SPICE Analysis Research Articles

Quantitative Analysis of Common Spices and their use in Traditional Medicinal System of Ethnic Groups of Rampa chodavaram Agency Division, Andhra Pradesh, India

Quantitative Analysis of Common Spices and their use in Traditional Medicinal System of Ethnic Groups of Rampa chodavaram Agency Division, Andhra Pradesh, India

SPICE modelling and analysis of hybrid energy harvester combiner topologies

Harvesting energy from multiple hybrid sources and efficiently combining the harvested energies is critical for enabling self-powered devices. Designing an efficient energy combiner is a technical challenge and is non-trivial. Various factors viz. kinds of sources, harvestable energy level and range from the sources, electrical characteristics of sources (low current and high voltage, high current and low voltage, capacitive, inductive etc.), impedance matching (resistive, resistive-reactive, modulus, complex conjugate etc.) of sources, sources scheduling algorithms for combiner, sources switching and control/trigger circuit losses, power conversion and management etc. influence the overall energy combiner’s efficiency. Considering that, this article presents a SPICE modelling and simulation framework for analyzing hybrid energy harvester combiner topologies such as Inductor sharing, voltage level detection and powerORing for its power and energy flow characteristics, regulation, and energy combining efficiency. Such analysis through simulation enables arriving efficient combiner architecture for the chosen harvestable resources, source models, power management circuits and schemes etc. Based on a case study with three different kinds of sources, it has been observed that the voltage level detection technique with DC-DC converters results in the highest efficiency as compared with the other two topologies for such a scenario.

Analysis of spices & herbs and its phenolic content by means of an electronic tongue

The drying process to which herbs and spices are submitted has a significant impact on the flavour and quality of those as many compounds might be degraded or transformed. This is especially relevant for most aromatic and bioactive compounds (e.g., phenolic compounds), which values have been reported to diminish during the drying process. In this direction, herein we explore the usage of an electronic tongue (ET) as a tool to assist on the monitoring of herbs and spices quality. The proposed approach is based on the use of a simple extraction method prior to the analysis of the samples with an array of voltammetric sensors in combination with pattern-recognition methods. Firstly, a partial least squares regression (PLS) model was built, which allowed the quantification of the total phenolic content (R2 > 0.985), an important indicator of their preservation. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) of the obtained responses allowed also to qualitatively discriminate the different herbs and spices.

Analysis of indigenous spices widely consumed in Bangladesh: An assessment to explore its proximate contents, minerals, phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant activities

Spices are common flavoring ingredients used in the preparation of culinary items and food products. Spices, unlike other components of food, are considered non-nutritive elements and they do not have to meet rigid nutritional quality standards. Therefore, the present study focused on the investigation of proximate contents, minerals, phytochemical components, and antioxidant activity of 9 indigenous spices (cardamom, clove, cinnamon, red chili, black pepper, cumin, coriander, fennel seed, and ginger) consumed in Bangladesh. A range of proximate compositions of spices including protein (2.70–15.44%), fat (4.33–19.04%), fiber (4.70–9.37%), ash (2.25–9.16%), moisture (5.34–10.48%), carbohydrate (50.15–75.87%), and energy (322.36–422.68 kcal/100g) were recorded. They contained a considerable amount of sodium (15.72–111.13 mg/100g), potassium (17.35–1452.86 mg/100g), calcium (7.37–481.54 mg/100g), and manganese (17.64–4615.33 mg/100g). Spices in water and ethanol had a significant content of total phenols (6.24–139.32 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), flavonoids (2.87–89.60 mg quercetin equivalent/g), and antioxidant capacity (8.94–86.50 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g). Different extents of DPPH radical scavenging activity (2.62–94.16% by 100 ppm of extract) among them were reported. The content of total carotene ranged from 0.02 to 1.27 mg/g. Moreover, correlation and principal component analysis provide evidence that polyphenolic compounds are responsible for their potent antioxidant properties. Thus, these findings will be helpful by proving a baseline for spices towards being an essential ingredient of nutraceuticals as well as enhancing their consumption and production.

Electrode Based on the MWCNTs and Electropolymerized Thymolphthalein for the Voltammetric Determination of Total Isopropylmethylphenols in Spices.

