Analysis Of Public Expenditure Research Articles

EE330 Analysis of Public Expenditure of Pharmaceutical Utilization of Female Infertility in Hungary between 2015-2022

EE330 Analysis of Public Expenditure of Pharmaceutical Utilization of Female Infertility in Hungary between 2015-2022

Availability and Access to Orphan Drugs for Rare Cancers in Bulgaria: Analysis of Delays and Public Expenditures.

Rare cancers are defined by an annual incidence of fewer than 6 per 100,000. Bearing similarities to rare diseases, they are associated with substantial health inequalities due to diagnostic complexity and delayed access to innovative therapies. This situation is further aggravated in Southeastern European countries like Bulgaria, where limited public resources and expertise underscore the need for additional policy and translational research on rare cancers. This study aimed to explore the availability and access to orphan drugs for rare cancers in Bulgaria for the period of 2020-2023. We cross-compared data from both the European Union and national public sources to evaluate the number of available and accessible orphan drugs for rare cancers, the delay from market authorization to reimbursement, the dynamics of public expenditures, and regional disparities in access across the country. We juxtaposed the main characteristics of oncological and non-oncological orphan drugs as well. Only 15 out of 50 oncological orphan drugs that were authorized by the European Medicine Agency were accessible for rare cancer patients in Bulgaria. The median delay between market authorization and inclusion in the Bulgarian Positive Drug List was 760 days. The total expenditures for all orphan drugs for rare cancers amounted to EUR 74,353,493 from 2020 to 2023. The budgetary impact of this group rose from 0.24% to 3.77% of total public medicinal product expenditures for the study period. Rare cancer patients represent a vulnerable population that often faces limited to no access to treatment. We call for targeted European and national policies to address this major inequality.

An empirical analysis of public debt and government expenditure in South Africa

An empirical analysis of public debt and government expenditure in South Africa

An Econometric Analysis of Public Expenditure and Agriculture Output: An Evidence from India

In the present era, the agricultural sector played a significant role in the development of the nation by creating jobs for rural people and developing of agricultural sector needed in labour-intensive nations like India. Hence, the study examined the relationship between public expenditure on agriculture and economic growth, public expenditure on agriculture and agricultural output in the context of India. Therefore, the study used the Unit root test, Cointegration test, Var, and ECM for analysis. The results show that there is no cointegration vector between public expenditure and economic growth and found that negative relationship between public expenditure and economic growth. But, the study reveals that there is a cointegration vector between public expenditure and agricultural output. Significant Error Correction term (ECt-1) indicates that 85.2 per cent of total disequilibrium in public expenditure on agriculture and agriculture output is corrected each year in India. The coefficient of the EC2t-1 term is statistically insignificant. shortrun coefficients are also insignificant, which concludes that there is no short-run causality between public Expenditure and agriculture output in any direction. One way causality exists from agriculture output to public expenditure in the long run and is supported the Wagner’s hypotheses instead of Keynesian Hypotheses in India.

Gender responsive budgeting and its implementation efforts in Nepal

The purpose of this article is to analyze the contemporary experiences of gender responsive budgeting and its implementation efforts in Nepal. In recent years, the introduction of gender responsive budgeting has become an important topic on the government agenda to meaningfully internalize gender equality in public finance. Gender responsive budgeting, as an integral part in fiscal and budgetary decision making, can make gender equality and help differentiate the impacts on men and women. This article is based on the analytical and descriptive research design based on literature review of secondary data and information used for the analysis of the information. Therefore, the analysis of public expenditure and revenue policies and practices should consider this differentiated gender impact. Gender responsive budgeting in Nepal is committed to maintaining progressive social change, but efforts that are more concrete are needed to match political commitments. In the entire world, women only make 77 cents for every $1 earned by males. This gender responsive budgeting receives the highest share of the Nepal's budget in fiscal year 2021/22 (2078/79), accounting for 39 percent of all investments. Nepal has been associated with various gender responsive activities through different national policies, budgets, periodic and yearly plans and projects since the fiscal year 2007/08; and it is dedicated to the global commitment for the sustainable development goals and its timely achievements with the national targets; and leading the nation towards the gender inclusive society and gender friendly behaviors by the nation in all processes of the governance of Nepal.

An Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in Pakistan

Achieving economic growth is an important goal of any country. However, in recent years it has increasingly been realised that economic growth is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for human development. Pakistan provides a good example of a country which has historically enjoyed a respectable GDP growth rate and yet failed to translate this positive development into a satisfactory level of human development. Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan’s development policies have focused primarily on realising high economic growth and only incidentally on the task of providing social necessities. Such a process has given rise to a structure of production and distribution which has been only indirectly responsive to social goals. However, there is now a growing realisation that we could have done much better had we stressed human resource investments relatively more. The Education For All (EFA) movement, started more than a decade ago in 1990, accelerated the process of human resource development in many developing countries. The EFA refers to the global commitment to ensure that all children would complete Primary Education of good quality. A decade after, the Millennium Declaration resolved to ensure, by 2015, that all children would be able to complete a course of primary education.

Anwar Shah (ed.). Public Expenditure Analysis. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, 2005. xxxi+256 pages. Paperback. Price not given.

Public Expenditure Analysis is the 7th edition in the “Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series” edited by Anwar Shah. The book attempts to contribute to public sector reforms by improving governance in the public expenditure analysis—to disburse the benefits to grossroots levels in the developing countries. It deals with the intricate issue of equity in both the tax burdens and public spending and evaluates performance of government in safeguarding the interests of the poor and other disadvantaged groups of the society, such as women, children, and minorities. The eight chapters of the book that consist of papers prepared by distinguished authors systematically develop a framework for a right-based approach to citizen empowerment by creating an institutional design with appropriate rules, restraints, and incentives to make the public sector responsive and accountable to the average voter.

Does increasing public expenditure on sports promote regional sustainable development: Evidence from China.

In the post-COVID era, how to improve the level of regional sustainable development has attracted much attention. And the vigorous development of the sports economy may be closely related to the regional sustainable development. This paper explores the impact and mechanism analysis of government sports public expenditure on regional sustainable development from the perspective of sports economic development. The study found that China's sustainable development presents obvious ladder-like characteristics and highlights the regional imbalance and inadequacy of regional green and coordinated development. And the government's increase in public expenditure on sports can significantly promote regional sustainable development and improve the level of regional green and coordinated development. With the continuous improvement of the regional economic development, the effect of sports public expenditure continues to increase. It can be seen from this that implementing the strategy of strengthening the country through sports under the government's guidance is an essential guarantee for the public health and quality of life and the sustainable development of the economy and society. Additionally, the development level of market finance is also an important driving factor for the government's public expenditure on sports to improve the level of sustainable development in the region. From the mechanism analysis, the government activates the local residents' consumption level by increasing the public expenditure on sports, thus promoting regional sustainable development.

Community reinvestment challenges in the age of gentrification: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a case study for wide bank lending disparities

Abstract Racially unequal home mortgage loan patterns are alive and well today with many financial institutions. Efforts to change these trends are difficult when few question the ‘reinvestment thesis’—an environment in which financial institutions are assumed to meet community needs, even when data suggest the opposite. In this article, we analyze thirteen years of financial institution lending data from 2007 to 2019 in Pittsburgh that show how the city’s African American neighborhoods are starved for private capital as vastly more loans and loan dollars were approved in white neighborhoods. Conversely, an analysis of public expenditures for affordable housing between 2010 and 2020 demonstrate the majority of government dollars went to minority neighborhoods. These data provide a partial explanation as to why Pittsburgh lost > 10,000 Black residents over the past decade. These wide disparities are a significant barrier to building African American wealth and present challenges to community development efforts.

Economic Analysis of Public Expenditure, Revenue, and Resource Gap in Nepal

The aim of this study is to look at the influence of government spending and revenue on Nepal's government resource gap. The study employed a descriptive and exploratory research design. The secondary data covers 26 years from 1995 to 2020 and was collected from various economic surveys in Nepal. Econometric tools like descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Augmented–Dickey-Fuller test, unit root testing, regression analysis, and ex-post forecasting are used to explore the prediction of the dependent variable. For model validity, the researchers utilized the LM test and Jarque-Bera test. There is a moderately positive relationship between government expenditure and the resource gap, however, there is a negative impact of government revenue on the government resource gap in Nepal. Government expenditure and income are individually significant in determining the size of the resource gap in Nepal. The value of the root mean squared error is 0.986, which is very small. Therefore, the gap between the actual value and the predicted value is small, and they move together. It is suggested that policymakers increase revenue and manage government expenditure based on ground reality to decrease the resource gap. A government resource gap study can assist policymakers in determining how their present resource levels are assisting them in meeting their objectives. The results, findings, and methods of this study are not affected by what other researchers have found and concluded.

