Analysis Of Variance Design Research Articles

Heterogeneity of animal experiments and how to deal with it.

Heterogeneity of study samples is ubiquitous in animal experiments. Here, we discuss the different options of how to deal with heterogeneity in the statistical analysis of a single experiment. Specifically, data from different sub-groups (e.g. sex, strain, age cohorts) may be analysed separately, heterogenization factors may be ignored and data pooled for analysis, or heterogenization factors may be included as additional variables in the statistical model. The cost of ignoring a heterogenization factor is an inflated estimate of the variance and a consequent loss of statistical power. Therefore, it is usually preferable to include the heterogenization factor in the statistical model, especially if the heterogenization factor has been introduced intentionally (e.g. using both sexes). If heterogenization factors are included, they can be treated either as fixed factors in an analysis of variance design or sometimes as random effects in mixed effects regression models. Finally, for an appropriate sample size estimation, it is necessary to decide whether to treat heterogenization factors as nuisance variables, or whether the experiment should be powered to be able to detect not only the main effect of the treatment but also interactions between heterogenization factors and the treatment variable.

Effects of lower limb vibration on hip pain and function after total hip arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundA vibration roller is an effective tool for reducing muscle soreness and improving damaged muscle function. However, its efficacy in reducing hip pain and improving function after total hip arthroplasty is unclear. We investigated the effect of lower limb vibration using a vibration roller on postoperative hip pain and function after total hip arthroplasty in a randomized controlled clinical trial. MethodsThirty patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty were randomly assigned to vibration and control groups. The patients in the vibration group performed lower limb vibration using a vibration roller. The patients in the control group performed sham therapy using a hot pack. Patients performed both interventions for 10 min daily on postoperative days 1–7, in addition to regular physical therapy. Primary outcome was hip pain intensity as measured using a visual analog scale. Secondary outcomes were pain-pressure threshold and serum creatine kinase and C-reactive protein levels. We also assessed physical functions, including the Harris Hip Score, range of motion of the hip joint, muscle strength, gait velocity, and timed up-and-go test. The effects of the interventions on outcome measurements in the groups were compared using a split-plot design variance analysis. ResultsAfter one week of the intervention and three weeks of follow-up, the vibration group showed statistically significant improvement in the exercise-induced hip pain, pain-pressure threshold of lateral thigh, and serum creatine kinase compared to the control group (p = 0.006, 0.003, and 0.012, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups regarding the physical functions. ConclusionsLower limb vibration using a vibration roller after total hip arthroplasty was an effective intervention to reduce exercise-induced hip pain and improve serum creatine kinase, but there was no synergistic effect on the physical functions.

A Comparison between Core Stability Exercises and Muscle Thickness Using Two Different Activation Maneuvers.

Core stability training is crucial for competitive athletes, individuals who want to improve their health and physical performance, and those undergoing clinical rehabilitation. This study compared the ultrasound (US) muscle thickness of the abdominals and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles between seven popular trunk stability exercises performed using hollowing and bracing maneuvers. Forty-four healthy young adults, aged between 21 and 32 years, performed a plank, bird dog, beast crawl, dead bug, Pilates tap, bridge, and side planks using the bracing and the hollowing maneuver. The thickness of the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and LM muscles was measured simultaneously using two ultrasound machines. Analysis of variance designs indicated that during hollowing, the bird dog and side plank exercises resulted in the greatest increase in the muscle's relative thickness overall. The relative thickness of all muscles was significantly greater (p < 0.001) during hollowing (22.7 ± 7.80 to 106 ± 24.5% of rest) compared to bracing (18.7 ± 7.40 to 87.1 ± 20.9% of rest). The TrA showed the greatest increase in thickness (p < 0.001) compared to the IO and LM. Additionally, the IO had a greater increase in thickness (p < 0.001) than the LM. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the bird dog and side plank exercises, when performed with hollowing, showed the most significant total muscle thickness increase. Notably, the hollowing maneuver enhances the thickness of the TrA, IO, and LM muscles more than the bracing maneuver. This contributes to the discussion on optimal strategies for dynamic core stabilization.