Isopropylmethylphenols, namely thymol and carvacrol, are natural phenolic monoterpenoids with a wide spectrum of bioactivity making them applicable in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industry. The dose-dependent antioxidant properties of isopropylmethylphenols require their quantification in real samples. Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and electropolymerized thymolphthalein has been developed for the sensitive quantification of isopropylmethylphenols. Conditions of thymolphthalein electropolymerization (monomer concentration, number of cycles, and electrolysis parameters) providing the best response to thymol have been found. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical methods confirm the effectivity of the electrode developed. The linear dynamic ranges of 0.050-25 and 25-100 µM for thymol and 0.10-10 and 10-100 µM for carvacrol with detection limits of 0.037 and 0.063 µM, respectively, have been achieved in differential pulse mode in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 2.0. The selectivity of the isopropylmethylphenols response in the presence of typical interferences (inorganic ions, saccharides, ascorbic acid) and other phenolics (caffeic, chlorogenic, gallic and rosmarinic acids, and quercetin) is a significant advantage over other electrochemical methods. The electrode has been used in the analysis of oregano and thyme spices. Total isopropylmethylphenols contents have been evaluated after a single sonication-assisted extraction with methanol.

Microphone vibration sensitivity: Frequency response, measurement error, and usage of measured responses in lumped element simulations

Microphones are designed to respond to acoustic pressure fields, but they can also be excited by external sources of mechanical vibration. In hearing aids, feedback is a difficult problem to resolve due to the high gain used to amplify sounds. A new method to measure a microphone’s “intrinsic vibration sensitivity” was introduced at the 183rd ASA conference in Nashville. This paper will describe details of a practical measurement and how these details impact measurement error. It will demonstrate how the measured response canbe integrated into lumped circuit models for analysis in SPICE or FEA programs. Utilizing measurement error and lumped circuit models, a description of how error of the complete system varies over frequency will be shown.

New electroanalytical method for the determination of trans-anethole in spices and sweets

A completely new method for the determination of trans–anethole (TAN) based on the anodic oxidation of this flavouring substance in pure acetonitrile using differential–pulse voltammetry has been developed. A nonaqueous carbon paste electrode bulk-modified with solid sodium dodecyl sulphate of 40 % (w/w) content was chosen as optimum. To propose TAN electrode reaction mechanism, its electrochemical behaviour was investigated at glassy carbon electrode in nonaqueous media. At optimum working conditions, the current response could be calibrated within a linear range 2–200 µmolL−1 TAN, a coefficient of determination of 0.9971, a sensitivity of 0.1122µALµmol−1, and a detection limit of 0.7 µmolL−1. A satisfactory precision (relative standard deviation of 4 %) has been achieved. The validation performed by analysis of spices and sweets provided comparable results with reference reverse–phase HPLC with spectrophotometric detection, thus confirming the practical use of the developed voltammetric method in food analysis.

Evaluation of the mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of three culinary spices in Nigeria: a comparative study

Spices are prolific sources of phytochemicals of pharmaceutical and nutritional importance. They have been employed for centuries in the treatment of various maladies, in cuisines, and as inhibitors of oxidative degradation in foods. On this premise, a comparative assessment of the quantitative mineral composition, phytochemical and proximate constituents of Xylopia aethiopica (fruits), Piper guineense (seeds), and Rhaphiostylis beninensis (roots) was done using standard protocols. Subsequently, methanol extracts of the spices were subjected to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Mineral analysis of the culinary spices revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the spices’ magnesium, zinc, iron, selenium, copper, calcium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, and sodium contents. In the phytochemical analysis, flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids (4.04%, 2.92%, 2.23%) predominate in X. aethiopica. Similarly, proximate analysis shows a preponderance of carbohydrates (81.24%) and proteins (4.83%) in R. beninensis and P. guineense respectively. However, values for the selenium (0.25 mg/L), saponin (0.23%), and moisture (0.71%) contents for R. beninensis were the lowest among the three spices. Results from the GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of thirteen, twelve, and thirteen phytoconstituents of X. aethiopica, P. guineense, and R. beninensis respectively. Prominent among them are hydrocarbons, acids, and esters with renowned biological attributes such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. These findings indicate that the spices are notable wellsprings of bioactive components and justify their plethoric applications in Nigeria. Therefore, they could serve as lead compounds in the search for natural ingredients for drugs and nutraceuticals formulation.

