Analysis Of Storage Proteins Research Articles

Proteomic analysis of storage proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris associated with resistance to water stress

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a widely consumed legume in Ecuador, boasts low economic value, significant nutritional contributions, and a remarkable capacity to enhance soil fertility. Despite these attributes, its field productivity often needs to improve, with the water deficit emerging as a primary hindrance. Consequently, genetic enhancements have been incorporated into select varieties, conferring tolerance to specific levels of water scarcity stress. This study aimed to elucidate the distinctions in protein expression patterns responding to water deficiency stress across nine bean varieties. Protein patterns were scrutinized through two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), and selected protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF MS/RP-LC-MS/MS). A comprehensive identification of 111 proteins was achieved and categorized based on their respective functions. Noteworthy among these were the desiccation-protectant protein (LEA14) and Desiccation-related protein PCC13–62, identified as proteins associated with the response to abiotic stress, particularly prevalent in the INIAP_473 cultivar. These findings underscore the potential for targeted genetic improvements to mitigate the impact of water deficit stress on common bean cultivation, contributing to enhanced agricultural resilience and productivity.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Barley Landraces through Agro-Morphological and Biochemical Characterization

| Genetic diversity can be investigated through different methods such as morphological traits, biochemical (SDS PAGE) and molecular markers. The present work was conducted on the basis of morphological and biochemical characterization in order to estimate the genetic diversity among the barley landraces; to explore significant variation which can be used in breeding programs. For this purpose, 40 barley landraces were collected from Dir Lower and Swat, districts of KP, Pakistan. A total of 18 traits were recorded, 10 qualitative characters including spike density, awn barbs, glume awn, lemma type and awn color, length of the rechilla hairs, lemma color, auricle pigmentation, photoperiod sensitivity and stem pigmentation. Variation was observed in these qualitative traits through frequency distribution. In quantitative traits maximum variation was found for plant height ranging from 36cm to 50cm, days to flowering range from 130 to 133 days), while 100 seed weight ranged from 36 to 86 g and plant biomass range from 50 to 199.5 g per plant. SDS-PAGE analyses of total seed storage protein resulted in a total of 18 polymorphic bands. Total genetic diversity on the basis of total seed storage protein analysis was 17.5%. In Band, the 14 total genetic diversity was (0.60%) followed by Band 16 (0.58%) and Band 17 (0.55%). Similarly, Band 3 showed diversity, while Band 8, 4 and 5 indicated 0.45, 0.38 and 0.35%, respectively. A cluster dendrogram tree was constructed which was divided into two linkage and further divided into seven clusters. The variation was found among the clusters. The information obtained from the study is useful in planning further crop improvement.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation of Declining Segetal Flora: The Case ofStachys annua(Lamiaceae) Populations Established in North-Eastern Poland

Stachys annua is a short-lived archaeophyte. In Poland it has been classified as threatened with extinction (VU). It prefers carbonate soils and occurs as a weed in cropped and stubble fields in traditionally farmed areas.Study of the occurrence of Stachys annua in North-Eastern Poland was conducted in 2009–2012 at four sites where the species occupied a minimum area of 30 m2 and occurred at each stage of a 4-year crop rotation (spring cereals, winter cereals, tuber crops and stubble fields). The floristically richest communities (25–34 species) were established in unploughed stubble fields, regardless of the habitat conditions. Phytocenoses with S. annua included rare species as demonstrated by high values of floristic value index (FV ranges from 25 to 36). Principle Component Analysis and Spearman rank correlations between plant traits and habitat conditions pointed to soil pH as the factor which determined S. annua phenotypic variation, in particular its height and seed production. The greatest phenotypic variation was found on the alkaline habitat, rich in nitrogen. On the other hand, the cluster analysis showed that the studied populations of inert nitrogen-poor habitats were the most similar.Electrophoretic analysis of storage proteins from S. annua seeds revealed a relatively high genetic similarity of studied populations which was reflected in the similarity coefficients — 0.76 and 0.61 by Dice and Jaccard, respectively. In the case of small or fragmented populations this poses a threat associated with inbreeding and genetic drift of S. annua, which indicates that populations of this species in the study area need to be protected from extinction.