ДЕРЖАВНА ПІДТРИМКА ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКИХ СТРУКТУР АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ УКРАЇНИ

In the article it is shown the results of summarizing of the features, methods, and tools of state support for business structures of the agricultural sector in Ukraine. It is established that the main form of state support is preferential tax treatment and implementation of state targeted programs, covering budget financing of programs and activities aimed at the development of certain industries, partial compensation of interest rates on commercial banks, partial compensation of purchased agricultural machinery. As a result of the analysis of public expenditures in support of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, it was found that the actual amount of funding does not meet the legal norm in the amount of 1 % of GDP. It should be noted a significant overall reduction in public spending to support the agricultural sector of Ukraine in 2020 year compared to the previous 2018–2019 years. At the same time, there is a reorientation of state support: expenditures on livestock and processing of this industry are significantly reduced, while expenditures on cheaper loans and partial compensation for the cost of purchased agricultural machinery are increasing. Given the problems of the agricultural sector, the main areas of the state support and stimulation of agricultural entrepreneurship should be: creating an effective mechanism for the financial support of agricultural enterprises in the context of budget grants and public investment; development of the programs to ensure the renewal of fixed assets and logistical re-equipment of agricultural enterprises through the introduction of innovations; protection of the domestic agricultural producers through a balanced export-import policy.

Analysis of the Household and Health Care System Expenditures in Bulgaria.

Health care systems worldwide are experiencing tremendous financial pressure because of the introduction of new targeted health technologies and medicines. This study aims to analyze and compare public and household healthcare expenditures in Bulgaria during the period 2015–2019, as well as present the major cost-containment measures implied by the government and their probable influence on the overall health care cost. Regulatory analysis of the endorsed cost-containment measures, budget analysis of public and household health care expenditures, and their extrapolations were performed. The regulatory analysis reveals that a large number of measures are introduced and valid until January 2021, considering pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and negotiations between the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and Marketing authorization holders (MAHs). NHIF costs due to pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and medical devices are rising from 2015 to 2019. The overall health expenditures average per household and the average per person also grow in this period. The cost extrapolation reveals that an increase in 3-year periods is expected. Despite the implementation of variety of cost-containment measures in Bulgaria, such as HTA, ERP, discounts, and annual negotiations, The National Health Insurance Fund's (NHIF) spending on pharmaceuticals continues to rise in recent years, and further increases are expected in the next 3 years. The average expenditure per household and per person also increased, which confirms the global trend of rising medicine and outpatient services value.

Public Sector Management and Sustainable Development in Nigeria (Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education, Health and Security)

Public Sector Management and Sustainable Development in Nigeria (Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education, Health and Security)

Um olhar crítico à descentralização de serviços públicos de saúde em atenção hospitalar

Este trabalho objetiva identificar o panorama de contratação do setor privado sem fins lucrativos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde para realização de serviços de saúde de média e alta complexidade em atenção hospitalar, e a relação desse panorama com a diretriz de descentralização do sistema, que deve garantir atendimentos dos grandes centros urbanos às zonas onde os serviços públicos são mais escassos. Questiona-se se a contratação expandida de serviços hospitalares privados representa um afastamento das direções nacional e estadual da execução dos serviços de saúde a partir da municipalização generalizada. A metodologia de pesquisa é exploratória e descritiva, com base bibliográfica na literatura dos direitos Sanitário e Administrativo. A partir da análise dos gastos públicos com serviços hospitalares,nos últimos cinco anos, identifica-se que as entidades sem fins lucrativos tiveram mais investimento em produção hospitalar do que as esferas da administração pública direta e indireta de todos os entes. A título de contribuição para a busca de soluções para o problema, conclui-se que a menor participação da gestão nacional do SUS na prestação de serviços de saúde acarreta maior compra de serviços da iniciativa privada pelos entes, descumprindo a determinação constitucional de complementariedade da participação do setor privado no SUS. Ademais, a prestação de serviços hospitalares nesses moldes promove a falta de equilíbrio na alocação de leitos hospitalares, comprometendo a igualdade de condições no acesso às ações e aos serviços de saúde, objetivo da descentralização, e o adequado funcionamento do sistema.

City cents: Tracking the spatial imprint of urban public expenditures

Where is public money for place-based improvement spent? A common narrative is that public expenditure prioritizes business and development interests at the expense of disadvantaged areas that have the greatest need. This paper is a quantified look at this question—an analysis of spending patterns at the neighborhood level. The spatial analysis of public expenditure at the neighborhood level is surprisingly rare, in part because the data is not conducive to locational assessment at a detailed level. We posit three explanations for the pattern of expenditure: efficiency, pro-development, or equity/need. We find that place-based public expenditure in Chicago is unrelated to efficiency or equity/need, and mostly follows a pattern of spatial selectivity in which business and economic development are prioritized, primarily in and around the central business district and higher income residential areas. Our study augments earlier findings in that funding is considered in a spatially explicit manner at a highly disaggregated level of analysis.

