Urinary Stone Analysis Research Articles

Urinary Stone Composition Analysis of 1465 Patients: The First Series from Azerbaijan

Background: Urinary stone disease is a prevalent health issue worldwide, with varying incidence influenced by multiple factors. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive analysis of urinary stone composition in Azerbaijan. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 1465 patients, aged 1‒83 years, who underwent biochemical urinary stone analysis at the Department of Renal Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Azerbaijan State Security Service Military Hospital, between April 2015 and December 2023. Stone samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM® SPSS software version 29.0. Results: The cohort had a median age of 45 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.65:1. Calcium oxalate stones were the most common (56.2%), followed by uric acid (33.7%), struvite (5.3%), cystine (2.5%), calcium phosphate (1.9%), and xanthine (0.1%) stones. Men had a higher prevalence of calcium oxalate and uric acid stones, while women had more struvite stones. Mixed stones were common, particularly among uric acid and struvite stones. Significant differences in stone composition were observed between age groups and genders, with uric acid stones found predominantly in older individuals. Conclusion: This study highlights the predominance of calcium oxalate stones and the elevated prevalence of uric acid stones in Azerbaijan, emphasizing the need for tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The high prevalence of mixed stones underscores the complexity of urinary stone disease and the need for comprehensive metabolic evaluation and individualized preventive strategies.

CISTOTOMIA EM CADELA COM HIDRONEFROSE ASSOCIADA A OBSTRUÇÃO POR URÓLITOS VESICAIS: RELATO DE CASO

Urolithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the canine urinary system, which can be caused by diet, reduced water consumption by the animal, in addition to racial, age and sex predisposition. Furthermore, urolithiasis can culminate in hydronephrosis, in which the renal pelvis dilates as a result of the obstruction of urinary flow. The clinical signs of this condition vary according to the severity of the animal’s condition, but may include dysuria, polyuria and urinary incontinence. The definitive diagnosis is based on history, clinical evaluation, complementary imaging exams such as abdominal ultrasound and abdominal radiography. Treatment can be clinical or surgical and dietary management may be necessary, depending on the urinary stone analysis made. The objective of this report was to describe the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a five-year-old Shitzu female dog, with bladder uroliths and hydronephrosis as a result of this condition. After care and clinical management with laboratory and complementary exams, the treatment through cystotomy was the one of choice. The urolith was sent for analysis and allowed the establishment of an appropriate therapeutic protocol, through dietary management. Besides that, the female dog was monitored to observe the reversal of hydronephrosis. After surgical and clinical treatment, the animal presented a stable condition and the dilation of the renal pelvises were reversed, making the animal’s prognosis favorable.

Decoding Urinary Stones: Compositional Insights and Recurrence Patterns from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India.

Background and objective Urinary stones are a prevalent medical condition entailing significant health burdens and substantial financial ramifications. Its global prevalence is expected to rise notably, particularly in low-middle-income nations. Understanding the spectrum of diverse urinary stone types is crucial for effective management and prevention. This study aims to elucidate the demographic profiles, clinical types, and recurrence of urinary stone cases at a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Methods and materials The clinical data from the electronic medical record of 1,231 patients with urolithiasis who underwent surgery in a tertiary care center in eastern India from January 2015 to November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient data, including demographic information, clinical records, dietary habits, water intake, and stone recurrence history, were collected. A thorough statistical analysis was conducted to elucidate the associations between patient characteristics, urinary stone composition, and recurrence. Results Among the 1,231 participants, the majority of cases (343 (27.9%)) were in the 31-40 age group, with a higher prevalence in males (876 (71.2%)) than in females (355 (28.8%)). Flank pain or abdominal pain (593 (48.1%)) was the primary complaint, followed by nausea/vomiting (227 (18.5%)). Most stones (922 (74.9%)) were located in the kidney, and calcium oxalate was the predominant stone component (773 (62.8%)). The highest stone recurrence rates were in patients aged between 21-30 years (21 (36.8%)) and 31-40 years (16 (28.0%)). A low non-vegetarian diet and adequate hydration may reduce the likelihood of stone recurrences. Conclusion This study provides insights into the compositional analysis of urinary stones in the eastern Indian population, addressing the causes of their recurrence and management strategies, which are crucial for prevention and effective management. The findings indicate that the early middle-aged group exhibited the highest incidence of urinary stones. We also observed that strict adherence to a low animal protein, along with proper hydration and lifestyle changes, significantly reduced urinary stone recurrence.

