drones with a limited budget, an analysis of water demand, the development of a digital hydraulic model, and a hydraulic analysis of the system. The product generated is a tool to assess the overall performance of the network and contributes to the advancement of SDG-6, SDG-9, and SDG-11. Finally, this document can be replicated by other cities and companies with similar characteristics (e.g., limited size and budget) and offers an intermediate position on the road to digitalization and the first steps towards the implementation of a digital twin.

Estimation of the Actual Specific Consumption in Drinking Water Supply Systems in Burkina Faso (West Africa): Potential Implications for Infrastructure Sizing

Specific consumption is a key parameter in estimating the water demand and further optimising the sizing of Drinking Water Supply Systems (DWSS) infrastructure. DWSS are globally used to provide safe drinking water in urban and rural settings, and their design cost is critical for water authorities, especially in low-income countries. In this study, the optimal of the specific consumption value is carried out in Burkina Faso (West Africa). The methodology adopted a statistical analysis of operational data collected on 40 DWSS systems in Burkina Faso, further completed by a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of determinants of the water demand and cluster identification and analysis through Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). The results show that the actual consumption is lower than the common estimate used in sizing. Statistical analysis revealed that actual specific consumption is affected by various parameters, the most relevant of which are the reliance on alternative resources, the presence of waterways and the local climate seasonality. The average actual specific consumption is estimated at 3.83 ± 3.43 L/people/day. Finally, a decision tree for the choice of suitable specific consumption value as a function of the physical settings of a given area is proposed for optimal sizing of DDWS systems in Burkina Faso.

Analisis Ketersediaan Dan Kebutuhan Air Baku Pada Embung Sungai Bilal Kabupaten Nunukan Menggunakan Metode F.J. Mock

Due to population growth and the region's fast development, domestic and non- domestic water consumption has grown in Nunukan Regency. To meet the clean water demand, the government has built the Bilal River Reservoir, which initiated a study of the Bilal River Reservoir to be carried out to determine the reservoir's reliability in meeting the demand for clean water in line with population growth. This study analyzed water availability and the demand for raw water in the Bilal River Reservoir. In the analysis of water availability, the Modified Penman approach is used to analyze evapotranspiration, while the F.J. Mock method was used to study effective debit. From the analysis of raw water availability using the F.J. Mock with 90% reliability, The biggest Q90 was in January at 119 liters/sec, and the smallest was in December at 15 liters/sec. As well as the results of the largest water demand analysis in 2031 in the West Nunukan Village zone of 19,947 liters/sec and the smallest in 2022 in the Central Nunukan Village zone of 6,249 l/s.

Econometric analysis of water demand in Tijuana, Mexico

La escasez de agua, y el fuerte crecimiento de la población y del sector industrial en la ciudad de Tijuana hace necesario un uso adecuado del recurso. El objetivo de este artículo fue determinar los factores que afectan la demanda de agua en los sectores residencial e industrial de Tijuana, y analizar el efecto que un aumento en los precios del agua y energía eléctrica tienen sobre el consumo del líquido en ambos sectores. Se estimó un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas de la demanda de aguay se usaron datos anuales de 1991 a 2019. Los resultados indican que la demanda de agua en el sector residencial e industrial responde de manera inelástica a sus respectivos precios. El precio del agua tendría que aumentar en 53.1 y 57.7 % para disminuir la demanda de agua en 10 % en los sectores residencial e industrial, respectivamente; y el precio de la energía eléctrica tendría que aumentar en 17.0 y 64.3 % para lograr el mismo efecto en el consumo en ambos sectores. La escasez de agua en la ciudad justifica el aumento en los precios anteriores para lograr disminuir el consumo del vital líquido

Analysis of Hydrometeorological Characteristics and Water Demand in Semi-Arid Mediterranean Catchments under Water Deficit Conditions

