Analysis Of Secondary Metabolites Research Articles

Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for the investigation of antibiotic-bacterial interactions.

With the development of analytical technologies especially mass spectrometry, metabolomics is becoming increasingly hot in the field of studying antibiotic-bacterial interactions. On the one hand, metabolomics can reveal metabolic perturbations in bacteria in the presence of antibiotics and expose metabolic mechanisms. On the other hand, through in-depth analysis of bacterial metabolic profiles, biomarkers and bioactive secondary metabolites with great potential as drug precursors can be discovered. This review focuses on the experimental workflow of bacterial metabolomics and its application to study the interaction between bacteria and antibiotics. Metabolomics improves the understanding of antibiotic lethality, reveals metabolic perturbations in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, guides the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of infectious diseases, and aids in the exploration of antibacterial metabolites in nature. Furthermore, current limitations and directions for future developments in this area are discussed.

Analysis of Maillard reaction precursors and secondary metabolites in Chilean potatoes and neoformed contaminants during frying

Southern Chile native potatoes are an interesting raw material to produce novel snacks like colored potato chips. These novel products should be comprehensively evaluated for the presence of undesirable compounds such as acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furan, the main neoformed contaminants in starchy rich fried foods. This study evaluated the neoformed contaminant levels and oil content on chips made from eleven Chilean potato accessions and compared them with commercial samples. The neoformed contaminant contents were related to Maillard reaction precursor levels (reducing sugars and asparagine) and secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds and carotenoids). Neo-formed contaminants correlated well among them and were weakly correlated with reducing sugars and asparagine. Acrylamide level in native potato chips ranged from 738.2 to 1998.6 μg kg−1 while from 592.6 to 2390.5 μg kg−1 in commercial samples. Thus, there is need to implement neoformed contaminant mitigation strategies at different steps of the production chain of colored potato chips.

Analysis of the antagonistic effect of Stenotrophomonas geniculata WXY53 on Magnaporthe oryzae through bioassays and Whole-Genome sequencing

Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast, which poses a significant threat to agriculture. The use of environmentally friendly biological control agents is one of the methods used to reduce disease incidence. Our study identified the isolate WXY53 as Stenotrophomonas geniculata using 16S rDNA and phylogenetic tree analysis. WXY53 exhibited a 53.39 % inhibition rate on the growth diameter of M. oryzae hyphae in the dual culture assay. The WXY53 fermentation broth treatment inhibited 97.89 % of appressoria formation and delayed the colonization of plant cells by invasive hyphae. Applying WXY53 fermentation broth had a significant impact on preventing rice blast in the greenhouse experiment. It suppressed the size of necrotic lesions and reduced the number of lesions in rice and barley by 66.25 % and 72.0 %, respectively. The whole-genome sequencing of WXY53 revealed a genome size of 4,504,923 bp, with 66.51 % GC content and 4038 protein-coding genes. The study utilized multiple databases, including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, Gene Ontology, Pathogen-Host Interactions, and Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes to annotate gene functions. The analysis revealed genes related to environmental information processing, biological processes, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, glycoside hydrolases, and metabolism. Antibiotics & Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell analysis predicted that WXY53 has the potential to produce aryl polymers, entolysin, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl serine, in addition to the three gene clusters with unknown functions. Based on these findings, strain WXY53 could be a promising novel source of biological agents for managing rice blast. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigation into microbial resources and metabolic gene clusters for agricultural biological control.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of the Mucuna sanjappae Seeds in the Rat Model and In Vitro Assays