Experimental Research Methods“Anava and Factorial Experiment Psychology Research Design”

The experimental research method is an approach used to examine the effect of certain treatments on other variables under controlled conditions. In experiments, researchers manipulate a stimulus or treatment, then observe its impact on the variable under study. This research discusses experimental design and its purpose, including ANOVA and factorial experimental psychology research designs. Experimental design allows researchers to test hypotheses with well-defined steps before conducting experiments. There are several types of experimental designs, including pre-experimental, true experimental, factorial experimental, and quasi-experimental. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method for comparing the means of several groups of data with respect to their variances. Factorial design involves the simultaneous manipulation of several factors to study the effect on the dependent variable. This study describes the characteristics, objectives, and types of factorial designs as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The experimental design and statistical analysis used help researchers understand and analyze data more comprehensively and objectively

Outcomes of Implementing Step Game Approach-Based Sport Education Model in Junior High School Physical Education

&lt;p&gt;目的：Siedentop (1994) 發展的運動教育模式 (Sport Education, SE) 已成為體育課程的主流，但檢驗SE成效的研究多將重點放在認知與情意上 (如：動機、正向情緒等)，SE是否能有效提升學生運動技能尚未有較明確的結論。因此Mesquita等 (2005) 提出階段競賽法 (Step Game Approach, SGA) 融入運動教育模式，藉由每階段比賽或遊戲任務檢驗學生的運動技能表現，瞭解其在賽季前、中是否完整吸收了課堂上的知識，並在運動技能上有所提升。目前國內尚無任何檢驗SGA結合SE (SGA-SE) 教學策略成效之研究發表，因此本研究將採取準實驗設計，將SE-SGA實施於國中體育課中，以瞭解此教學策略對學生運動技能學習成效之影響與學生感受。方法：以新北市立某國中二年級，兩個班級共35位學生為研究對象，實驗組實施SGA-SE之教學，對照組接受SE之教學，進行7週共13節課的課程，兩組學生皆以GPAI運動表現評量進行前、後測，資料以二因子混合設計變異數分析進行統計考驗，並在介入後，對實驗組學生進行半結構式訪談。結果：實驗組學生之運動技能表現提升顯著優於對照組，且實驗組多數學生皆認為自己的排球技能有進步。結論：本研究率先於國內體育課情境檢驗實施SE-SGA之教學成效，發現SE-SGA對學生在運動技能表現上的提升優於單純實施SE教學法。建議未來研究可加入不同變項分析，進一步驗證國內、外研究之差異。也期盼此研究結果能作為往後體育教師在國內實施SGA-SE時之參考依據。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Purposes: The Sport Education (SE) model, developed by Siedentop (1994), has been widely applied in physical education (PE) across many countries. While SE outcomes have been extensively studied in terms of affective and cognitive dimensions, its impact on skill learning has remained inconclusive. To address this gap, Mesquita et al. (2005) proposed combining the Step Game-Approach (SGA) with the SE model (SE-SGA) to assess students’ skills through step-based games or tasks in PE. However, there has been no study examining the outcomes of SE-SGA-based PE in Taiwan. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of SE-SGA on students’ skill learning at middle school PE class, as well as students’ perceptions of SE-SGA-based PE class. Methods: The study involved 35 eighth-grade students from two classes in a middle school in New Taipei City. The experimental group (n = 19) received SE-SGA-based PE, while the control group (n = 16) received SE-based PE over a 7-week period, totaling 13 classes. Sports performance evaluation using the GPAI (Game Performance Assessment Instrument) was conducted before and after the intervention for both groups. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using a two-factor mixed design variance analysis. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the experimental group after the intervention. Results: The results demonstrated a significant improvement in sports skills for students in the experimental group compared to their counterparts in the control group. Furthermore, a majority of the students in the experimental group expressed their belief that their sports skills had improved following the intervention. Conclusions: This study represents the inaugural exploration of the implementation of SE-SGA-based PE classes in Taiwan. The findings indicate that SE-SGA can significantly enhance students’ sports skills. In future research, it is recommended to consider multiple variables to better understand the distinctions among different cultures and populations when implementing SE-SGA-based PE. The outcomes of this study serve as a valuable reference for physical educators looking to implement SE-SGA and researchers interested in exploring its outcomes.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Statistical options for the analysis of in vitro gas production profiles illustrated using rumen liquor as the inoculum

