Stabilization Analysis Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Universal Liquid Proliposomes Encapsulating Water-soluble Efficacious Substances.

Liposomes were extensively used for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to encapsulate water-soluble and fat-soluble substances. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including poor stability, complex preparation process, limited encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) and drug loading capacity (DLC%). We herein prepared universal liquid proliposomes by rotary evaporation method and optimized formulations with different pH, glycerol content, ethanol content and preparation process. The EE% of water-soluble substances was above 85%, and the maximum DLC% was 37.5%. In 7 different conditions, the optimal formulation of the proliposomes remained stable over 60 days. The excellent stability of proliposomes and nicotinamide liposomes and their essence, when applied to cosmetic formulations, was confirmed by the Turbiscan stability analyzer. The proposed universal liquid proliposomes can form liposomes encapsulating a variety of water-soluble substances rapidly, making them an accessible and versatile tool for improving the stability and applicability of water-soluble raw materials.

The spatiotemporal stability of plant diversity is disconnected from biomass stability in response to human activities in a South American temperate grassland

Human activities alter biomass, nutrient availability, and species dominance in grasslands, impacting their richness, composition, and biomass production. Stability (invariability in time or space) can inform the predictability of plant communities in response to human activities. However, this measure has been simplistically analyzed for temporal (interannual) changes in live biomass, disregarding their spatial stability and the temporal stability of other plant community attributes. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of temporal and spatial stabilities of plant communities has been scarcely assessed. Here, we test how biomass removal and nutrient addition simultaneously modify the temporal and spatial stabilities of plant richness (α diversity), composition dissimilarity (β diversity), aboveground live biomass, and the role of plant species dominance in the stability responses. We conducted a factorial experiment of biomass removal (grazing, mowing, or intact -no removal-) and nutrient addition (unfertilized or fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in a temperate grassland of Argentina, South America. We replicated the experiment in 6 blocks over 10 years to estimate the temporal and spatial stabilities of the plant community. The spatiotemporal stability of plant richness and composition dissimilarity decreased in the intact grassland, while the temporal stability of live biomass increased, compared to the grazed and mowed grasslands. Nutrient addition reduced the spatiotemporal stability of live biomass and the spatial stability of plant richness. The stability of species richness as well as that of composition dissimilarity was negatively associated with plant dominance, while the live biomass stability was not. Our results suggest that simplifying the effect of biomass removal and nutrient addition on grassland stability is not feasible, as plant diversity stability responses are not surrogates for biomass stability. The contrasting spatiotemporal stability responses of plant diversity and biomass represent a step forward in predicting human activities' impact over time and across space in temperate grasslands.

Stability and Efficacy of Pterostilbene Nanoliposomes in Cosmetic Applications: A Comprehensive Study

Pterostilbene (PT), a lipid-soluble polyphenol known for its antioxidant, anticancer, and various other biological properties, holds potential as an active ingredient in cosmetics for its anti-wrinkle and skin-whitening effects. However, its application is limited by its low water solubility and poor penetration through the stratum corneum. To address these limitations, this study initially prepared Pterostilbene nanoliposomes (PT-NLPs) using a high shear-microjet homogenization treatment method, because of the distinctive hydrophilic and hydrophilic properties of the liposomes. The stability under different storage conditions of the PT-NLPs was evaluated by investigating the alterations of the particle size, PDI, Zeta potential and surface morphology, combined with the test results of Lumisizer stability analyzer. Finally, the comprehensive performance of PT-NLPs was evaluated through in vitro dermal and transdermal testing, human testing, and instrument testing. The results showed that the PT-NLPs treated by the high shear-microjet homogenisation method proposed in this paper possessed a 1.7-fold increase in the retention performance compared with the free PT solution, and no penetration occurred on the blood-brain barrier, indicating that PT-NLPs would not cause toxicity to the organism. The human efficacy evaluation found that the PT-NLPs whitening serum could improve skin dullness, brighten skin tone, and improve skin sensitivity after 14 days of use. The high shear-microjet homogenisation method proposed in this paper for the treatment of PT-NLPs improved the transdermal delivery properties of PT. The process has a broad application prospect in the fields of medicine and cosmetics.

Fabrication and characterization of edible Pickering emulsion stabilized by donkey myofibrillar protein

This study aims to investigate the properties of edible Pickering emulsions (PEs) stabilized by donkey myofibrillar protein (DMP). The DMP was characterized by an atomic force microscope and interfacial tensiometer. The PEs stabilized by DMP were characterized by a confocal laser scanning microscope, rheometer, and lumisizer stability analyzer. The results showed that the DMP particles were spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 143.97 nm. The DMP could reduce the oil-water interfacial tension very well. The emulsifying activity index was below 14.06 m2/g, and the emulsion stability index was up to 93.76% when the DMP concentration was above 10 mg/mL. Increasing the concentration of DMP (5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL) could decrease the emulsion droplet sizes and fluidity of the PEs and increase the viscoelasticity of the PEs. The increase in the oil-water ratio (1:9 to 5:5) resulted in a larger average emulsion droplet size, reduced fluidity, and enhanced viscoelasticity. The increase in DMP concentration (from 5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL) and oil-water ratio (from 1:9 to 4:6) improved the physical stability of the PEs. These results may expand the application of DMP and provide new insight into developing edible PEs suitable for the formulation of functional foods.

Revealing the potential-determining steps of reduction of nitrate to ammonia on transition metal porphyrins catalysts

The reduction reaction of nitrate (NO3RR) to ammonia by electrocatalytic methods is a promising method for sustainable ammonia synthesis, yet it remains a great challenge. In this work, we report a class of transition metal coordination porphyrins (TM-PP) as a cost-effective, high activity and selectivity electrocatalysts for NO3RR. By large-scale density functional theory calculations, our investigation into the catalytic mechanism of TM-PP sheds light on the underlying principles of their enhanced activity. It's worth noting that through systematic study of potential-determining steps, we proposed for the first time that the Gibbs free energy change of the 7th step (*NOH→*N) reaction can serve as an effective catalytic descriptor for NO3RR and unveiled its underlying mechanism. We theoretically demonstrate that Mo-PP and Ru-PP stand out among 23 TM-PP and showcasing superior performance supported by systematic analyses of kinetics, thermodynamics, and electrochemical stabilities. Mo-PP boast a significantly reduced additional voltage requirement of merely –0.16 V compared to existing catalysts. Furthermore, both Mo-PP and Ru-PP demonstrate the capacity to suppress the competing HER and effectively prevent the generation of by-products. Overall, our work presents a promising NO3RR catalyst with great potential for practical applications and provides valuable insights into the NO3RR intricate mechanisms.

Hierarchical attitude stabilization controller design and analysis for underactuated spacecraft on SO(3)

In this paper, the complete attitude stabilization of underactuated spacecraft with two parallel single gimbal control moment gyroscopes (SGCMGs) is explored on 3-dimensional special orthogonal group (SO(3)) and its corresponding Lie algebra (so(3)). Instead of assumption on zero total angular momentum in existing article, a less conservative criterion is adopted to ensure system controllability, which does not simplify system dynamics. On the kinematic level, an ideal controller is proposed to globally stabilize attitude without singular initial condition and stagnation behavior. Besides, the ideal kinematic controller is developed on so(3), which avoids singularity or unwinding phenomenon caused by other attitude parameters. On the dynamic level, a hierarchical controller consisting of two parts is proposed. The high-level sliding mode part enforces finite time stabilization of angular velocity about underactuated axis while the low-level part tracks ideal angular velocity commands about actuated axes. A rigorous proof of the whole dynamic-kinematic system that has not been explored before is given. Analysis of hierarchical control from the perspective of linear algebra provides a novel insight into controller design for underactuated systems. Furthermore, the paradigm of controller design which is applicable to other underactuated systems is derived. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control logic.