The Fabaceae (Leguminosae) plant family contains several species of the Mucuna Adans. genus possessing therapeutic potential and growing widely in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In this research, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the extract from the Mucuna sanjappae Aitawade & S.R.Yadav seeds. Initially, we conducted an in vitro anti-inflammatory activity test using the bovine serum albumin anti-denaturation assay and found promising dose-dependent activity. Subsequently, we performed an in vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant study on a rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan. Three different doses of M. sanjappae seed water extract (50, 100 and 200mg/kg B/W) were used for the study (Oral administration). Edema measurement was carried out at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hr intervals. Dose dependent inhibition in edema in the M. sanjappae seed extract treatment group was observed with maximum activity for 200mg/kg B/W dose at 4 hr (53.49%). Standard drug showed maximum edema inhibition (54.94%) at 6hr. Our results also showed that, M. sanjappae seed extract inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and increases anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with increased level of blood serum antioxidants. Phytochemical analysis for secondary metabolites including polyphenol, flavonoids, phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, tannin and saponin was also quantified which might be the responsible component for biological activities under study.

Data analysis of secondary metabolites in pond apple (Annona Glabra L.) for potential FtsZ inhibitors in silico

Background: The pond apple (Annona glabra L.) is a specie widely distributed in our country with many activities such as anticancer, anti-HIV, antibacterial, antimalarial, antidiarrheal, antiparasitic, etc. The in vitro screening process showed that the methanol extract of Annona glabra L. inhibited the activity of FtsZ GTPase prominently. This study aims to investigate the ability to inhibit FtsZ GTPase in silico of secondary metabolites in pond apple. Materials and Methods: Annona glabra metabolites were collected from articles in Pubmed, Researchgate, etc. The 6YD5 crystal structure in the PDB protein database was selected to build the docking model. The docking process was performed on LeadIT software. Data was processed and visualized with the Python programming language. Results: 192 structures in pond apple were collected from 1991 to 2015. The docking model was built to meet the requirements. 37 compounds successfully docked from 140 non-overlapping structures. (-)-Roemeroline is an aporphine alkaloid with the lowest docking score of -19.7 kJ/mol. The potential structures are mainly distributed in leaves, stems, and fruits. Conclusion: The chloroform fraction of pond apple contains abundant alkaloids, amides, polyphenols which is the potential fraction to inhibit FtsZ. Multicyclic alkaloids such as aporphine, azaanthraquinone, protoberberine provide initial active compounds for the search for new targeted antibacterial drugs. Key words: Annona glabra, FtsZ, molecular docking, antibacterial, secondary metabolites

Comparative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Different In Vitro Tissues of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis

Comparative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Different In Vitro Tissues of <i>Narcissus tazetta</i> var. chinensis

Chemical Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthetic Analysis of Secondary Metabolites from Agaricus Mushrooms: A Review.

Agaricus mushrooms are an important genus in the Agaricaceae family, belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycota. Among them, Agaricus bisporus is a common mushroom for mass consumption, which is not only nutritious but also possesses significant medicinal properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The rare edible mushroom, Agaricus blazei, contains unique agaricol compounds with significant anticancer activity against liver cancer. Agaricus blazei is believed to expel wind and cold, i.e., the pathogenic factors of wind and cold from the body, and is an important formula in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its nutritional richness and outstanding medicinal value, Agaricus mushrooms have not been systematically compiled and summarized. Therefore, the present review compiles and classifies 70 natural products extracted from Agaricus mushrooms over the past six decades. These compounds exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities, with particular emphasis on antitumor and antioxidant properties. While A.blazei and A.bisporus are the primary producers of these compounds, studies on secondary metabolites from other Agaricus species remain limited. Further research is needed to explore and understand the anticancer and nutritional properties of Agaricus mushrooms. This review contributes to the understanding of the structure, bioactivity, and biosynthetic pathways of Agaricus compounds and provides insights for the development of functional foods using these mushrooms.

Analysis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Produced by Endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Background: Bacterial endophytes live inside the plant tissues and are known to play a crucial role in the functioning of host plants by influencing their physiology and development. Moreover, this group of bacteria could produce secondary metabolites to suppress plant pathogens and also produce compounds to promote plant growth. Methods: In this present study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated from Oryzae officinalis and screened for antifungal activity against rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani by dual culture assay. The secondary metabolites produced during the interaction of B. amyloliquefaciens with R. solani were characterized with pathogen-inoculated control and antagonist inoculated control through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Result: The isolated Bacillus amyloliqufaciens displayed antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani which showed a 63% inhibiton in the mycelial growth of R. solani over control. Analysis of secondary metabolites from the zone of inhibition, confirmed the presence of unique biomolecules including -Propanamine, N,N,2-trimethyl, 1(2H)-Naphthalenone, 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl, Diethyl Phthalate, Dichloroacetic acid tridecyl ester, Hexadecen-1-ol trans-9, Glycine N-(N-glycyl-L-leucyl) and 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl of antifungal and antimicrobial nature.

UPLC-ESI-MS Analysis of secondary metabolites from Tamarix aphylla with its in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities

UPLC-ESI-MS Analysis of secondary metabolites from Tamarix aphylla with its in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities

Genome Characteristics of the Endophytic Fungus Talaromyces sp. DC2 Isolated from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

Talaromyces sp. DC2 is an endophytic fungus that was isolated from the stem of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don in Hanoi, Vietnam and is capable of producing vinca alkaloids. This study utilizes the PacBio Sequel technology to completely sequence the whole genome of Talaromyces sp. DC2The genome study revealed that DC2 contains a total of 34.58 Mb spanned by 156 contigs, with a GC content of 46.5%. The identification and prediction of functional protein-coding genes, tRNA, and rRNA were comprehensively predicted and highly annotated using various BLAST databases, including non-redundant (Nr) protein sequence, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) databases. The genome of DC2 has a total of 149, 227, 65, 153, 53, and 6 genes responsible for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, chitin, starch, and inulin degradation, respectively. The Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites Analysis Shell (AntiSMASH) analyses revealed that strain DC2 possesses 20 biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for producing secondary metabolites. The strain DC2 has also been found to harbor the DDC gene encoding aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme. Conclusively, this study has provided a comprehensive understanding of the processes involved in secondary metabolites and the ability of the Talaromyces sp. DC2 strain to degrade plant cell walls.

Exploring Quantitative Biological Major, Trace, and Ultratrace Elements Composition and Qualitative Primary-Secondary Metabolites in Lamiaceae Medicinal Plants from Turkey.

Medicinal plants comprise a spectrum of constituents, encompassing both organic and inorganic elements. Elemental composition of 27 species of medicinal plants of Lamiaceae (including 17 endemic) family grown in Turkey was carried out by ICP-MS. The following elements were determined in analysed samples: Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, U, Se. Quantitative analysis of specific primary and secondary metabolites was carried out. Na and K are major constituents in plants. The concentrations of Na range from 332,495.590g/kg (in sample 10SA) to 279,690.674g/kg (in sample 4SA), while those of K vary from 67,492.456g/kg (in sample 15SA) to 3347.612g/kg (in sample 1A). Some metals such as Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba were also detected. Flavonoids, carbohydrates and tannins were present in all sample. Saponins were found in all samples except 1C and 2O. Coumarin were detected in samples 2N, 1T, 1O, 1Z, 3SA, 1C, 4SA, 6SA, 8SA, 1M, 11SA, 13SA, 2O, 14SA, 1H, and 16SI. Lipids were present in samples 6S, 9S, 1A, 10S, 1M, 11SA, 12SA, 13SA, 14SA, and 16SI. Plants contain essential, rare earth, and trace elements at mg/kg concentrations, while major elements such as K and Na are present in high levels. Toxic element As (arsenic) was detected in all analyzed plants, but in most samples, its concentration was below the threshold set by World Health Organization.

Characterization of Bacillus velezensis TJS119 and its biocontrol potential against insect pathogens.