Drought is one of the most complex and poorly understood catastrophes on the planet. Between the Greek mainland and Turkey, there is an area of Greece known as the South Aegean Islands, that experiences water supply issues. As a result, there are issues related to the socioeconomic growth of some of these islands, and the need for water transportation by water vessels. Water transportation by ships to the Cyclades and Dodecanese areas from the mainland or other adjacent islands to satisfy urgent demands, on the other hand, is exceptionally expensive. The situation deteriorates during the summer, when drinking water needs can reach five times the norm, due to the heavy tourist season. Given these conditions, the aim of this research is to estimate hydrometeorological conditions, calculate the water balance, and determine water needs in three southern Aegean islands (Mykonos, Naxos, and Kos), where there is a water shortage, particularly during the summer months when tourism activity is at its peak. The modified Thornthwaite–Mather monthly hydrological balance model was applied to determine the water balance. Various water use datasets (drinking water, irrigation, water transportation) were employed to quantify the water demands in the three islands. According to the results, the available water (runoff + infiltration) seems to be more than sufficient to meet the needs of the islands of Naxos and Kos, since it far exceeds the increased needs of the islands. Yet, it appears that in Mykonos, where the water resources have been nearly entirely utilized, the available water, is just enough to meet the water needs. It is evident that all three islands present significant sources of available water, which could meet the growing needs of the residents. However, the absence of the necessary water exploitation projects, mainly concerning the surface runoff, has contributed to the intense water supply problems of the islands. The importance of the water harvesting projects becomes even more urgent under the conditions of climate change, with the decrease in annual rainfall likely to be a highly possible scenario, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

The analysis of domestic water demand and management in Duren Village, Bandungan, Semarang District

The analysis of domestic water demand and management in Duren Village, Bandungan, Semarang District

The analysis of domestic water demand and management in Duren Village, Bandungan, Semarang District

The analysis of domestic water demand and management in Duren Village, Bandungan, Semarang District

Analysis of Teritip Dam Utilization for Domestic Water Supply in Balikpapan

Balikpapan is a city in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, serving as a business and industrial center with the largest economy on the island of Kalimantan. The Teritip Dam has multiple purposes, including flood control and addressing the clean water crisis caused by a lack of raw water sources. The demand for clean water will continue to increase with population growth. This study aims to determine the contribution of the Teritip Dam in meeting the community's clean water needs through the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) of Balikpapan. The study also seeks to provide input for potential contributions and conservation efforts. The analysis of domestic clean water demand involves evaluating the condition of clean water, identifying the supply and demand of clean water, analyzing population projections, and estimating the volume of clean water needed by the population. The study findings indicate that the Teritip reservoir provides a discharge of 8,891 m3/day, fulfilling only 14.3% of the clean water demand in Balikpapan. Therefore, implementing water resource conservation measures is crucial to meet the water demand in Balikpapan. These conservation activities include improving the supervision of water withdrawal and usage by considering conservation interests, raising public awareness about water issues, and controlling groundwater use for new drilling activities, particularly in critical groundwater areas.

Water challenges of Dire Dawa city of Ethiopia: An assessment of urban growth and groundwater supply

Urbanization in Ethiopia is increasing rapidly, leading to environmental changes and necessitating improved urban infrastructure. Dire Dawa, the second most populous city in Ethiopia, has a high rate of urban growth. This study focuses on three main areas: remote sensing analysis of urban growth, urban water supply and water distribution system, and groundwater resources management. Land use and land cover (LULC) analysis over four different time periods showed significant and rapid expansion of the city. The current and future water demand and supply analysis found that the water supply is three times less than the water demand, indicating that existing water sources are not adequate for the future expansion of the city. Moreover, the hydraulic performance of the existing distribution system as analyzed by WaterGems software found that pressure at 22.41% of nodes and velocities at 29.83% of pipes are sufficient to provide water for the study area. Finally, the study investigated the discharge and water level and water quality of each borehole in Dire Dawa City. Overall, this study showed that high urbanization rate together with the population growth has put pressure on the existing water supply source and existing water distribution system calling for feasible water management strategy for the city.

English

Indonesia lies in a tropical climate area and depends on rainfall as the main source of irrigation. Changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature directly impact the water availability for irrigation purposes, including Danda Besar Swamp Irrigation Area (DIR). DIR Danda Besar is a tidal swamp irrigation field, but the tidal power cannot reach several areas, so it needs to use rainwater to supply water demand and becomes rainfed agriculture. The observation of changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature from 2001 to 2020 was conducted using daily TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) data split into 2 observation periods: Period I from 2001 to 2010 and period II from 2011 to 2020. The data analysis process consists of validation and correction to the TRMM data before it is used for water balance analysis, calculation of effective rainfall for rice and evapotranspiration, and analysis of water availability and demand. From the comparison of water availability discharge between Period I (2001-2010) and Period II (2011-2020), the highest increase in mid-month water availability occured on December 1 and December 2, and the highest decrease in water availability occured on November 1 and November 2. The results of the water balance analysis are based on water demand according to the cropping scenario with two cropping scenarios. Water balance 1 has a deficit in water availability for Periods I and II; water balance 2 is recommended for cropping patterns due to climate change, so the water balance is calculated based on water availability for Period II. No water deficit in Water balance 2.