Static and dynamic stabilities of modified gradient elastic Kirchhoff–Love plates

The static and dynamic stabilities of modified gradient elastic Kirchhoff–Love plates (MGEKLPs), which incorporate two length-scale parameters related to strain gradient and rotation gradient effects, are comprehensively analyzed under various load forms and boundary conditions (BCs). The study of static stability employs static balance method and an improved energy method by introducing higher-order deformation gradients and corresponding energy terms. Utilizing the variational method, a sixth-order fundamental buckling differential equation for MGEKLPs under both transverse and in-plane loads is derived, serving as the foundation for the static balance method. The static stability analysis of MGEKLPs examines the combined effects of strain and rotation gradients on size-dependent critical buckling loads. Building on generalized strain energy with higher-order deformation energy, the energy method of classical elastic thin plate model is enhanced and applied to the static stability analysis of MGEKLPs. This approach enables the investigation of static stability without being constrained by the need to solve complex differential equations, making it applicable to various BCs and load scenarios. While static stability provides a description of stable state of an elastic system, dynamic stability offers a more scientific and rigorous analysis. The dynamic stability of simplified gradient elastic Kirchhoff–Love plates (SGEKLPs) with curved edges and different BCs is further investigated by combining the generalized strain energy with Lyapunov’s second stability method, presenting the dynamic stability criterion in the form of norms. A strict description of the dynamic stability of a SGEKLP over the entire time domain is provided for different supporting conditions, including case where all edges are supported and case with free edges. The analysis of size-dependent static and dynamic stabilities offers theoretical guidance for designing elastic thin plates with microstructures.

Stabilization for 2-D switched T–S fuzzy systems under the state-dependent switching

This study focuses on the analysis of stability and stabilization for a class of two-dimensional (2-D) discrete-time switched systems. Owing to the inherent uncertainty and nonlinearity in real-world engineering systems, the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model is employed to describe the dynamics of the 2-D switched system. The discussion encompasses two primary models for the 2-D discrete-time switched T–S fuzzy system (2DSTSFS), specifically the Roesser model and the Fornasini–Marchesini local state-space model. For 2DSTSFSs, this paper delineates sufficient stability criteria that utilize a state-dependent switching signal, facilitated by the application of the Lyapunov–Metzler inequality, ensuring that state trajectories are globally attracted. Furthermore, the paper articulates sufficient conditions for the stabilization of the 2DSTSFS. Additionally, it elucidates the transformation relationship between the two models. To corroborate the theoretical findings, a practical example is employed, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed theorems.

LncRNA LINC00969 modified by METTL3 attenuates papillary thyroid cancer progression in an m6A-dependent manner.

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00969 is involved in human disease progression, and n6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of lncRNAs in cancer has been proven to be a key regulatory mechanism. However, our understanding of its effects and mechanisms of action in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains limited. This study aimed to elucidate the role of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-induced m6A modification of LINC00969 in PTC tumorigenesis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze LINC00969 and METTL3 mRNA levels in PTC. The regulation of LINC00969 by METTL3 was confirmed using cell function experiments, molecular biology assays and bioinformatics analysis. LINC00969 stabilization analysis was performed to verify the regulatory roles of METTL3 and LINC00969. LINC00969 expression was downregulated in PTC tissues. Increased LINC00969 expression inhibited the invasion, growth and migration of PTC cells. METTL3 downregulation in PTC mediated the m6A modification of LINC00969, increasing its stability. Furthermore, METTL3 levels were downregulated in PTC, and its silencing partially reversed the inhibitory effect of LINC00969 overexpression on PTC cell malignancy. LINC00969 overexpression inhibits PTC cell malignancy via METTL3-mediated m6A modification. These findings suggest that METTL3-m6A-LINC00969 is a promising therapeutic target for PTC.

Preparation and characterization of a nanostructured lipid carrier for phenylethyl resorcinol

Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) demonstrates inhibitory effects on multiple targets in the melanin synthesis pathway, resulting in a strong whitening effect. However, challenges such as limited solubility in water and susceptibility to oxidation and discoloration restrict its practical application in the cosmetics industry. In order to enhance stability and performance characteristics, a whitening nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was synthesized through high-pressure homogenization. This method entailed the incorporation of solid lipids, a liquid lipid, and a compound emulsifier, with deionized water fulfilling the roles of solid phase, liquid phase, and water phase, respectively. The NLC's particle size, Zeta potential, stability, encapsulation efficiency, and other parameters were assessed using techniques such as particle sizer, stability analyzer, and HPLC. The results showed that the NLC for phenylethyl resorcinol prepared by using the optimal formula (7.50 % solid lipids, 3.00 % ethylhexyl palmitate, and 2.00 % Tween 80 and soybean lecithin) has an encapsulation efficiency of 87.11 %, a particle size of 157.2 ± 0.70 nm, a kinetic instability of less than 1.2, and a greatly improved stability, thereby successfully solving the problems of unstable storage and poor solubility of phenylethyl resorcinol.

Whipped cream stabilized by faba bean protein isolate microgel particles substituted for sodium caseinate: Whipping performance and foam stabilization analysis

In this study, faba bean protein isolate microgel particles (FPIMPs) were used as substitutes for sodium caseinate in whipped cream ingredients, the effect of FPIMPs on properties of emulsion system before whipping and foam system after whipping was investigated, and the stabilization mechanisms of whipped cream systems stabilized by FPIMPs and sodium caseinate, respectively, were analyzed and compared. Elevated levels of FPIMPs facilitated the cross-linking and flocculation of oil droplets in the emulsions, which further promoted the formation of gel-like networks, leading to a larger average particle size and higher viscoelasticity. Meanwhile, the firmness, shaping ability, and shape retention ability of whipped creams were gradually enhanced with the increase of FPIMPs content. The quality of whipped creams with FPIMPs concentrations of 0.8% and above was comparable to that of commercial whipped cream. Tribological results showed that the coefficient of friction of whipped creams was roughly negatively correlated with the concentration of FPIMPs, and the lubricating properties of whipped creams with high FPIMPs concentrations (>0.8%) were better than those of commercial whipped cream. The oil-water interface film with high mechanical strength formed by FPIMPs made the FPIMPs-stabilized whipped creams more resistant to whipping than sodium caseinate-stabilized whipped cream, delaying the occurrence of excessive whipping phenomenon. This work has important implications for expanding the application of faba bean protein isolate in food systems, as well as provides new strategies for the development of healthier plant-based whipped creams.

Flourless plant-based egg analogue based on protein and curdlan: Thermogel behavior regulation and foam stabilization analysis

In this study, the mixture of pea protein isolate (PPI) and oat protein isolate (OPI) (1:1, w/w), curdlan, and soybean oil were used as the main ingredients to prepare flourless plant-based eggs. Meanwhile, the effects of different protein/curdlan ratios (8:2, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 2:8) on the properties of the thermal behavior and foamability of samples were investigated. All formulas formed stable, uniform, and flowing plant-based eggs. Compared to commercial plant-based eggs, the thermal behavior of flourless plant eggs with protein/curdlan ratios greater than 8:2 exhibited thermal behavior closer to real eggs and can be adapted to environments such as water bath heating (simulating the formation of steamed egg custard) or frying (simulating omelettes), demonstrating promising culinary potential. As curdlan content increased, the gel structure, primarily governed by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, became denser, leading to higher gel strength and water-holding capacity. However, the plant-based eggs remained suboptimal in foaming properties. Proteins established a relatively stable interface, while oil droplets formed a more fluid-like film at the gas-liquid interface throughout the foaming process. As drainage progressed, oil droplets flowed out from the interface, liquid film, and plateau borders, diminishing their capacity to sustain bubble stability. Curdlan can only affect foam properties by increasing viscosity and blocking channels. In conclusion, this study provided a reference for constructing flourless plant-based eggs with good thermal gelling properties and foaming capabilities.

Fabrication, characterization, and bioactivity of self-assembled carrier-free colloidal dispersions from Citrus × Limon ‘Rosso’ essential oil and tea polyphenols

Carrier-free nanodelivery systems are fully self-assembled from active ingredients through interactions, offering the advantages of green, safe, and large-scale manufacturing. To improve the dispersion of Citrus × limon ‘Rosso’ peel essential oil (CEO) in water and boost the biological activity of CEO and tea polyphenols (TP), self-assembled CEO-TP colloidal dispersions (CEO-TP Colloids) were fabricated through sonication without surfactants or carriers. The optimal CEO and TP concentrations in the CEO-TP Colloids were determined to be 10.0 and 20.0 mg/mL by particle size and stability analyzer, respectively. The CEO self-assembled with TP to form spherical nanoparticles through hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, whereas the CEO in CEO-TP Colloids weakened TP intramolecular aggregation. Meanwhile, the CEO-TP Colloids showed synergistic effects with better antibacterial, cellular antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities than single components. This study opens up the possibility of carrier-free co-delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic active components developed into food-grade formulations with multiple bioactivities.

A general matrix decomposition approach with application to stabilization of networked systems with stochastic sampling and two‐channel deception attacks

AbstractThis study is concerned with the stabilization analysis and controller design for networked systems with stochastic sampling and two‐channel deception attacks. First, we give a general matrix decomposition approach which is applicable to scenarios where the system matrix contains complex‐value eigenvalues. Then, a discrete stochastic framework is established for a class of networked systems which considers the joint effects of sampling errors and two‐channel deception attacks. Utilizing the matrix decomposition approach introduced in this study, it becomes feasible to decouple the expectation operations for specific coupling matrices characterized by substantial nonlinearity and randomness. Based on this, a stabilization controller is constructed that ensures the exponential mean‐square stability of the resulting discrete stochastic system. Finally, three simulation examples are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Stabilization analysis for nonlinear interconnected system with memory based coupled sampled data control via quantum-inspired genetic algorithm

In the realm of modern interconnected systems, achieving stability represents a pivotal challenge due to the complex dynamics among various components. This paper presents a new approach to stability analysis, leveraging linear matrix inequalities and Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. The framework of memory-based coupling sampled data control is enhanced by a quantum genetic algorithm. By incorporating linear matrix inequality approach, this study establishes a robust mathematical foundation for characterizing stability conditions and synthesizing control gains. This innovative integration provides a powerful toolset to optimize control parameters while mitigating the impact of disturbances. The simulation findings are explicitly based on experimental values of two-area interconnected power systems with doubly fed induction generator based wind farm, which guarantees the asymptotic stability of the proposed controller.

Microstructural and mechanical analysis of magnesium chloride stabilization in highly plastic swelling clayey soils

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the use of non-traditional additives for stabilizing problematic soils. As the demand for eco-friendly alternatives to cement rises, magnesium chloride, a widely used deicer and dust suppressor, has emerged as a potential choice. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the microstructural changes that occur and affect the macro behavior of treated bentonite (B) and yellow marl (YM). To achieve this, MgCl2 solution was added to the soils at 3, 6, 9, and 12 percent by dry weight of the soil, and samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days at 5°C, 25°C, and 35°C. The mechanical properties of the treated soils were then evaluated using the unconfined compression test, direct shear test, and pressure chamber test (SWCC), while microstructural analysis techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to examine the mechanism of MgCl2 stabilization. The results indicate that adding MgCl2 and extending the curing period significantly increased both soils' unconfined compressive strength (UCS). However, the UCS value decreased for treated samples cured at temperatures higher than 25°C due to an incomplete cation exchange process and the reduction of apparent cohesion. A part of the gained strength from apparent cohesion and matric suction in the unsaturated samples was lost when the samples reached full saturation during the direct shear test. Changes in the particle size, pore size, and pore void distribution due to the MgCl2 stabilization affected the SWCCs of the treated soils. Microstructural analyses revealed the formation of magnesium hydration products, such as magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) and magnesium aluminate hydrate (M-A-H), which contributed to the strength increase by increasing grain size, filling the pores, binding fine particles within coarse grains, and forming a flocculated structure through recrystallization of MgCl2 and the formation of cementitious gel. Additionally, for B, adding MgCl2 led to soil flocculation through ion exchange, while for YM, the same process occurred due to the greater surface tension of the saline solution encircling the particles.

Small Disturbance Stability Analysis of Onshore Wind Power All-DC Power Generation System Based on Impedance Method

The Onshore Wind Power All-DC Generation System (OWDCG) is designed to integrate with renewable energy sources by modifying the grid structure. This adaptation supports the grid infrastructure and addresses the challenges of large-scale wind power AC collection and harmonic resonance during transmission. Crucially, small disturbance stability parameters are essential for ensuring the system’s stable operation. Unlike conventional power systems, the OWDCG exhibits strong coupling between subsystems, accentuating the small disturbance stability issue due to the dynamic nature of its converter control system. The impedance method facilitates the decomposition of such systems into subsystems, offering insights into the destabilization mechanism through the lens of negative impedance contribution. This approach is conducive to conducting small disturbance stabilization analyses. To tackle this issue, the initial step involves deriving the input and output equivalent impedance models of the subsystem, considering the topological structure, control features, and operational dynamics of the OWDCG. Subsequently, the impact of circuit and control parameters on the system’s impedance characteristics and small-disturbance stability is examined through Bode diagrams and Nyquist curves. This analysis identifies critical parameters for small-disturbance stability, guiding the stable operation and parameter optimization of the OWDCG. The analysis highlights that the main control strategies for stability are the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) DC voltage control and the inner-loop current control gain. Validation of the theoretical findings is achieved through simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC.

Study on the structural characteristics and emulsifying properties of chickpea protein isolate-citrus pectin conjugates prepared by Maillard reaction

Chickpea protein isolate (CPI) typically exhibits limited emulsifying properties under various food processing conditions, including pH variations, different salt concentrations, and elevated temperatures, which limits its applications in the food industry. In this study, CPI-citrus pectin (CP) conjugates were prepared through the Maillard reaction to investigate the influence of various CP concentrations on the structural and emulsifying properties of CPI. With the CPI/CP ratio of 1:2, the degree of graft reached 35.54 %, indicating the successful covalent binding between CPI and CP. FT-IR and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy analyses revealed alterations in the secondary and tertiary structures of CPI after glycosylation modification. The solubility of CPI increased from 81.39 % to 89.59 % after glycosylation. Moreover, freshly prepared CPI emulsions showed an increase in interfacial protein adsorption (70.33 % to 92.71 %), a reduction in particle size (5.33 μm to 1.49 μm), and a decrease in zeta-potential (–34.9 mV to –52.5 mV). Simultaneously, the long-term stability of the emulsions was assessed by employing a LUMiSizer stability analyzer. Furthermore, emulsions prepared with CPI:CP 1:2 exhibited excellent stability under various environmental stressors. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that the glycosylation is a valuable approach to improve the emulsifying properties of CPI.

Stabilization Analysis of Delayed Fractional-Order Neural Networks via Multi-Constant-Delay Combination Method

Stabilization Analysis of Delayed Fractional-Order Neural Networks via Multi-Constant-Delay Combination Method

Analysis Of Behavior And Chemical Stabilization Of Highly Plastic Local Excavated Soil for Embankments In The IKN Highway Project Segment 3A From Karangjoang To KKT Kariangau

Analysis Of Behavior And Chemical Stabilization Of Highly Plastic Local Excavated Soil for Embankments In The IKN Highway Project Segment 3A From Karangjoang To KKT Kariangau