AbstractThe use of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) options for the analysis of in vitro ruminal fermentation gas production profiles is illustrated. Because of the different variances and covariance structures among profile observations, ordinary ANOVA for more than two-time points is not recommended. To mitigate this problem, the Greenhouse–Geisser epsilon correction can be applied to reduce the degrees of freedom, inflated by violation of the sphericity assumption, for F ratio probability calculations. After this correction, the Box–Greenhouse–Geisser ANOVA (modified ANOVA) layout appears similar to the layout of a split-plot design ANOVA with whole plots divided into subplots (incubation time). Any F tests in the main plot part are valid but F tests involving the time factor from the subplot part need modification because time factor, by its very nature, cannot be allocated at random. Application of multivariate ANOVA, distance multivariate ANOVA, ante-dependence and mixed model analysis are also considered. All these options lend themselves to wide application in the applied biological sciences.

Demystifying omega squared: Practical guidance for effect size in common analysis of variance designs.

Omega squared (ω^2) is a measure of effect size for analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs. It is less biased than eta squared, but reported less often. This is in part due to lack of clear guidance on how to calculate it. In this paper, we discuss the logic behind effect size measures, the problem with eta squared, the history of omega squared, and why it has been underused. We then provide a user-friendly guide to omega squared and partial omega squared for ANOVA designs with fixed factors, including one-way, two-way, and three-way designs, using within-subjects factors and/or between-subjects factors. We show how to calculate omega squared using output from SPSS. We provide information on the calculation of confidence intervals. We examine the problems of nonadditivity, and intrinsic versus extrinsic factors. We argue that statistical package developers could play an important role in making the calculation of omega squared easier. Finally, we recommend that researchers report the formulas used in calculating effect sizes, include confidence intervals if possible, and include ANOVA tables in the online supplemental materials of their work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Effect of Bridge Exercise Duration on Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness and Gluteus Maximus Activation.

Bridge exercises are extensively used in trunk-strengthening programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bridging duration on lateral abdominal muscle thickness and gluteus maximus activation. Cross-sectional. Twenty-five young males participated in this study. Transversus abdominal (TrA), external and internal oblique ultrasound thickness, gluteus maximus electromyographic activation, and sacral tilt angle were simultaneously measured for every second during 30-second bridging exercise. The contraction thickness ratio and root mean squared signal (normalized to maximum isometric contraction signal) during 6 exercise durations (from 0 to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30s) were also calculated and compared using analysis of variance designs. TrA and internal oblique contraction thickness ratio and gluteus maximus root mean squared increased during the first 8 to 10seconds and remained elevated until the end of the 30-second exercise (P < .05). External oblique contraction thickness ratio declined during exercise (P < .05). Five-second bridging showed less TrA thickness and anteroposterior and mediolateral sacral tilt angle and a lower anteroposterior tilt variability compared with bridges, which lasted more than 10seconds (P < .05). Bridge exercises longer than 10seconds may be better for promoting TrA recruitment than bridges of shorter duration. Clinicians and exercise specialists could adjust the duration of bridge exercise based on the aims of the exercise program.

The Methods of Uphill Sprint and Downhill Sprint Training Against 100 Meters Running Speed Viewed From the Strength of the Leg Muscles in son Athletes