English

Emmer wheat [Triticum dicoccum (Schrank)] cultivation in Ethiopia has been reducing and the genetic diversity maintained in the germplasm collection needs to be determined. The objective of this study was to assess the level of genetic diversity among populations of Ethiopian emmer wheat using seed storage protein analysis. Seeds of 85 accessions representing seven administrative regions of Ethiopia were obtained from the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute and grown at Sinana Agricultural Research Center. Seed storage proteins were extracted from a single seed and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total genetic diversity, intra-population genetic diversity and inter-population genetic diversity were 0.33, 0.2903 and 0.0391, respectively. Low genetic differentiation (GST = 0.119) and high gene flow (Nm = 3.697) were observed among populations. The genetic distance (D) between populations ranged from 0.0424 to 0.1128. Cluster analysis revealed two main clusters and one outlier. The results provide important baseline for future germplasm conservation and improvement programs.   Key words: Cluster analysis, emmer wheat, genetic distance, genetic diversity, seed storage protein.

The inheritance of endosperm storage proteins by the line of the Saratovskaya 29 cultivar of common wheat from its parental forms

We ran a comparative analysis of storage proteins (gliadins, high- (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenins, puroindolines, and exogenous α-amylase pest inhibitors) in the Saratovskaya 29 cultivar line from the collection of a genetic engineering laboratory, its parental forms (Albidum 24 and Lyutescens 55/11), and distant ancestors (Poltavka, Selivanovskiy Rusak, Sarroza, and tetraploid Beloturka). It was confirmed that the allelic states of storage proteins in the Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-1 loci originate from ancestral forms from the collection of the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry. Moreover, new alleles were found in Lyutescense 55/11 (Glu-Ala) and Selivanovskiy Rusak (Glu-B1b) cultivars from the collection of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics. A new allelic state, Ha, was observed in the loci of the Poltavka cultivar as a soft-grain cultivar, and the ha allele was found in the hard-grain Albidum 24 and Sarroza cultivars. It was found that the expression rate of exogenous α-amylase inhibitors of pests in the Saratovskaya 29 cultivar line is lower than that of ancestral cultivars (Albidum 24, Sarroza, Poltavka, and Beloturka). Such inhibitors are absent in the paternal form Lyutescense 55/11. A high expression rate of protein pest inhibitors for exogenous α-amylases and puroindolines was observed in the Poltavka cultivar. The allelic composition of Glu-1 loci was newly studied in the Sarroza cultivar, which has some promising features. The Saratovskaya 29 cultivar line, on the basis of which a wide range of diverse lines were created in the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, is isogenic for all of the studied traits.

Precise identification of two wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium substitutions reveals the compensation and rearrangement between wheat and Thinopyrum chromosomes

Two wheat–Thinopyrum substitution lines X479 and X482 selected from the progenies of wheat “Mianyang26 (MY26)” × wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. trichophorum partial amphiploid were characterized by seed storage protein electrophoresis, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and PCR-based molecular markers. Seed storage protein analysis showed that X479 expressed some of Th. intermedium ssp. trichophorum-specific gliadin and glutenin bands. Chromosome counting and GISH probed by Pseudoroegneria spicata genomic DNA indicated that two pairs of Thinopyrum-derived chromosomes (St genome and St–JS translocated chromosomes) substituted for two pairs of wheat chromosomes in both X479 and X482. FISH using pAs1 and pHvG38 as probes showed that chromosomes 1B and 4B, and 4D and 6D were absent in X479 and X482, respectively. Using the newly isolated JS chromosome-specific repetitive sequence pDb12H as a probe, the FISH signals revealed that the translocation of St–JS chromosomes in X479 and X482 occurred in repetitive sequence regions of the short arm. The molecular markers based on wheat–rice colinearity confirmed that the chromosome constitutions of X479 and X482 were 1St (1B) + 4St–4JS (4B) and 4St–JS (4D) + 6St (6D), respectively. The substitution lines were both fully fertile which suggests that the Th. intermedium chromosomes in X479 and X482 substitute well for the corresponding wheat chromosomes. The rust resistance and novel agronomic traits revealed that the substitution lines will be potentially useful for genetic improvement of wheat.