The white-spotted flower chafer (Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis), which is widely distributed in Asian countries, is traditionally used in oriental medicine. However, its larvae are prone to severe damage by green muscardine disease (caused by Metarhizium anisopliae) during breeding. The aim of this study was to characterize Bacillus velezensis TJS119, which has been isolated from freshwater, and investigate its potential as a biocontrol agent against M. anisopliae in insects. TJS119 was obtained from freshwater samples in the Republic of Korea and was classified as B. velezensis. We evaluated its in vitro antifungal effect, sequenced the bacterial whole genome, mined genes responsible for the synthesis of secondary metabolites, performed secondary metabolite analysis Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and conducted bioassays for determining green muscardine disease control ability. Bacillus velezensis TJS119 inhibited the mycelial growth of M. anisopliae in vitro. The size of the B. velezensis TJS119 genome was estimated to be 3,890,913 bp with a GC content of 46.67% and 3,750 coding sequences. Biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites with antifungal activity were identified in the genome. Lipopeptides, including fengycin secreted by TJS119 exhibit antifungal activity. Application of TJS119 for the biocontrol against green muscardine disease increased the viability of white-spotted flower chafer by 94.7% compared to the control. These results indicate that B. velezensis TJS119 is a potential biocontrol agent for insect pathogens.

The study of indicators of authenticity and goodness of flowers of narrow-leaved lavender (&lt;i&gt;Lavandula angustifolia&lt;/i&gt; L.)

The study is dedicated to the analysis of the cultural and medicinal plant Lavandula angustifolia Mill. from the Lamiaceae Martinov family. The plant is widely used in the food and perfume-cosmetic industries, as well as in traditional medicine for treating various diseases including rheumatism and migraines. The research focuses on the analysis of phenolic compounds and terpenoids, which are the main pharmacologically active components of narrow-leaved lavender. Phenolic compounds include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and coumarins, while terpenoids such as linalool and linalyl acetate are responsible for the aromatic essential oil. The experiment involved studying the quantitative content of flavonoids, chromatographic analysis of secondary metabolites, and microscopic analysis of the structure of narrow-leaved lavender flowers. The obtained data expand the nomenclature of pharmacopoeial herbal raw materials. The quantitative content of flavonoids and the profile of major polyphenolic secondary components have been established. These results can serve as a basis for standardization and quality assessment of narrow-leaved lavender flowers, as well as for further phytochemical and pharmacological research.

Genomic comparative analysis of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato.

Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato is a common pathogenic fungus of ants. A new species, O. fusiformispora, was described based on morphology and phylogenetic evidence from five genes (SSU, LSU, TEF1α, RPB1, and RPB2). The whole genomes of O. fusiformispora, O. contiispora, O. subtiliphialida, O. satoi, O. flabellata, O. acroasca, and O. camponoti-leonardi were sequenced and annotated and compared with whole genome sequences of other species in O. unilateralis sensu lato. The basic genome-wide characteristics of the 12 species showed that the related species had similar GC content and genome size. AntiSMASH and local BLAST analyses revealed that the number and types of putative SM BGCs, NPPS, PKS, and hybrid PKS-NRPS domains for the 12 species differed significantly among different species in the same genus. The putative BGC of five compounds, namely, NG-391, lucilactaene, higginsianin B, pyripyropene A, and pyranonigrin E were excavated. NG-391 and lucilactaene were 7-desmethyl analogs of fusarin C. Furthermore, the 12 genomes had common domains, such as KS-AT-DH-MT-ER-KR-ACP and SAT-KS-AT-PT-ACP-ACP-Te. The ML and BI trees of SAT-KS-AT-PT-ACP-ACP-Te were highly consistent with the multigene phylogenetic tree in the 12 species. This study provided a method to obtain the living culture of O. unilateralis sensu lato species and its asexual formed on the basis of living culture, which was of great value for further study of O. unilateralis sensu lato species in the future, and also laid a foundation for further analysis of secondary metabolites of O. unilateralis sensu lato.

Evaluation of antioxidant and bioactive phytochemical properties of Achyranthes aspera L.

Archeranthes aspera, a member of the Amaranthaceae family, is now widely distributed. This species has become invasive in Nigeria. Despite the natural antioxidant defense and repair mechanisms present in humans and other organisms, continuous exposure to free radicals inevitably causes biological harm that cannot be entirely mitigated. In a recent study, extracts of Achyranthes aspera were examined for their secondary metabolites, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial effects against several strains including Staphylococcus aureus (NCIB 8588), Bacillus cereus (NCIB 6349), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIB 418), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIB). Phytochemical analysis of the plant leaf revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, general glycosides, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites showed that the plant extract contained 7.0 ± 2.5 mg/100g alkaloids, 11.5 ± 2.0 mg/100g tannins, 15.0 ± 3.1 mg/100g general glycosides, and 14.0 ± 1.5 mg/100g terpenoids. The investigation revealed that the concentration of leaf extract enhanced DPPH scavenging activity, albeit to a lesser extent than ascorbic acid. At concentrations of 50 and 100µg/ml, ascorbic acid exhibited scavenging activities of 22.66 ± 2.34% and 40.55 ± 1.55%, respectively, whereas Achyranthes aspera leaf extract displayed activities of 6.33 ± 2.04% and 11.65 ± 6.18%. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the plant extract inhibited the growth of bacteria, rendering them vulnerable. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Achyranthes aspera ethanol leaf extract was found to be lowest against S. aureus and highest against B. cereus. These findings suggest that the ingredients present in the plant leaf extract hold promise for potential use in chemotherapy.

Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Physical Properties, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities, and Chemical Composition of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oils under Differential Water Stress Conditions.

This study investigated the effects of varying water stress levels on Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils (EO). Three samples (S1, S2, and S3) were cultivated under different stress levels (40, 60, and 80%). Increased water stress led to changes in primary and secondary metabolites, EO contents, and physical properties. Antioxidant activity varied, with S2 exhibiting the highest IC50 value. In terms of antidiabetic activity, S2 showed robust α-amylase inhibition, while S3 displayed a commendable influence. For α-galactosidase inhibition, S3 had a moderate effect, and S2 stood out with increased efficacy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed stress-induced changes in major compounds. The study enhances the understanding of plant responses to water stress, with potential applications in antioxidant therapy and diabetes management. The findings emphasize the importance of sustainable water management for optimizing the EO quality in its various uses.

Phytochemical Profiling by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Chemopreventive Effect of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves and Benzyl Isothiocyanate on Murine Mammary Carcinogenesis.

Moringa oleifera Lam, commonly known as moringa, is a plant widely used both as a human food and for medicinal purposes around the world. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MoAE) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BIT) in rats with induced breast cancer. Cancer was induced with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg by orogastric gavage once only. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to eight groups, each consisting of six individuals. The control group (healthy) was called Group I. Group II received DMBA plus saline. In addition to DMBA, Groups III, IV, and V received MoAE at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, while Groups VI, VII, and VIII received BIT at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively. Treatment was carried out for 13 weeks. Secondary metabolite analysis results identified predominantly quercetin, caffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, vitexin, and kaempferol, as well as tropone, betaine, loliolide, and vitexin. The administration of MoAE at a dose of 500 mg/kg and BIT at 20 mg/kg exhibited a notable decrease in both the total tumor count and the cumulative tumor weight, along with a delay in their onset. Furthermore, they improved the histological grade. A significant decrease in serum levels of VEGF and IL-1β levels was observed (p < 0.001) with a better effect demonstrated with MoAE at 500 mg/kg and BIT at 20 mg/kg. In conclusion, this study suggests that both the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and the benzyl isothiocyanate possess antitumor properties against mammary carcinogenesis, and this effect could be due, at least in part, to the flavonoids and isothiocyanates present in the extract.

Correlation analysis of secondary metabolites and disease resistance activity of different varieties of Congou black tea based on LC-MS/MS and TCMSP

To investigate the correlation between the difference of secondary metabolites and the disease-resistance activity of different varieties of Congou black tea. Among a total of 657 secondary metabolites identified, 183 metabolites had anti-disease activity, 113 were key active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 73.22% had multiple anti-disease activities, and all were mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids. The main enriched metabolic pathways were phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, flavonoid biosynthesis, and metabolic pathways. Flavonoid and phenolic acid secondary metabolites were more correlated with anti-disease activity and key active TCM ingredients. Conclusion: The types of JGY and Q601 Congou black tea of the relative contents show large differences in secondary metabolites. Flavonoid and phenolic acid secondary metabolites were identified as the primary factors contributing to the variation in secondary metabolites among different varieties of Congou black tea. These compounds also exhibited a stronger correlation with disease resistance activity.

Methyl jasmonate inducible UGT79A18 is a novel glycosyltransferase involved in the bacoside biosynthetic pathway in Bacopa monnieri.

Bacosides are dammarane-type triterpenoidal saponins in Bacopa monnieri and have various pharmacological applications. All the bacosides are diversified from two isomers, i.e., jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin. The biosynthetic pathway of bacoside is not well elucidated. In the present study, we characterized a UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT79A18, involved in the glycosylation of pseudojujubogenin. UGT79A18 shows higher expression in response to 5 h of wounding, and 3 h of MeJA treatment. The recombinant UGT79A18 shows in vitro activity against a wide range of flavonoids and triterpenes and has a substrate preference for protopanaxadiol, a dammarane-type triterpene. Secondary metabolite analysis of overexpression and knockdown lines of UGT79A18 in B. monnieri identify bacopasaponin D, bacopaside II, bacopaside N2 and pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside as the major bacosides that were differentially accumulated. In the overexpression lines of UGT79A18, we found 1.7-fold enhanced bacopaside II, 8-fold enhanced bacopasaponin D, 3-fold enhanced pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside, and 1.6-fold enhanced bacopaside N2 content in comparison with vector control plant, whereas in the knockdown lines of UGT79A18, we found 1.4-fold reduction in bacopaside II content, 3-fold reduction in the bacopasaponin D content, 2-fold reduction in the pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside content, and 1.5-fold reduction in bacopaside N2 content in comparison with vector control. These results suggest that UGT79A18 is a significant UDP glycosyltransferase involved in glycosylating pseudojujubogenin and enhancing the pseudojujubogenin-derived bacosides.

Analysis of Secondary Metabolites of Elaeagnus Angustifolia Leaves Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.

The leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia, belonging to the Elaeagnaceae Juss. family, are known for their medicinal properties for relieving cough and asthma, as well as treating dysentery and diarrhea. To establish a rapid qualitative method for the detection of secondary metabolites in leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia, including the identification and analysis of various secondary metabolites in leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Samples were separated using a Waters ACQUITY H-Class ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system (FTN autosampler, quaternary LC pump) and ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm× 100 mm). The flow rate was set to 0.4 mL/min, the injection volume was 1.0 μL, and the column temperature was set to 45 °C. The mobile phase was methanol (A) with) -0.1% formic acid in water (B). Samples were analyzed by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS). A total of 182 different secondary metabolites were detected from 10 varieties of leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia, including 77 flavonoids, 20 steroids, 7 alkaloids, 15 amino acids, 18 organic acids, and 45 other compound types. A method for the rapid analysis of leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was established, and the secondary metabolites in leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia were identified. The enrichment of secondary metabolites in leaves of different varieties of Elaeagnus angustifolia was clarified. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method is very fast and possesses a high degree of selectivity, precision, and sensitivity. These findings provide a reliable foundation for the development of medicinal resources derived from Elaeagnus angustifolia leaves.