Growth and Variability Analysis of Seed Spices in Rajasthan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and instability in area, production, and productivity of major seed spices in Rajasthan. This study was entirely based on secondary data. The study period was separated into three sub-periods: pre-Agri Export Zone Period (1991-92 to 2004-05), post-Agri Export Zone Period (2005-06 to 2019-20), and overall period (1991-92 to 2019-20). The data was analyzed using the compound annual growth rate, Cuddy-Della Valle instability index to accomplish the study’s objectives. The results of the study indicated that highest growth rates were observed in the production of fenugreek (7.53%), cumin (18.66%), and fennel (11.15%) during the pre-AEZ, post-AEZ, and overall periods. The highest instability was found in fennel production in Rajasthan, with 49.73, 65.51, and 73.76 percent, respectively. Based on findings, researchers should give more emphasis to increasing the area under cultivation and improving spice productivity. The state government should establish Agri-Export Zones for fenugreek and fennel crops like cumin and coriander.

Modeling and Compensation of IR Drop in Crosspoint Accelerators of Neural Networks

In-memory computing (IMC) has the potential of accelerating data-intensive computing tasks, such as inference and training of neural networks, by the matrix vector multiplication (MVM) in the crosspoint array. As the array size increases, however, a significant problem arises due to the parasitic IR drop at row and column lines. Understanding and compensating IR drop is essential to enable high-density accelerators of MVM. This work presents an analytical model for the IR drop and a numerical algorithm capable of accelerating the nodal analysis of crosspoint arrays up to five orders of magnitude with respect to SPICE analysis. The numerical algorithm is used to study the impact of array size, data density, device/wire resistance, and nonlinearity on the IR drop and the related loss of accuracy in IMC. We also derive two simple compensation schemes and an architectural solution for the mitigation of IR drop that are able to increase the accuracy of neural networks from 59&#x0025; up to 96.6&#x0025;, compared to an ideal accuracy of 97&#x0025;.

Mineral and Microbiological Analysis of Spices and Aromatic Herbs.

Spices and aromatic herbs have always had great historical importance in human nutrition. Their use has been documented for centuries as a rich source of bioactive compounds; they have been used for their health benefits and also for flavoring or coloring food. However, despite the many health properties linked to the use of spices and aromatic herbs, these can represent biological hazards and can contain chemical substances of concern. Certainly, monitoring potential health hazards in spices and aromatic herbs includes microbiological safety and also the content of inorganic substances: both represent a key step. This research aims at monitoring the compliance of various spices and aromatic herbs from a non-European country market (namely: black cumin seeds, Iranian Tokhme Sharbati, clove buds, Shahjeera, Abbaszadeh saffron, organic fenugreek, whole black pepper, cinnamon, Abthul Ahmar (Asario), Ajwan seeds, whole coriander seeds, black sesame seeds, Sabja seeds) with the current European Union (EU) and WHO regulations, when available, regarding mineral and microbiological parameters. In particular, microbiological assays using rapid and conventional methods, and trace mineral determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were performed. Results show the safety of the tested spices, given that the microbiological parameters were within the legal microbiological criteria set by the European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 and its amendment Regulation (EC) No. 1441/2007. With reference to potentially toxic Cd, Pb, As, Hg, these were within the limits set by the European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 and its amendments, Regulation (EU) No. 1317/2021 and Regulation (EU) No. 1323/2021, and WHO. According to EU regulations, for Pb content, 2 samples out of 16 showed values different from the set limits.

A Software-Circuit-Device Co-Optimization Framework for Neuromorphic Inference Circuits

Neuromorphic circuits, which usually use analog computation for vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) in neural networks (NN), are promising machine learning accelerators with much lower latency and power consumption than digital ones. Analog computation is expected to have a more efficient design space than digital computation since the signals are not digitized. Therefore, it is very suitable for Internet-of-Thing (IoT) applications that require ultra-low power consumption at a low cost. For IoT applications, sometimes it is also desirable to eliminate the digital circuits (such as adders, registers, shifters, multiplexers, and Analog-to-Digital Converters) between the VMM arrays to further reduce the power consumption. However, the optimization of a purely analog circuit is more difficult and requires full SPICE circuit simulations. In this paper, we present a software-circuit-device co-optimization framework using a python wrapper for automatic full circuit SPICE simulation and analysis for neuromorphic circuits. This framework allows users to experiment with how the NN design (software) affects the performance of the hardware neuromorphic circuits. It takes Verilog-A or SPICE models from calibrations or PDK in various technologies and emerging memories (such as ReRAM) without further calibration (unlike using behavior models). We show that the simulation time is reasonable even with hundreds of thousands of synapses under limited computation resources. Using ReRAM and a 45nm generic technology as an example, the effects of feedback network and OpAmp design, software ML architecture, and input data accuracy on the inference accuracy are studied.

Study of rheological characteristics of fermented milk paste with spices

Research object: rheological characteristics of fermented milk pastes with spices.&#x0D; Investigated problem: according to the results of the degree of syneresis and rheological properties, the consistency of the product is characterized. This allows to improve and optimize the technological process for the production of fermented milk products.&#x0D; Main scientific results: the results of the dispersion analysis of spices show that their particle size is in the range of 250 … 400 microns. This size is optimal for the extraction of biologically active substances of spices, which will contribute to greater assimilation by the human body. And also optimally to avoid caking of raw materials and the manifestation of moisture-absorbing properties.&#x0D; It was found that the degree of syneresis of fermented milk pastes with spices is within 10 %. With the addition of cinnamon and fenugreek spices, the degree of syneresis is lower compared to other examples. This is due to the fact that spices contain a solution of fiber, which allows them to retain free moisture. The spice cinnamon is a dried bark that naturally contains polysaccharides, while fenugreek contains up to 30 % mucus, which also has a high moisture-absorbing capacity. With such a low serum separation, the stabilizing effect is sufficient to prevent spontaneous whey separation.&#x0D; Based on the results of the rheological properties of the product, it was established that fermented milk pastes belong to viscoplastic systems with a normal consistency. There was a slight difference in the shear stress index for pastes based on fermented milk low-fat soft dietary cheese and sour cream with a fat mass fraction of 20 % – by an average of 50 Pa. This characteristic is due to the hydrophilic characteristics of the protein.&#x0D; The area of practical use of the research results: scientific research concerns the technology of dairy products in the food industry.&#x0D; Innovative technological product: the obtained scientific result is an opportunity to improve the technological process of fermented milk products.&#x0D; The scope of implementation of an innovative technological product: the results obtained give grounds to assert the ability to translate into a real industrial creation.

Functionally Mature CD1c+ Dendritic Cells Preferentially Accumulate in the Inflammatory Arthritis Synovium.

ObjectiveTo examine the role of synovial CD1c+DCs in patients with Inflammatory Arthritis (IA) with a specific focus on the transcriptional and maturation signatures that govern their function.MethodsRNA sequencing was performed on healthy control (HC) peripheral blood (PB), IA PB, and IA synovial fluid (SF) CD1c+DCs. Multiparametric flow-cytometry and SPICE analysis were used to examine site [SF and Synovial Tissue (ST) CD1c+DCs] and disease specific characteristics of CD1c+DCs, while functional assays such as antigen processing, activation, and MMP production were also performed.ResultsIncreased frequency of CD1c+DCs (p<0.01) with a concomitant increase in CD80, CCR7 (p<0.01), and CXCR3 (p<0.05) expression was identified in IA PB compared to HC PB. Enrichment of CD1c+DCs was identified in IA synovial tissue (ST) (p<0.01) and IA SF (p<0.0001) compared to IA PB, while RNAseq revealed distinct transcriptional variation between PB and SF CD1c+DCs. Flow cytometry revealed increased expression of CD83, CD80, PD-L1, and BTLA (all p<0.05) in IA SF CD1c+DCs compared to PB, while SPICE identified synovial cells with unique co-expression patterns, expressing multiple DC maturation markers simultaneously. Functionally, synovial CD1c+DCs are hyper-responsive to TLR7/8 ligation (p<0.05), have decreased antigen processing capacity (p=0.07), and display dysregulated production of MMPs. Finally, examination of both synovial CD1c+DCs and synovial CD141+DCs revealed distinct maturation and transcriptomic profiles.ConclusionSynovial CD1c+DCs accumulate in the inflamed IA synovium in a variety of distinct poly-maturational states, distinguishing them transcriptionally and functionally from CD1c+DCs in the periphery and synovial CD141+DCs.