Investigation and quantification of composition variability in urinary stone analysis.

To investigate the variability in urinary stone composition analysis due to sampling and suggest potential solutions. We collected 1,135 stone fragments from 149 instances that had undergone a stone removal at Hanoi Medical University Hospital from January 2022 to August 2022. Each fragment was ground into fine powder and divided into separate specimens if the amount was abundant. For composition analyzing every specimen, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed. The composition of a given fragment was the average of its belonging specimens. The variability in composition was assessed on the fragment level (i.e., between fragments of an instance). We defined an instance as "significantly variable" if the maximum difference in any composition across its belonging fragments was equal to or greater than a given threshold. On average, there were 7.6±3.3 stone fragments per instance and 2.3±0.5 specimens per fragment. We found that the variability could be substantial on the fragment level. Eighty-nine (69.5%) and 70 (54.7%) out of 128 multiple-component instances were significantly variable if the threshold was set at 20% and 30%, respectively. The variability of an instance on the fragment level was correlated with the size of fragment and the number of components. Our study demonstrated the significant variability in urinary stone composition and showed that it correlated with the size and the impurity of samples. Mapping denotation while sampling and analyzing as well as reporting the composition of individual fragments could be valuable to reduce potential variability.

Plasma levels and urinary excretion of protein Z in patients with urolithiasis.

Protein Z (PZ) is a γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein present in plasma that is involved in blood coagulation. Detailed analysis of urinary stones from patients with urolithiasis has revealed that PZ is often found in urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate. In this study, we compared blood and urinary PZ concentrations between healthy individuals and patients with urolithiasis. Plasma and urine were collected from healthy individuals and patients with urolithiasis who provided informed consent. PZ was detected as a urinary stone matrix protein in some of the patients. PZ was quantified by ELISA, creatinine was measured by the enzymatic method, and the total protein concentration was measured by the Bradford method. The plasma PZ level was 2.54 ± 1.02 μg/mL in healthy individuals and that in urolithiasis patients classified by stone history were from 1.16 ± 0.77 to 3.73 ± 1.09 μg/mL, which was not significantly different. The urinary excretion of PZ (PZ/creatinine) was also not different in patients with urolithiasis and in healthy individuals (from 54.1 ± 40.9 to 95.4 ± 69.4 ng/mg vs. 73.3 ± 36.0 ng/mg). A positive correlation was found between the plasma PZ level and creatinine-corrected urinary PZ concentration (r = 0.46). Both the plasma level and urinary excretion of PZ in urolithiasis patients were not significantly different with normal individuals. PZ detected in urinary stones as a matrix protein is thought to be incorporated into urinary stones regardless of blood and urine levels of PZ.

National analysis of urinary cadmium concentration and kidney stone: Evidence from NHANES (2011-2020).

The association between urinary cadmium and kidney stone risk is inconsistent in previous studies, which needs further exploration. This study was performed to explore the association between urinary cadmium and kidney stone. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2020) were included and further analyzed. Urinary cadmium was stratified into quartiles with quartile 1 (Q1: 0.025-0.104 μg/L) and quartile 4 (Q4: 0.435-7.581 μg/L). Further weighted logistic regression was adopted to evaluate the association between urinary cadmium and kidney stone. A subgroup analysis was used to verify the findings. The non-linear association was examined using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. A total of 9,056 adults aged 20 years and above were included in this study. In the fully adjusted model, an increased risk of kidney stones was identified for quartile 2 (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.06-1.84, P < 0.05), quartile 3 (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.88-1.59, P > 0.05), and quartile 4 (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.10-2.06, P < 0.05). A similar association was found between continuous cadmium increase and OR of kidney stones in the fully adjusted model (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01-1.26, P < 0.05). The RCS also indicated a non-linear association between urinary cadmium concentration and kidney stone risk (P for non-linear < 0.001). In summary, cadmium exposure is identified as a risk factor for kidney stones in this study. Their non-linear association makes demands on early intervention for the cadmium-exposed population. Medical interventions for kidney stone prevention should take cadmium exposure into account.