The purpose of this study is to find the truth about: (1) To find out the difference in the influence between the Uphill sprint and Downhill Sprint training methods on the improvement of 100-meter sprint achievement. (2) To find out the difference in the improvement of 100-meter sprint achievement between students who have high and low leg muscle strength. (3) To determine the effect of the interaction between the Uphill sprint and Downhill Sprint training methods with the strength of the high and low leg muscles on the improvement of the 100-meter sprint performance. Experimental method in one group without comparison using pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was athletes from SMP Negeri 1 Rejoso, Nganjuk Regency, class VIII. The sample size used in this study was 32 Men athletes. The sampling technique in this study was Purposive random sampling. The variables studied are free variables consisting of two reactors, namely manipulative variables and attributive variables and one dependent variable. Manipulative variables have two treatments, including giving Uphill sprint exercises, and Downhill sprints. While the attributive variable in this study is the strength of the leg muscles which are distinguished by high and low. The dependent variable of the study is the increase in sprints of 100 meters. Data collection techniques with tests and measurements, leg muscle strength data with leg and back dynamometers. The data analysis techniques used for hypothesis testing are the 2-lane design Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Newman-Keuls range test, at a significance level of 95%. The results of the study that Uphill sprint training has a different improvement from Downhill sprint training. From the calculation results obtained Fhit = 12.5641 greater than Ftabel = 2.95 (F0 &gt; Ft) at a signification level of 5%. This means that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. This means that the Uphill sprint practice has different improvements than the Downhill sprint practice is acceptable. The results of this study showed that players who had low leg muscle strength had a 100-meter sprint increase which was different from players who had high leg muscle strength. This is evidenced by the value of Fhit = 4.2619 greater than Ftabel = 2.95 (F0 &gt; Ft) at a signification level of 5%. This means that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. This means that athletes who have low leg muscle strength have a 100-meter sprint that is different from high leg muscle strength players, it is acceptable. The results of this study also showed that there was an interaction between the influence of plyometric exercise and a significant level of leg muscle strength, which was shown by F0 = 23.4810 greater than Ft = 2.95 at a signification level of 5% so that H0 was rejected, so it can be concluded that there was a significant interaction between the influence of plyometric exercise and the level of leg muscle strength. Players who have low leg muscle strength are more appropriately given the Uphill sprint training treatment to increase the sprint by 100 meters. Downhill sprint training treatment is more appropriately given to athletes who have high leg muscle strength.

A Quantitative Study of Micro and Macro Mechanical Parameters Based on the PFC3D Flat-Joint Model.

The flat-joint model, which constructs round particles as polygons, can suppress rotation after breakage between particles and simulate more larger compression and tension ratios than the linear parallel-bond model. The flat-joint contact model was chosen for this study to calibrate the rock for 3D experiments. In the unit experiments, the triaxial unit was loaded with flexible boundaries, and the influence of each microscopic parameter on the significance magnitude of the macroscopic parameters (modulus of elasticity E, Poisson’s ratio ν, uniaxial compressive strength UCS, crack initiation strength σci, internal friction angle φ and uniaxial tensile strength TS) was analysed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) in an orthogonal experimental design. Among them, Eƒ, kƒ has a significant effect on E; Cƒ and kƒ have a significant effect on ν; Cƒ, σƒ and kƒ have a significant effect on UCS; Cƒ; σƒ and Eƒ have a significant effect on TS; Rsd has a significant effect on σci; and φf, Eƒ, kƒ, μƒ, and σƒ have a significant effect on φ. Regressions were then carried out to establish the equations for calculating the macroscopic parameters of the rock material so that the three-dimensional microscopic parameters of the PFC can be quantitatively analysed and calculated. The correctness of the establishment of the macroscopic equations was verified by comparing the numerical and damage patterns of uniaxial compression, Brazilian splitting, and triaxial experiments with those of numerical simulation units in the chamber.

Ankle and Knee Joint Kinematics Differ between Flat, Slice and Topspin Serves in Young Tennis Players

The present study aimed to examine the differences in ankle and knee joint kinematics between the flat, slice, and topspin tennis serves. Twelve young tennis players (six boys, and six girls) aged 12-16 years old, performed flat, slice and topspin serve whilst three-dimensional body kinematics were recorded using an optoelectronic camera system. Ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion and knee extension/flexion angular positions were recorded at two-time instants: first, at the time of maximum knee flexion and, second, at time of ball to racket contact. Analysis of variance designs showed that the knee flexion angle of the back leg differed significantly between the three service types (P &lt; 0.001). Further, the rear leg ankle angle at maximum flexion also significantly differed between the three serves (P &lt; 0.004). It was observed that tennis players perform topspin and slice serves with smaller joint angles than flat serves, probably, because the former is being used as a second serve in the game. Τhe ankle, which is the closest point of the kinetic chain at the start of power generation, plays an important and different role in the performance of the three serve types. Therefore, the synergy of the ankle joint is very important in the initial phase of serve for the transfer of forces. Coaches should review the technical issues of serve movement based on the flexibility of the ankle joint because the limited ankle range of motion does not help to transfer forces from the ground.