Introduction of chromosome segment carrying the seed storage protein genes from chromosome 1V of Dasypyrum villosum showed positive effect on bread-making quality of common wheat

Development of wheat- D. villosum 1V#4 translocation lines; physically mapping the Glu - V1 and Gli - V1 / Glu - V3 loci; and assess the effects of the introduced Glu - V1 and Gli - V1 / Glu - V3 on wheat bread-making quality. Glu-V1 and Gli-V1/Glu-V3 loci, located in the chromosome 1V of Dasypyrum villosum, were proved to have positive effects on grain quality. However, there are very few reports about the transfer of the D. villosum-derived seed storage protein genes into wheat background by chromosome manipulation. In the present study, a total of six CS-1V#4 introgression lines with different alien-fragment sizes were developed through ionizing radiation of the mature female gametes of CS--D. villosum 1V#4 disomic addition line and confirmed by cytogenetic analysis. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), chromosome C-banding, twelve 1V#4-specific EST-STS markers and seed storage protein analysis enabled the cytological physical mapping of Glu-V1 and Gli-V1/Glu-V3 loci to the region of FL 0.50-1.00 of 1V#4S of D. villosum. The Glu-V1 allele of D. villosum was Glu-V1a and its coded protein was V71 subunit. Quality analysis indicated that Glu-V1a together with Gli-V1/Glu-V3 loci showed a positive effect on protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value and the rheological characteristics of wheat flour dough. In addition, the positive effect could be maintained when specific Glu-V1 and Gli-V1/Glu-V3 loci were transferred to the wheat genetic background as in the case of T1V#4S-6BS · 6BL, T1V#4S · 1BL and T1V#4S · 1DS translocation lines. These results showed that the chromosome segment carrying the Glu-V1 and Gli-V1/Glu-V3 loci in 1V#4S of D. villosum had positive effect on bread-making quality, and the T1V#4S-6BS · 6BL and T1V#4S · 1BL translocation lines could be useful germplasms for bread wheat improvement. The developed 1V#4S-specific molecular markers could be used to rapidly identify and trace the alien chromatin of 1V#4S in wheat background.

Genetic Diversity and Seed Quality of the “Badda” Common Bean from Sicily (Italy)

The genetic structure of the “Badda” common bean cultivated at Polizzi Generosa, a village of Sicily (Palermo, Italy), was investigated using biochemical and molecular markers. Seed storage protein analysis by using SDS-PAGE, confirmed the attribution to the Andean gene pool. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) (or microsatellite) molecular markers provided useful information on genetic variation and relationships between “Badda bianco” and “Badda nero” morphotypes. Based on SSR data, the nine accessions examined were grouped in three sub-clusters. The first sub-cluster included all the accessions belonging to the “Badda bianco”. Conversely, “Badda nero” was constituted by two well-distinguished sub-clusters, one of them forming a well-separated branch. This result suggests that two constitutive nuclei contributed to the genetic background of “Badda nero”. Moreover, technological and nutritional data evidenced a good seed protein content (mean value 240.7 g kg−1) and differences in seed hydration rate among accessions. Knowledge of genetic structure appear to be fundamental in planning safeguard strategies of an appreciate landrace such as the “Badda” bean.

Partial characterization, antioxidative properties and hypolipidemic effects of oilseed cake of Allanblackia floribunda and Jatropha curcas

BackgroundHigh fat diet is known to induce oxidative stress and abnormal changes in lipid metabolism. Many traditional plants have been shown to possess antioxidant and lipid-lowering activities, improving on oxidative status and lipid profile. In this paper, we characterized and examined the antioxidative properties of the oilseed cake of A. floribunda and J. curcas. We also evaluated their effect on lipid profile in the plasma and liver of experimental rats placed on a high fat diet.MethodsFor a partial characterization, the qualitative and quantitative analyses of storage proteins, dietary fibre and polyphenol content were evaluated. Four extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic and 0.1 N HCl) were evaluated for their antioxidant properties and scavenging activities. The effect on lipid profile was evaluated after the administration of the crude extracts to albino rats placed on a high fat diet.ResultsOur results showed that J. curcas contains 10 times more storage proteins than A. floribunda while A. floribunda contains twice as much total dietary fibre than J. curcas. An evaluation of the different families of storage proteins showed that J. curcas has glutelins as the major storage proteins in its seeds (61.65 mg/g d.m), followed by globulins (25.30 mg/g d.m) and albumins (18.30 mg/g d.m). The electrophoretic analyses revealed a diversity of bands at the level of the different families and for both species. The evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activities showed that A. floribunda extracts had higher antioxidant properties. Although the composition of A. floribunda and J. curcas oilseed cake are different, they lowered serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and blood glucose level.ConclusionThese results show that the oilseed cake of A. floribunda and J. curcas possess antioxidant properties with an effect on blood glucose level and lipid profile.

Introgression of a novel Thinopyrum intermedium St-chromosome-specific HMW-GS gene into wheat

Thinopyrum intermedium has been hybridized extensively with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and several genes for disease resistance have been introgressed to cultivated wheat. However, there are very few reports about the Th. intermedium-derived seed storage protein genes which have been transferred into a wheat background by chromosome manipulation. Our aim is to identify several wheat–Th. intermedium ssp. trichophorum derivatives, and document these lines by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), molecular markers and seed storage protein analysis. We found that a novel Th. intermedium 1St#2 chromosome-specific high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) was transferred to the wheat–Thinopyrum derivative lines. The genomic sequence of the Thinopyrum-derived HMW-GS was characterized and designated Glu-1St#2x, since it resembled x-type glutenins in both the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. It is much shorter than that of reported HMW-GS genes. The Glu-1St#2x sequence was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and resulted in the identical weight to the native protein. The GISH and newly developed chromosome Thinopyrum-specific DNA markers enabled physically location of Glu-1St#2x to the region FL0.60–1.00 on Th. intermedium 1St#2L chromosome arm. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Glu-1St#2x evolved earlier than other x-type HMW-GS homoeologues in modern wheat genomes. The effect of Glu-1St#2x on protein content, sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation value and improvement of solvent retention capacity in wheat background suggested that Th. intermedium chromosome 1St#2 may have potential for improvement of wheat end-product quality.

Genetical analysis of storage proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Genetical analysis of storage proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Analysis of storage proteins (prolamines, puroindolines and Waxy) in common wheat lines Triticum aestivum L. × (Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. × Triticum tauschii) with complex resistance to fungal infections

Storage proteins (prolamines, puroindolines, and Waxy) were studied in common wheat introgression lines obtained with the use of the Saratovskaya 29 (S29) cultivar line and synthetic hexaploid wheat (Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. x T. tauschii) (Sintetik, Sin.) and displaying complex resistance to fungal infections. Comparative analysis of storage proteins in the introgression lines of common wheat Triticum aestivum L. and in the parental forms revealed the only line (BC5) having a substitution at the Gli-B2 locus from Sintetik. Hybrid lines subjected to nine back crosses with the recurrent parental form S29 and selections for resistance to pathogens can be considered as nearly isogenic for the selected trait and retaining the allelic composition of (1) prolamines responsible for the bread-making qualitiy, (2) puroindolines associated with grain texture, and (3) Waxy proteins responsible for nutritive qualities. These lines are valuable as donors of immunity in breeding programs without the loss of the quality of flour and grain as compared to the S29 line and are also important in searching for genes determining resistance to leaf and stem rust and to powdery mildew. The amphiploid has a number of characters (silent Glu-A 1 locus and Ha genotype) that can negatively affect the quality of flour and grain and thus should be taken into account when choosing this donor.

Assessment of genetic diversity among Pakistani wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) advanced breeding lines using rapd and sds-page

Genetic diversity was assessed among 32 advanced wheat breeding lines included in the National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials (2006-07) of Pakistan using molecular (DNA) and biochemical (SDS-PAGE) markers. Of the 72 RAPD primers used for initial screening, 15 were found polymorphic. A total of 140 bands (61.4% polymorphic) were generated by the 15 random decamer primers. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.81 to 0.94 for rainfed and from 0.70 to 0.93 for the normal seeding date group. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustered the 32 advanced wheat breeding lines into one major and three small groups. Maximum level of polymorphism (90%) was observed for the primer OPA-05. Lines N9 and N11 showed the least genetic similarities (0.70-0.82 and 0.71-0.83, respectively) with rest of the lines studied. Line RF1 had the maximum similarity (0.81-0.94) with other lines. Wheat lines included in the normal seeding date were relatively distantly related than those in the rainfed group. Seed storage protein analysis produced 19 subunits ranging from 29-120KDa. Similarity coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 1.0 for the normal seeding date and from 0.47 to 1.0 for the rainfed group. High molecular weight subunits (particularly 120KDa) showed greater polymorphism than the lower molecular weight subunits. Narrow genetic base was observed in wheat lines included in the rainfed group. DNA fingerprinting of advanced breeding lines may help to avoid release of varieties with narrow genetic base in the future.

Genetic diversity in hulless barley based on agromorphological traits and RAPD markers and comparison with storage protein analysis

Genetic diversity among 63 hulless barley accessions originating from ICARDA (International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area) was investigated using agromorphological traits and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation. Among 20 agromorphological traits under study, a considerable diversity was observed for grain yield per plot, 1000-grain weight and peduncle length. High estimates of heritability in broad sense were recorded for plant height, number of grains per spike and number of tillers. These traits can be used for indirect improvement of yield. Cluster and Principal component analysis based on agromorphological traits could effectively classify the samples. The RAPD-based genetic similarity ranged from 0.221 to 0.81, with the mean of 0.481. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard Similarity Coefficient divided genotypes into 8 different groups. The average of genetic diversity index for RAPDs and storage proteins were compared and showed that mean of genetic diversity index was lesser for RAPDs than storage proteins. Thus, when resources are a limiting factor and considering the cost of consumables and work time, seed storage proteins must be the technique of choice for a first estimation of genetic variation in hulless barley genetic resource collections. In RAPD analysis, a special band was observed which could be used in identifying hulless barley varieties with low or high β-glucan.

A search for high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin from Triticum timopheevi Zhuk. in the lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Triticum timopheevi Zhuk.)

The study is a continuation of investigation of prolamins in brown rust-resistant introgressive lines of common wheat, produced with participation of Triticum timopheeevi Zhuk. Two wheat lines with a substitution of the Glu-1 loci of T. timopheevi were identified. Line 684 had high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits encoded by 1Ax, as well as by 1Ay gene, which was silent in commercial lines. It was demonstrated that line 684 could serve as a source of the Glu-At1 locus. Line 186 carried the Glu-B1/Glu-G1 substitution. Comparative analysis of storage proteins from the introgression lines of common wheat Triticum aestivum L. with those from parental forms demonstrated polymorphism among the lines, resulted from natural varietal polymorphism, and introgression of the Glu-3 and Gli-1 loci from the genome of T. timopheevi.

Genetic diversity of the monomeric prolamins and hordein in hulless barley genotypes and their relation with agronomical traits

In order to compare polymorphism resulting from monomeric prolamine and hordein, 63 genotypes of hulless barley from ICARDA were investigated. Also, to compare the patterns observed in the analyses of storage proteins and their relation with morphologic and phenologic traits, 20 agromorphological traits were recorded. In the analysis of the hordeins, no polymorphism was observed in the area D hordein. However, 10 patterns in the area C hordein, and 13 patterns in the area B hordein were observed; and in total 32 bands and 32 patterns were observed. The average genetic diversity index for these proteins was calculated as H = 0.866. In the analysis of the monomeric prolamins, which was performed with the Acid-PAGE method, 15, 9, 24, and 20 patterns were observed for the
, , , and  areas, respectively. The average of the genetic diversity index for these proteins was H = 0.889, and in total 33 bands as well as 57 patterns were observed. In the analysis of the monomeric prolamins, 51 genotype having unique patterns were identifiable while in the analysis of the hordeins, only 18 samples were identified. With regard to the fact that monomeric prolamins enjoy a greater diversity than hordeins and are more powerful in identifying samples and regarding the simple, in addition to the low cost of conducting the analysis, it can be used in a variety of genetic studies such as genetic diversity assessment, identifying genotypes and determining the phylogenic relations in barley. In the analysis of hordeins, one pattern was found among the patterns of area B hordein that was related to the traits of days to heading and days to maturity.

Comprehensive expression profiling of rice grain filling-related genes under high temperature using DNA microarray.

To elucidate the effect of high temperature on grain-filling metabolism, developing rice (Oryza sativa) "Nipponbare" caryopses were exposed to high temperature (33 degrees C/28 degrees C) or control temperature (25 degrees C/20 degrees C) during the milky stage. Comprehensive gene screening by a 22-K DNA microarray and differential hybridization, followed by expression analysis by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, revealed that several starch synthesis-related genes, such as granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) and branching enzymes, especially BEIIb, and a cytosolic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase gene were down-regulated by high temperature, whereas those for starch-consuming alpha-amylases and heat shock proteins were up-regulated. Biochemical analyses of starch showed that the high temperature-ripened grains contained decreased levels of amylose and long chain-enriched amylopectin, which might be attributed to the repressed expression of GBSSI and BEIIb, respectively. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis of storage proteins revealed decreased accumulation of 13-kD prolamin, which is consistent with the diminished expression of prolamin genes under elevated temperature. Ripening under high temperature resulted in the occurrence of grains with various degrees of chalky appearance and decreased weight. Among them, severely chalky grains contained amylopectin enriched particularly with long chains compared to slightly chalky grains, suggesting that such alterations of amylopectin structure might be involved in grain chalkiness. However, among high temperature-tolerant and sensitive cultivars, alterations of neither amylopectin chain-length distribution nor amylose content were correlated to the degree of grain chalkiness, but rather seemed to be correlated to grain weight decrease, implying different underlying mechanisms for the varietal difference in grain chalkiness. The possible metabolic pathways affected by high temperature and their relevance to grain chalkiness are discussed.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization and seed storage protein analysis of 1A/1D translocation lines of durum wheat