Evolving epidemiology and chemical analysis of urinary stones

Background: Renal stones are a painful urological disorder resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors. A high recurrence risk has been reported for renal stones, and 0.6%–3.2% cases may progress to end stage renal disease. Modern lifestyle, sedentary habits and unhealthy dietary practices are primary promoters of the stone boom in this millennium. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the percentage of the stone type according to chemical composition and their association with epidemiological factors like sex and age. A retrospective analysis of the chemical composition of the stone samples received was done. Material and Methods: Stones samples were processed by Stone Analysis Set (BIOLABO S A, France). Qualitative chemical analysis was done for calcium, phosphorus, ammonium ion, oxalate, cystine, magnesium, carbonate and uric acid. Results: Type of renal stone and its incidence with age and sex have been evaluated. The total number of patients reporting to the hospital with renal stones was 123. Of these, 69.11% were male and 30.89% were female, with a male to female ratio of 2.23:1. The maximum occurrence was in the third and fourth decade of life. On analysis, 72.35% of total stones comprised calcium oxalate and 23.57% of nonoxalate (phosphate, magnesium, carbonate, ammonium ion) stones, whereas uric acid was positive in 4.06%. Conclusion: The occurrence of renal stones according to epidemiological factors such as age and sex in our study are similar to those reported in studies from developed countries. The data on urinary stones indicate that 98% were located in the upper urinary tract. Oxalate stones represent the main form of urolithiasis, affecting males more than females. The most important cause studied for renal stone formation is metabolic disturbances, but the genetic factors associated with the occurrence and recurrence of stone and mineral homeostasis of ions in kidney of stone formers should be further evaluated.

Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Kidney Stones: Methodology of Identification

The urinary stone analysis is the first step in looking for the causes of urolithiasis, in order to avoid the problems of recurrence. This analysis sometimes makes it possible to propose a diagnosis, and most often helps to direct the exploration towards the most appropriate examinations. To be reliable, the identification of the components of urinary stones must be carried out by infrared spectroscopy. This study made it possible to make a profile approach on a case of a 67-year-old male adult patient, hospitalized in the urology department of the Bechar hospital (Algeria). Morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary stones showed that the main component was calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) with a percentage of (70%), weddellite (20%), carbapatite (10%), and trace protein. According to the results obtained we notice that the periphery of the stone is Wheddellite, and the nucleus formed essentially of: Whewellite + CA + trace of Protein. According to the superficial and internal morphological type and the morphological association, we can distinguish the main causes that go into the formation of stones: intermittent hypercalciuria (nutritional or absorptive) + intermittent hyperoxaluria (normal or slightly increased oxaluria), these results allow more specific medical management of lithiasis and better prevention of recurrent problems.

Lithiase urinaire de type IVa2 et pathologies associées : à propos de 3 cas

IntroductionUrinary lithiasis is a very common condition. The morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary stones is important for etiological diagnosis. It guides the explorations and the specific management. Type IVa2 stones are rare, have particular morphology and correspond to very targeted pathologies. We propose to report our cases of patients diagnosed with type IVa2 urinary lithiasis. MethodsOur retrospective work focused on three cases of patients with the morphological type of renal lithiasis IVa2, collected between 2008 and 2020 in the Medicine A Department of Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis. ResultsAll three patients were female; average age 37.6 years. The clinical symptomatology was identical marked by renal colic with recurrent episodes. The presence of a type IVa2 stone, isolated or associated with other components, guided the etiological investigation to look for a secondary or primary cause of distal renal tubular acidosis. We retained the diagnosis of a primary hyperparathyroidism in one case and a primary Gougerot-Sjögren's syndrome in the second case, and probable in the last case. ConclusionDetermination of urolithiasis nature (morphological and chemical), although carried out late, was of major interest to us and allowed us to make the diagnosis of distal tubular acidosis.

Urolithiasis-Therapy and recurrence prevention taking into account gender-specific aspects

The prevalence of urolithiasis is steadily increasing worldwide in both genders. Diet and lifestyle, such as the rising prevalence of obesity and other metabolic syndrome traits, are considered key factors in this trend. Gender differences as aresult of interventional therapy for urolithiasis have not been observed. However, iatrogenic injury to the male urethra is considered the most common reason for urethral strictures after endourologic (stone) therapy. In contrast, sepsis, as the major cause of urinary stone-related mortality, is more frequently reported in women after ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. There are also differences in the frequency of various types of stones between men and women. Calcium oxalate and uric acid stones are more commonly observed in men, while carbonate apatite and struvite are diagnosed more often in women. Urinary stone analysis is therefore paramount for successful recurrence prevention. Diagnosis is based on the assignment of patients to the low-risk or high-risk group. The medical nutrition and pharmacological measures for the therapy of the respective type of stone are based on the risk factors in 24 h urine samples. Apersonalized approach that accounts for gender differences could further improve treatment, and recurrence prevention decisions for urinary stones.