Rapid discrimination of Curcuma longa and Curcuma xanthorrhiza using Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy

This study describes a newly developed method for the fast and straightforward differentiation of two turmeric species using Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry and miniaturized Near Infrared spectroscopy. Multivariate analyses (PCA and LDA) were performed on the mass spectrometric data, thus creating a powerful model for the discrimination of Curcumalonga and Curcumaxanthorrhiza. Cross-validation of the model revealed correctness-scores of 100% with 20-fold as well as leave-one-out validation techniques. To further estimate the models prediction power, seven retail samples of turmeric powder were analyzed and assorted to a species. Looking for a fast, non-invasive, cost-efficient and laboratory independent method, miniaturized NIR spectrometers offer an alternative for quality control of turmeric species. However, different technologies implemented to compensate for their small size, lead to different applicability of these spectrometers. Therefore, we investigated the three handheld spectrometers microPHAZIR, MicroNIR 2200 and MicroNIR 1700ES for their application in spice analysis in hyphenation to PCA, LDA and ANN methods used for the discriminant analysis. While microPHAZIR proved to be the most valuable device for differentiating C.longa and C.xanthorrhiza, MicroNIR 1700ES offered the worst results. These findings are interpreted on the basis of a quantum chemical simulation of the NIR spectrum of curcumin as the representative constituent. It was found that the information accessible to MicroNIR 1700ES that is relevant to the analyzed constituents is located in the spectral region prone to interferences with the matrix, likely limiting the performance of this spectrometer in this analytical scenario.

Applicability of high-resolution NMR in combination with chemometrics for the compositional analysis and quality control of spices and plant-derived condiments.

Over the last years, the consumption of spices and plant-derived condiments has increased considerably, owing to new culinary trends. Unfortunately, the current marketing channels make them highly vulnerable to adulteration and food fraud. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for the compositional study of spices and plant-derived condiments. It allows the chemical characterization of a wide range of polar and non-polar metabolites, and provides unique structural information not available by other techniques. The chemometric-based analysis of NMR 'fingerprints' has been used to discriminate samples according to species and geographical origin and to detect adulterations, among other applications. The comprehensive identification and quantification of marker compounds can be achieved even in complex mixtures, demonstrating a great potential for high-throughtput quality control applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

The antioxidant analysis and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of spices and herbs (22 species) in Asian traditional beverages

Spices and herbs are used in Asian traditional beverages (ATB) mainly for gastronomic purposes, i.e., main flavoring, aroma enhancer, and colorant, but not for health functionality. Twenty-two selected spices and herbs used in ATB were evaluated for their antioxidant level, antidiabetic potential, and the possible risk of coumarin toxicity. Pattern recognition methods were applied to the data collection using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) to investigate the assay and spices and herbs inter-relationship. The evaluation made can help in the future selection of spice and herb ingredients with high antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and a safe limit of coumarin to be used in developing a reformulated ATB. The spice and herb selections were based on the determination of polyphenol content, antioxidant (DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP analyses) levels, AGI activities, and coumarin content aqueous extracts. Five out of 10 aqueous extracts of main flavoring spices (Ceylon cinnamon, cassia, clove, star anise, and mace), 1 out of 7 extracts of aroma enhancers (rose), and 2 out of 5 colorant extracts (sappan heartwood and black myrobalan) exhibited profound antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition (AGI) activities. PCA and HCA indicated that the black myrobalan extract had the most distinct and potent antioxidant and AGI activities among the tested extracts (DPPH IC50 37.61 ± 1.48 mg/mL, DPPH 126.15 ± 0.65 Trolox equivalent μg/mL, FRAP 52.66 ± 0.8 Trolox equivalent mM/mL, ORAC 18,213.33 ± 298.91 Trolox equivalent μM/mL; and AGI 1306.98 ± 21.38 tannic acid equivalent μg/mL). On the contrary, cardamom extract showed the least of both activities. Ambrette seed and cassia extracts had considerably high coumarin contents, which is higher than the permissible limit of 10 mg/kg. This study revealed that black myrobalan is an indispensable functional ingredient in an Asian traditional beverage. However, the use of cassia and ambrette seeds shall be a caution to lower the risk of possible coumarin toxicity. PCA and HCA enabled the visualization of the complicated relationship between the antioxidant - antidiabetic properties and each spice/herb ingredient. This recognition method eased the functional ingredient selection in the next polyherbal formulation step.