Spillover effects in public healthcare expenditure in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A spatial panel analysis

AbstractWhile previous studies have neglected the spatial interaction effects in modelling healthcare expenditure across countries, this study provides the first thorough spatial analysis of public healthcare expenditures between countries so far. It investigates the determinants of public healthcare expenditure in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) using a balanced panel of 43 SSA countries over the period 2000 to 2015. Both spatial interdependence and individual heterogeneity are accounted for through the application of the spatial autoregressive model so as to avoid potential bias and inefficiencies in parameter estimates. In addition to statistically significant effects of income, population density, official development assistance, and political stability, the results indicate the existence of positive spatial dependence in public healthcare expenditure in SSA. This suggests that governments in SSA countries tend to base their decision to allocate healthcare expenditure on that of nearby countries. Moreover, the results reveal significant impacts of population density and official development assistance of neighbouring countries on a country's level of public healthcare expenditure.

THE DIVERGENCE OF FINANCIAL SCIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GENESIS OF PUBLIC FINANCE THEORY

Introduction. Financial science in Ukraine is still characterized by a state-centered approach to analyzing fiscal processes. It remains the theory of government finance, while in the West, in the course of scientific divergence, the theory of public finance has emerged, which derives their determinism from individual interests and needs. Purpose is to study the historical aspects of the theory of public finance in the process of evolutionary divergence of financial sciences. Methods. The methods of comparison, logical analysis and historical method of scientific knowledge are used in the work. Results. The process of historical divergence of financial science has been investigated, which has outlined some areas that explore public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. It is revealed that the origins of public financial management belong to the antique period, and the final awareness of the publicity of finances is laid since the establishment of constitutionalism in European countries. It is proved that the term “finance” at the time of its origin is used to describe the payment system, where the boundaries between the king's personal finances, public funds, government and bank credit are erased. It is shown that at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, Western economic thought followed the divergence of financial science in three independent directions. It is found that the concept of “public finance” was only introduced into the scientific community at the end of the 19th century, and the use of the term “finance” is fixed in the area of corporate finance. It is established that the foundations of scientific study of financial phenomena based on deductive method and abstract approach are laid by the classical school of political economy. It is proved that the analysis of taxes and public expenditures in relation, through the prism of individual interests and subjective value, made a methodological revolution and became the last step towards the formation of the modern theory of public finance. Conclusions. The priority of domestic financial thought is its transition from the theory of government finance to the theory of public finance in the context of integration into the conceptual paradigm of Western financial science.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО СОЦИАЛЬНОГО СЕКТОРА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article highlights the issues of the effectiveness of the functioning of the state social sector in Russia. The dynamics of the number of organizations in the social sector by type of activity and the formation of public expenditures for the implementation of social policy measures are shown. A comparative analysis of public expenditures in Russia and other countries is conducted. The issues related to the reduction of the social sector, the main problems in the field of education, health and state social services are considered. Negative phenomena in the demographic processes of Russia are revealed. Some recommendations for increasing efficiency in the social sector are proposed.

An Empirical Investigation of Public Expenditure on Education and Economic Growth in Gujarat

Public expenditure plays a vital role in the growth and development of a nation, and public expenditure on education considered as a most contingent factor of growth in the economy. This paper aims to know the relationship between public expenditure on education and Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in Gujarat for the period 1998-2017 by using ARDL Model. The trend analysis of public expenditure on education shows that spending on education is moving in an upward direction at a constant rate. The OLS regression analysis reveals that public expenditure on education is contributing 67% changes in GSDP. Further, the result shows there is a positive short-run relationship between public expenditure on education and GSDP which give a fruitful result in the long run.

A Study of Health Expenditure Efficiency in India:A Data Envelopment Analysis

Health being a state subject in India, it depends much on the ability of the state to allocate higher budgetary support to health sector. Hence, an analysis of public expenditure on health by states assumes significance. Simply increasing the expenditure on health may not significantly improve the health outputs and outcomes if it is not effective. This paper examines the relative efficiency of the states in handling the health expenditure and health inputs to increase the coverage of health service. Applying an output oriented DEA model to a sample of states, it examines health expenditure efficiency in India in terms of health service coverage. Out of 29 states which are considered for analysis, 20 (70 per cent) are found to be technically efficient with a technical efficiency score of 100 per cent. The overall scale efficiency average is 0.935 and the standard deviation is 0.131. The findings suggest that not all states are successful in managing the health inputs to achieve optimal output. It is necessary for the inefficient states to benchmark with peers and learn from them. This paper provides evidence of the health expenditure efficiency of the states. The analysis of public expenditure on health by states assumes greater significance because improving the efficiency of public expenditure on health is a priority across them.