Frequency Of Kidney Stone In Population Of Peshawar Coming To Northwest General Hospital Peshawar For Computed Tomography Scan (KUB)

Purpose: To find the prevalence of kidney stone in population of Peshawar coming to Northwest General Hospital.Methods: This was Cross sectional examination done in Northwest General Hospital and Research Center Peshawar during March to June 2019. Data were collected on a self-administer Questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 22.Results: From the study over a period (4 months) a total number of 100 CT scan were done for finding kidney stones. Of these 64 patients having kidney stones and 36 were having no kidney stones. Among 64 patients 25 (37.3%) were male patients and 39 (58.2%) were female patients which are involved in the study. The most patients having kidney stones are under the age of 35 to 50 years of age. Patients with right kidney stones were 44 (65.7 %) and left kidney stones were 29 (43.3%).Conclusion: The results of this study at have proven that urolithiasis indicates urinary tract stone involved number of factors. Selection of internal and external factors influences the prevalence of disease in people. Female genders are more likely to developed kidney stone as compared to male. Computed tomography (CT) has been described because the “best imaging observe to verify the analysis of urinary stone”. A situation so that it will arise in up to 12% of the population and continues to account for up to 50% of these patients. Purpose: To find the prevalence of kidney stone in population of Peshawar coming to Northwest General Hospital. Methods: This was Cross sectional examination done in Northwest General Hospital and Research Center Peshawar during March to June 2019. Data were collected on a self-administer Questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: From the study over a period (4 months) a total number of 100 CT scan were done for finding kidney stones. Of these 64 patients having kidney stones and 36 were having no kidney stones. Among 64 patients 25 (37.3%) were male patients and 39 (58.2%) were female patients which are involved in the study. The most patients having kidney stones are under the age of 35 to 50 years of age. Patients with right kidney stones were 44 (65.7 %) and left kidney stones were 29 (43.3%). Conclusion: The results of this study at have proven that urolithiasis indicates urinary tract stone involved number of factors. Selection of internal and external factors influences the prevalence of disease in people. Female genders are more likely to developed kidney stone as compared to male. Computed tomography (CT) has been described because the “best imaging observe to verify the analysis of urinary stone”. A situation so that it will arise in up to 12% of the population and continues to account for up to 50% of these patients.

Quantitative phase analysis and microstructural characterization of urinary tract calculi with X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis on a Caribbean island

In the twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago, urinary stone analysis is not routinely performed. This study investigates, via powder X-ray diffraction, 52 urinary tract calculi collected from hospitals in Trinidad. Of these, 46 stones were analysed with Rietveld refinement for quantitative analysis and materials characterization. Refined unit-cell, microstructural and weight fraction parameters were obtained, with the last being used for stone classification. The results revealed seven distinct mineralogical phases of varying frequency: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM, 58%), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD, 23%), carbonated apatite (APA, 48%), brushite (BRU, 6%), struvite (STR, 42%), uric acid (UA, 23%) and ammonium acid urate (AAU, 19%). The average refined crystallite sizes were 1352 ± 90 Å (COM), 1921 ± 285 Å (COD), 83 ± 5 Å (APA), 1172 ± 9 Å (BRU), 1843 ± 138 Å (STR), 981 ± 87 Å (UA) and 292 ± 83 Å (AAU). Subsequently, 36.5% of stones were categorized as phosphates, 34.6% as oxalates, 13.5% as uric acid/urates and 15.4% as mixed compositions. The study findings highlight the importance of stone analysis as a necessary step towards disease management of local patients, and endorse the application of Rietveld refinement as a natural extension to diffraction-based kidney stone investigations.