Studies on Modeling and Physicochemical Properties of Oil Extracted from Moringa stenopetala Seed

Moringa stenopetala, locally known as Shiferraw, is an indigenous vegetable tree native to southern Ethiopia and grown mainly for its food value. This study deals with the investigations of physicochemical characteristics of Moringa stenopetala seeds’ oil extracted using solvent extraction with food-grade hexane as a solvent and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the extraction parameters. The seeds were collected from Adama located in Oromia, East Shewa Zone of Ethiopia, and they exhibit the average moisture, ash, fiber, protein, and oil contents of 6.3, 4.2, 2.3, 27.5, and 40.2%, respectively. Temperature, extraction time, and particle size had a significant p &lt; 0.05 effect on the oil yield. According to the Experimental Design Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis, the optimum process parameters’ combination to find the highest oil yield was particle size of 0.83 mm, the temperature at 78.82°C, and extraction time of 5.13 hours. The model predicted oil yield was 39.7 ± 0.32%. The oil from Moringa stenopetala seed exhibits physiochemical characteristics of refractive index (40°C), 1.4625; viscosity 49.4 Cp; density at 25 °C, 0.9317 g/cm−3; saponification value, 191.4; peroxide value, 11.52 millieq O2/kg; iodine value of 89.21; and Acid Value (AV) 2.21 mg KOH/g. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis shows that the oil contains both ester carbonyl (C=O) functional groups saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. The physicochemical properties of Moringa stenopetala seeds were compared with other edible oil properties such as sesame, groundnut, olive, and sunflower seeds. The result shows that in the future Moringa stenopetala could be used as a substitute for other oil-bearing seeds sources, such as soybean, sunflower, and groundnut.

Confident memory errors and disrupted reality testing in early psychosis

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a disruption in reality testing most often manifest in the form of delusions and hallucinations. Because determining the reality-basis of prior experiences is dependent on episodic and associative memory, deficits in mnemonic processes could be involved in the genesis of impaired reality testing. In the present study, we used an associative memory paradigm incorporating confidence ratings to examine whether patients with a recent onset of schizophrenia (n = 48) show a greater propensity for confident, yet incorrect responses during retrieval testing than healthy controls (n = 26) and whether such confident incorrect responses, specifically, are more strongly associated with positive symptoms than with negative symptoms. Using an analysis of variance design, we found that first-episode schizophrenia patients made a significantly greater number of confident errors than controls (i.e. they expressed high confidence in having seen pairs of items that were not paired at encoding and high confidence in having not seen pairs of items that were paired at encoding). We also found that the number of confident errors was specifically and differentially associated with positive symptom severity, to a significantly greater degree than with negative symptom severity and psychosocial functioning, and this association was not found between positive symptoms and uncertain responses, nor positive symptoms and overall task performance. These findings suggest that the propensity for incorrect memory judgements with high confidence, specifically, may be uniquely associated with disrupted reality testing and that this type of cognitive impairment is distinct from general deficits in memory and cognition in this respect.

Staging Liver Fibrosis: Comparison of Native T1 Mapping, T2 Mapping, and T1ρ: An Experimental Study in Rats With Bile Duct Ligation and Carbon Tetrachloride at 11.7T MRI.

T1, T2, and T1ρ might be potential biomarkers for assessing liver fibrosis. However, few studies reported the value of them in different animal models. To investigate and compare the performances of T1, T2, and T1ρ for noninvasively staging liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) model. Prospective animal model. Liver fibrosis was induced by BDL or injection of CCl4 in 120 rats. 11.7T, T1 mapping with 10 repetition times, T2 mapping with 32 echo times, and T1ρ with 10 spin-lock times. T1, T2, and T1ρ were measured and correlated with liver fibrosis stages, as well as the degree of inflammation, steatosis, iron deposition, and the expression of cytokeratin 19. The discriminative performance of T1, T2, and T1ρ for staging liver fibrosis was compared. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman's correlation analysis, factorial design ANOVA, and receiver operating characteristic curves (P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). T1, T2, and T1ρ (BDL: rho=0.73, 0.85, 0.68; CCl4 : rho=0.80, 0.29, 0.61) were significantly correlated with liver fibrosis stages, while there was no significant difference in T2 among stage F0-F4 in the CCl4 model (P=0.204). The area under the curves (AUCs) range of T1, T2, and T1ρ for predicting ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.76-0.95, 0.89-0.98, and 0.80-0.94 in the CCl4 model. For the CCl4 model, the AUCs range of T1, T2, and T1ρ for predicting ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.83-0.95, 0.61-0.74, and 0.73-0.89, respectively. T2 had significantly higher AUC in the BDL model than CCl4 model for diagnosing liver fibrosis. The most sensitive and accurate method for staging liver fibrosis appeared to be T1 in our animal models followed by T1ρ. T2 may not be suitable for evaluating liver fibrosis. 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.

The characteristics of pods and seeds of liana species Derris trifoliata and their relationship with environmental factors in Guangdong, China

Derris trifoliata, a native plant associated with mangroves, has caused the death of mangrove species in recent years. To explore the pod and seed characteristics in different populations of D. trifoliata, three geographical locations were selected—the cities of Yangjiang (Y), Zhanjiang (Z), and Zhuhai (Qi’ao Island, Q) in Guangdong province—and seven experimental populations Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Z1, Z2, and Q1 were selected within these locations. The hundred-grain weight ratio of fresh seed to pod was between 81% and 85% for populations Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4, and between 67% and 75% for populations Z1, Z2, and Q1. The water content of the seven populations was between 60% and 65%. By using a nested design variance analysis and multiple comparisons, eight phenotypic traits (length, width, thickness, length/width of pod, and seed) were shown to be mainly due to the variance among populations. Principal component analysis based on the eight traits showed a detailed distribution of all individuals among the seven sites, based on the first two principal axes. These results further verified the results of variance analysis which showed differences among populations. The seven populations were divided into four groups based on cluster analysis of the eight traits: population Y1 stood alone, as did Q1; populations Z1 and Z2, and populations Y2, Y3, and Y4 formed two separate groups. Redundancy analysis demonstrated a correlation between environmental factors and populations based on phenotypic traits. The results illustrated that there were differences in the phenotypic traits of pod and seed at different geographical locations and that there were differences in phenotypic traits within the Yangjiang city population. Both pod and seed characteristics were influenced most by TP, SOM, and TN. The results illustrated that D. trifoliata can act as a indicator of mangrove health, human interference and activities need to be reduced and afforestation should be considered in the destroyed areas caused by D. trifoliata.

P2Y1 Purinergic Receptor Contributes to Remifentanil-Induced Cold Hyperalgesia via Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8-Dependent Regulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Phosphorylation in Dorsal Root Ganglion.

Remifentanil can induce postinfusion cold hyperalgesia. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation and upregulation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) membrane trafficking in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are critical to cold hyperalgesia derived from neuropathic pain, and TRPM8 activation causes NMDAR-dependent cold response. Contribution of P2Y1 purinergic receptor (P2Y1R) activation in DRG to cold pain hypersensitivity and NMDAR activation induced by P2Y1R upregulation in neurons are also unraveled. This study explores whether P2Y1R contributes to remifentanil-induced cold hyperalgesia via TRPM8-dependent regulation of NMDAR phosphorylation in DRG. Rats with remifentanil-induced cold hyperalgesia were injected with TRPM8 antagonist or P2Y1R antagonist at 10 minutes before remifentanil infusion. Cold hyperalgesia (paw lift number and withdrawal duration on cold plate) was measured at -24, 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours following remifentanil infusion. After the last behavioral test, P2Y1R expression, TRPM8 expression and membrane trafficking, and NMDAR subunit (NR1 and NR2B) expression and phosphorylation in DRG were detected by western blot, and colocalization of P2Y1R with TRPM8 was determined by double-labeling immunofluorescence. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) or 2 × 2 factorial design ANOVA with repeated measures was used to analyze behavioral data of cold hyperalgesia. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc comparisons was used to analyze the data in western blot and immunofluorescence. Remifentanil infusion (1 μg·kg-1·min-1 for 60 minutes) induced cold hyperalgesia (hyperalgesia versus control, paw lift number and withdrawal duration on cold plate at 2-48 hours, P < .0001) with upregulated NR1 (hyperalgesia versus naive, 48 hours, mean ± standard deviation [SD], 114.00% ± 12.48% vs 41.75% ± 5.20%, P < .005) and NR2B subunits expression (104.13% ± 8.37% vs 24.63% ± 4.87%, P < .005), NR1 phosphorylation at Ser896 (91.88% ± 7.08% vs 52.00% ± 7.31%, P < .005) and NR2B phosphorylation at Tyr1472 (115.75% ± 8.68% vs 59.75% ± 7.78%, P < .005), TRPM8 expression (115.38% ± 9.27% vs 40.50% ± 4.07%, P < .005) and membrane trafficking (112.88% ± 5.62% vs 48.88% ± 6.49%, P < .005), and P2Y1R expression (128.25% ± 14.86% vs 45.13% ± 7.97%, P < .005) in DRG. Both TRPM8 and P2Y1R antagonists attenuated remifentanil-induced cold hyperalgesia and downregulated increased NR1 and NR2B expression and phosphorylation induced by remifentanil (remifentanil + RQ-00203078 versus remifentanil + saline, NR1 phosphorylation, 69.38% ± 3.66% vs 92.13% ± 4.85%; NR2B phosphorylation, 72.25% ± 6.43% vs 111.75% ± 11.00%, P < .0001). NMDAR activation abolished inhibition of TRPM8 and P2Y1R antagonists on remifentanil-induced cold hyperalgesia. P2Y1R antagonist inhibited remifentanil-evoked elevations in TRPM8 expression and membrane trafficking and P2Y1R-TRPM8 coexpression (remifentanil + 2'-deoxy-N6-methyl adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate [MRS2179] versus remifentanil + saline, coexpression, 8.33% ± 1.33% vs 22.19% ± 2.15%, P < .0001). Attenuation of remifentanil-induced cold hyperalgesia by P2Y1R inhibition is attributed to downregulations in NMDAR expression and phosphorylation via diminishing TRPM8 expression and membrane trafficking in DRG.

Simulation-Based Power Analysis for Factorial Analysis of Variance Designs

Researchers often rely on analysis of variance (ANOVA) when they report results of experiments. To ensure that a study is adequately powered to yield informative results with an ANOVA, researchers can perform an a priori power analysis. However, power analysis for factorial ANOVA designs is often a challenge. Current software solutions do not allow power analyses for complex designs with several within-participants factors. Moreover, power analyses often need [Formula: see text] or Cohen’s f as input, but these effect sizes are not intuitive and do not generalize to different experimental designs. We have created the R package Superpower and online Shiny apps to enable researchers without extensive programming experience to perform simulation-based power analysis for ANOVA designs of up to three within- or between-participants factors. Predicted effects are entered by specifying means, standard deviations, and, for within-participants factors, the correlations. The simulation provides the statistical power for all ANOVA main effects, interactions, and individual comparisons. The software can plot power across a range of sample sizes, can control for multiple comparisons, and can compute power when the homogeneity or sphericity assumption is violated. This Tutorial demonstrates how to perform a priori power analysis to design informative studies for main effects, interactions, and individual comparisons and highlights important factors that determine the statistical power for factorial ANOVA designs.

Effectiveness of Taguchi and ANOVA in design of differential ring oscillator

In this work, a new circuit of delay cell is proposed to design a wide tuning range differential ring oscillator (DRO). Statistical techniques of Taguchi design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to optimize the performance parameters of the proposed circuit. Three levels and 3 factors of width (w1, w3 and w4) for various MOSFETs of delay cell, are considered as major performance controlling factors. Taguchi method identifies the significant level of a factor which affects the specific performance parameter. ANOVA analysis is used to find the critical factor for a specified response. This method is also used to find the optimum values of width w1, w3 and w4 for the overall optimum performance of the proposed circuit. Pre and post layout simulations are carried out in GPDK45 nm CMOS technology to justify the statistical results with the simulated ones. Proposed circuit offers wide tuning range of 88.04% (from 1.67 to 13.96 GHz), phase noise of − 91.38 dBc/Hz (at 10 MHz offset), power consumption of 6.93 mW (at Fosc = 11.34 GHz) and total chip area of $$610\,\upmu \hbox {m}^2$$ . The proposed DRO find its suitability in high speed communication devices, medical equipment’s and navigation systems.

Microhardness distribution of the tibial diaphysis and test site selection for reference point indentation technique.

Indentation hardness test is a good in vitro method of bone quality assessment. The purpose of this study is to explore the distribution characteristics of bone tissue microhardness in tibial diaphysis and provide theoretical support for the test site selection of the reference point indentation technique.Three fresh right tibias were obtained from 3 cadaver donors. The tibial diaphysis was evenly divided into 6 sections. Bone specimens with a thickness of 3 mm were cut from each part. After appropriate management, micro-indentation tests were performed in various regions of the specimens to acquire the microhardness values of the tibial diaphysis. Statistical analysis was performed by randomized block design variance analysis to study the distribution characteristics of bone microhardness.72 regions were selected for 360 effective indentations. We found that the bone microhardness is inhomogeneous in tibia diaphysis. Mean hardness value of the anterior, medial, posterior, lateral region of tibia diaphysis was 45.58 ± 4.39 Vickers hardness (HV), 52.33 ± 3.93 HV, 54.00 ± 4.21 HV, 52.89 ± 4.44 HV, respectively. The anterior cortex exhibits lower microhardness value than the other regions (P < .001). Within the same region, microhardness varies significantly with positions in the tibial diaphysis. The variations in indentation hardness are bound to have a significant impact on the comparability of different reference point indentation (RPI) studies.The results of this study indicated the regional microhardness difference in the human tibia diaphysis. The microhardness of different planes in the same region is also inconsistent. Inhomogeneous distribution of indentation microhardness would have considerable influence in the test site selection of RPI technique. The data collected in our study would contribute to the design of highly precise 3D printing implants and bionic bones with gradient elastic modulus.

Leukotoxicity after moderately Hypofractionated radiotherapy versus conventionally fractionated dose escalated radiotherapy for localized prostate Cancer: a secondary analysis from a randomized study

BackgroundTo compare WBC counts during treatment of localized prostate cancer with either conventionally fractionated (CF) or moderately hypofractionated (HYPO) radiotherapy.MethodsWeekly blood test results were extracted from the charts of patients treated within a phase III study comparing HYPO to CF. In order to compare WBC counts at the same nominal dose in both arms and thus to tease out the effect of fractionation, for each recorded WBC value the corresponding cumulative total dose was extracted as well. WBC counts were binned according to percentiles of the delivered dose and three dose levels were identified at median doses of 16, 34.1 and 52 Gy, respectively. A General Linear Model based on mixed design Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test variation of WBC counts between the two treatment arms.ResultsOut of 168 randomized patients, 140 (83.3%) had at least one observation for each one of the selected dose levels and were included in the analysis. Mean counts were lower in the CF than the HYPO arm at all selected dose levels, reaching a statistically significant difference at dose level #3 (5397/mm3 vs 6038/mm3 for CF and HYPO, respectively, p = 0.004). The GLM model confirms that the impact of dose on WBC counts is significantly lower in the HYPO arm over the CF one (Greenhouse-Geisser test, p = 0.04). Interestingly, while WBC counts tend to drop throughout all dose levels in the CF arm, this is the case only in the earlier part of treatment in the HYPO arm.ConclusionThis secondary analysis of a phase III study shows that dose fractionation is correlated to WBC drop during treatment of localized prostate cancer, favoring HYPO over CF.