Two durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] lines carrying the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits (GS) 1 D x 5 + 1Dy10 encoded by Glu-D1d, L252 and S99B34, were characterized using fluorescent genomic in-situ hybridization (FGISH) and microsatellite markers. These two durum lines were derived from the crosses in which the common wheat (T. aestivum L.) 'Len' and durum wheat 'Langdon' (LDN) and 'Renville' were involved. FGISH patterns of the mitotic chromosomes indicated that these two durum lines have one pair of 1AS.1AL-1DL translocated chromosomes in which the terminal region of 1AL was replaced by a homoeologous segment of 1DL. The 1DL segment spans approximately 31% of the long arm of the translocated chromosome. Microsatellite marker analysis confirmed the 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation and determined the translocation breakpoint to be distal to Xgwm357 on 1AL. Seed storage proteins (GS and gliadins) were analysed in these two 1AS.1AL-1DL translocation lines and three sib lines (L092, S99B19 and S99B33) using SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE. The SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE profiles demonstrated that the two low yielding lines (L252 and S99B19) had the low-molecular-weight (LMW) -1 GS encoded by Glu-A3k and Glu-B3s and 1B-encoded gliadins from LDN, and the other three lines (L092, S99B33 and S99B34) with higher yield had LMW-2 GS and 1B-encoded gliadins from Renville, suggesting that undesirable genetic components from LDN might limit substantial improvement of yield. Thus, the translocation lines with 1 D x 5 + 1Dy10 and LMW-2, which are associated with good bread-making and pasta qualities, respectively, in a good genetic background will be useful for developing durum cultivars with dual-purpose end-use. Results from this study demonstrate that the D-genome could play an important role in the genetic improvement of durum wheat and evolution of the A- and B-genomes in tetraploid wheat.

Quantitative genetic analysis of storage proteins in soybean

A population of 95 RILs in generation F 9, from a cross of BARC-8 and Garimpo, provided the plant material studied. This population was grown at two sites: Vicosa and Sao Gotardo, both in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Environmental factors are involved in the regulation of the expression of the evaluated traits at both sites, since the interac tion RIL x site was significant. The heritability of protein content was high at both sites as well as in the joint analysis. Herita bilities of the other evaluated traits were also high at both sites. However, the heritabilities of these traits were lower in the joint analyses, due to the effect of the interaction RIL x site. 11S protein and total storage protein (11S+7S) had a positive and hi correlation with the total protein content, while 7S protein presented a low correlation to the total protein content.

Inheritance of Novel 57H Mutations in Rice and Their Effect on Compartmentation of Endosperm Storage Proteins

Prolamins and glutelins, synthesized in the ER, are compartmentalized into individual protein bodies (PB), the ER‐derived PB‐I and the vacuolar PB‐II in wild‐type rice, respectively. Six 57H mutants with high amounts of 57 kD glutelin precursor were isolated by screening 3000 N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea‐induced mutants of the rice cultivar TC65. SDS‐PAGE and immunoblot analyses of storage proteins showed that some of the mutants contained not only the high amount of glutelin precursor and the corresponding low amounts of mature glutelin subunits but also the low amounts of the b species of 13 kD prolamins in comparison with the TC65 cultivar. The protein alterations in each mutant were found to result from a recessive mutation of a single gene in each. One mutation among them was identified to be a novel gene, glup6, nonallelic to the reported 57H mutant genes. EM observation showed the existence of the ER‐derived mutant PB and the vacuolar PB‐II in endosperm cells of glup6. The PB mutant was stained to a different degree in its core and the peripheral region, and it was decreased in size compared with the wild‐type PB‐I. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that the glutelin precursor was deposited with 13b kD prolamin in the peripheral region of the PB mutant. These results indicate that the glup6 inhibits sorting of the glutelin precursor polypeptide and the prolamin polypeptide within the ER. The analysis results of the glup6esp2 mutant showed that the effect of glup6 is hypostatic to the esp2 mutation in the compartmentation of glutelins and prolamins.