Диагностические возможности качественного экспресс-анализа минералогической структуры уролитов

the aim of the determination of the diagnostic information content of the qualitative analysis method - urinary calculus for use in medical practice in the study of the chemical structure of urolite. Materials, methods: Determination of the chemical composition of uroliths in the collection of urinary stones (n=2960), presented in "a Database of patients with urolithiasis who live in the territory of the Republic of Belarus" (2006-2019), made the developed method of qualitative analysisbased on the combined conduct of optical macroscopy of the sample, qualitative chemical reactions and chemical reactions of reprecipitation with subsequent microscopy of the crystals formed.The developed method allowed identifying the following clinically most significant mineral components of urinary stones: vevellite (42.4%), weddellite (28.1%), Apatite (19.6%), carbonate Apatite (5.1%), struvite (13.2%), uric acid (17.6%), ammonium urate (0.4%), cystine (0.7%). The obtained data were consistent with the results of studying the elemental composition of urinary stones (n=24) by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The calcium level was highest in calcium stones (25.56% C oxalate and 19.73% C phosphate) with a minimum content (0.012%) in urate stones. The amount of magnesium prevailed in the group with magnesium-ammonium-phosphate stones (2.51%) at extremely low concentrations in urate samples (7.810-4%). The percentage of phosphorus was maximum (13.47%) in the group of uroliths, represented by phosphate salts of calcium and magnesium (with values of 0.67% - calcium oxalate and 0.013% urate). Identification of trace elements Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Zn, Sr revealed a fluctuation in their content in the range from 0.037 to 546.3 ppm.Considering the practical availability of implementation, low financial costs and sufficient information, the method of qualitative rapid analysis of urinary stone, based on a combined optical macroscopy of the sample, qualitative chemical reactions and chemical reactions of reindeposition with subsequent microscopy of the formed crystals, can be recommended for wide use in medical institutions of any regional level in the diagnosis of chemical types of uroliths in patients with ICD.

Preliminary assessment of a portable Raman spectroscopy system for post-operative urinary stone analysis.

We aimed to evaluate the reliability of a portable device that applies Raman spectroscopy at an excitation wavelength of 1064nm for the post-operative analysis of urinary stone composition. Urinary stone samples were obtained post-operatively from 300 patients. All samples were analyzed by the portable Raman spectroscopy system at an excitation wavelength of 1064nm as well as by infrared spectroscopy (IR), and the results were compared. Both Raman spectroscopy and IR could detect multiple stone components, including calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, cystine, and magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate. The results from 1064-nm Raman analysis matched those from IR analysis for 96.0% (288/300) of cases. Although IR detected multiple components within samples more often than Raman analysis (239 vs 131), the Raman analysis required less time to complete than IR data acquisition (5min vs 30min). These preliminary results indicate that 1064-nm Raman spectroscopy can be applied in a portable and automated analytical system for rapid detection of urinary stone composition in the post-operative clinical setting. Chinese Clinical Trail Register ID: ChiCTR2000039810 (approved WHO primary register) http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=63662 .

Chemical composition analysis of 649 urinary stones

Chemical composition analysis of urinary stones is a fundamental part of the metabolic workup of urolithiasis. To report the chemical composition of urinary stones using infrared spectroscopy. The chemical composition of rinary stones recovered from 649 patients aged 1 to 97 years (68% males), were analyzed using a Perkin Elmer FTIR Spectrometer, Spectrum Two. Calcium oxalate monohydrate was the most common composition found in 45% of cases, followed by mixed composition, which included three ammonium phosphate stones in 29% of cases. Pure uric acid composition was found in 16% of stones. Three cystine stones were detected. These findings do not differ from those found in developed countries.

Morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary stones from patients with urolithiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo

BackgroundUrolithiasis is increasingly diagnosed worldwide. Stone analysis is an important part in the assessment of patients with urolithiasis. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, data on the composition of urinary stones are limited. This study aimed to describe the composition and sites of urinary stones and to investigate relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, clinical profile of patients, and the composition of urinary stones.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 132 patients with urolithiasis who visited one of the seven hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo during eight years of study period (January 2010 to January 2018) was conducted. Stones were analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry.ResultsMost of stones analyzed (n = 82, 62.1%) originated from the upper urinary tract with a difference across gender (58.5% males vs. 41.5% females, p = 0.001). Only three stones (two from whewellite and one from anhydrous uric acid) were considered pure (2.3%), excluding the protein frame (less than 5%). Whewellite, proteins, and carbapatite were identified in 97.7%, 96.2%, and 80.3% of the stones analyzed, respectively; and in 91.7%, 89.4%, and 67.7% of the nuclei of the stones analyzed, respectively. Taking into account the proportion of each constituent in the stones analyzed, whewellite (68.9%), anhydrous uric acid (10.6%), and carbapatite (8.3%) were the main constituents in respectively 68, 9%, 10.6%, and 8.3% of the stones analyzed.ConclusionWhewellite, anhydrous uric acid, and carbapatite represented the most frequent main components of stones identified, suggesting that dietary hyperoxaluria could be an important factor in lithogenesis in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