Graphene Nanoribbons Based 5-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converter

McCulloch-Pitts neuron structures are comprised of a number of synaptic inputs and a decision element, called soma. In this paper, we propose a 5-bit Graphene Nanoribbon (GNR)-based DAC to fulfill the role of the summation element featuring programmable input weights. The proposed GNR-based 5-bit DAC relies on: (i) GNR unit current cells and (ii) a GNR logic thermometric decoding block. Our implementation is based on mapping the GNR structure's conductance using Matlab and performing the required SPICE analysis using the Matlab based GNR Verilog-A model. The unit current cell geometry and bias conditions were chosen based on the unit cell's conductance map from which we derived its I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> ratio, as well as transfer and output characteristics, resembling the classical MOSFET counterpart. By utilizing GNR devices instead of FinFET counterparts, a reduction of the active area of the 5-bit current DAC by up to a factor of three can be achieved. Furthermore, the GNR implementation achieved this while maintaining comparable INL and DNL performance to that of the FinFET variant, i.e., DNL of [-0.196, 0.088] LSB and INL of [-0.809, 0.364] LSB for the proposed GNR 5-bit DAC while operating at a supply voltage of only 0.2 V.

31. Post-ebola Syndrome Presents with Multiple Overlapping Symptom Clusters: Evidence from an Ongoing Cohort Study in Eastern Sierra Leone

BackgroundSince the outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa from 2013–2016, a large cohort of survivors with persistent health complaints has emerged. This constellation of issues is termed post-Ebola syndrome. Here we characterize the symptoms and physical exam findings of this syndrome in a cohort of survivors from Sierra Leone 2.6 years after resolution of disease.Ebola survivors present with clusters of symptoms that represent sub phenotypes of post-Ebola syndrome MethodsPotential survivor participants in Eastern Sierra Leone were identified and recruited through the Sierra Leone Association of Ebola Survivors. Household contacts of survivors were identified by enrolled survivors. Both groups were administered a questionnaire assessing self-reported symptoms. A physical exam was performed by a limited number of trained providers. Symptoms were then compared using hierarchical clustering. Statistical analysis of the correlations between clusters was conducted using conditional logistic regression. Both SPICE and principal component (PCA) analyses were performed to explore the relationships between symptom clusters.ResultsBetween March 2016 and January 2019, 375 Ebola survivors and 1040 contacts were enrolled. At enrollment, Ebola survivors of all age groups reported significantly more symptoms than their contacts in all categories. Six symptom clusters were identified representing distinct organ systems. SPICE revealed 2 general phenotypes: with or without rheumatologic symptoms. Clusters including rheumatologic symptoms were correlated with one another (r = 0.63) but not with other clusters (r < 0.35). Ophthalmologic/auditory symptoms were moderately correlated with the non-rheumatologic clusters (r > 0.5). Interestingly, psychologic/neurologic, cardiac/GI and constitutional clusters correlated with one another (r > 0.6) p < 0.0001 in all cases. The symptom clusters were then mapped onto a PCA. Each symptom cluster separated from the remainder along PC1, particularly the phenotypes with rheumatologic symptoms.ConclusionThis study presents an in-depth characterization of post-Ebola syndrome in Sierra Leonean survivors. The interrelationship between symptom clusters indicates that post-Ebola syndrome is a heterogeneous disease. The phenotypes identified may have unique mechanisms of pathogenesis, and require distinct therapies.Disclosures John Schieffelin, MD, MSPH, Wolters-Kluwer (Independent Contractor)

Performance and Stability Analysis of Spices and Spice Products Export from India

India exports spices from times ancient and is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices in the world. This study is contemplated during the two time periods viz., Pre NHM (1993-94 to 2004-05) and Post NHM (2005-06 to 2017-18). The overall trend in spices export in quantity was found to be lower in the Period I than in Period II and Period III. It implies that a lower growth rate in quantity (4.75%) of spices were being exported during Period-I, which increased in quantity (9.57%) of spices during Period-II. Highly stable market for spices and its products during Period I were oils &amp; oleoresins and curry powder, in Period II chilli (quantity), mint products (quantity), oils &amp; oleoresins (value) and curry powder (quantity and value). No commodity showed low instability during Period III. (1993-94 to 2017-2018).