EDXRF, FTIR, and XRD characterization of low calcium oxalate urinary stones collected from arid area

Low calcium oxalate urinary stones from the kidney, bladder, and ureter have been collected from the arid area (Taif, Saudi Arabia). After careful washing and drying of the collected stones, the samples were converted into a contamination‐free homogenous fine powder with a particles' size smaller than 50 μm. The processed urinary stone powders were studied using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), laboratory setup and synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The activated function groups, quantitative phase analysis, and the semi‐quantitative elemental analysis of the present urinary stones were identified. Seventeen elements were measured in most of the urinary stone samples. The significant elements are Ca, P, S, Cl, Zn, K, Fe, and Cu, whereas other elements were found alternatively in a few number of urinary stone samples. It was recognized that Ca exists with low concentration, which indicates the presence of different calcium phases even with low percentages. In 33% of the urinary stones, the phosphorus (P) was not measured, but there were high concentrations of sulfur (S) and low concentrations of Ca up to 2.15 ± 0.05%. The ATR‐FTIR results indicate that the most compounds of the present urinary stones were urea and cystine combined with low ratios of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate compounds. The quantitative phase analysis of the XRD of selected samples proves the presence of the cystine, urea, and calcium oxalate phases with different weight percent.

Urolithiasis in dogs: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2006‐2018)

BackgroundUrolithiasis is a common and often recurrent problem in dogs.ObjectiveTo evaluate trends in urolith composition in dogs and to assess risk factors for urolithiasis, including age, breed, sex, neuter status, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.Sample PopulationA total of 10 444 uroliths and the dogs from which they were obtained.MethodsThe laboratory database at the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from dogs between January 2006 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, neuter status, urolith location, and urolith culture were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.ResultsCalcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite‐containing uroliths comprised the majority of all submissions from dogs, representing 47.0% and 43.6%, respectively. The proportion of CaOx‐containing uroliths significantly decreased from 49.5% in 2006 to 41.8% in 2018 (P = .006), with no change in the proportion of struvite‐containing urolith submissions. Cystine‐containing uroliths comprised 2.7% of all submissions between 2006 and 2018 and a significant nonlinear increase in this mineral type occurred over time (1.4% of all submissions in 2006 to 8.7% in 2018; P < .001). Of all cystine‐containing uroliths, 70.3% were from intact male dogs. Age, breed, and sex predispositions for uroliths were similar to those previously identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough calcium oxalate‐ and struvite‐containing uroliths continue to be the most common uroliths submitted from dogs, a decrease in the proportion of CaOx‐containing uroliths and an increase in the proportion of cystine‐containing uroliths occurred during the time period evaluated.

Urolithiasis in cats: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2005-2018).

BackgroundUrolithiasis is an important upper and lower urinary tract disease in cats that results in morbidity and mortality.ObjectiveTo describe trends in composition of uroliths in cats and evaluate risk factors related to age, breed, sex, urolith location, and bacterial urolith cultures.Sample PopulationA total of 3940 uroliths and the cats from which they were obtained.MethodsThe database of the UC Davis Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from cats between January 2005 and December 2018. Mineral type, age, breed, sex, and urolith location and culture results were recorded. Trends were evaluated and variables compared to evaluate risk factors.ResultsA significant decrease in the proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx)‐containing uroliths occurred over time (P = .02), from 50.1% (204/407) of all submissions in 2005 to 37.7% (58/154) in 2018. In contrast, the proportion of struvite‐containing uroliths increased significantly (P = .002), from 41.8% (170/407) in 2005 to 54.5% (84/154) in 2018. The proportion of CaOx‐containing uroliths in the upper urinary tract was significantly higher compared to the proportion of other urolith types in the upper urinary tract. Urate‐containing uroliths were the third most common type (361/3940, 9.2%). Overall, sex and age predispositions were similar to those reported previously.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe decrease in the proportion of CaOx‐containing uroliths and increase in the proportion of struvite‐containing uroliths warrants investigation. Further education regarding the efficacy of medical dissolution of struvite‐containing uroliths is recommended.

Analysis of Human Urinary Stones and Gallstones by Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy

Analysis of Human Urinary Stones and Gallstones by Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy