Analysis Of Priority Pollutants Research Articles

ECOLOGICAL-HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THAIL AND RAINWAY ON SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

The increasing pollution of the environment is one of the most important causes of modern environmental problems. In Russia, a number of regions are forming where a high concentration of population, industrial and agricultural production has led to a sharp deterioration in the environmental situation since the resistance of natural complexes to anthropogenic impact is either exhausted or close to this state. Anthropogenic loads in these regions exceed permissible values, creating a situation in which poorly compensated and irreversible changes in landscapes occur, the threat of depletion or loss of water resources is growing. Pollution of surface and groundwater, the increase of water deficit in terms of quantitative and qualitative indices, the formation of zones of a stressful ecological situation determine the need for the formation of new approaches to solving water use problems. Anthropogenic loads in these regions exceed permissible values, creating a situation in which poorly compensated and irreversible changes in landscapes occur, the threat of depletion or loss of water resources is growing. Pollution of surface and groundwater, the increase of water deficit in terms of quantitative and qualitative indices, the formation of zones of a stressful ecological situation determine the need for the formation of new approaches to solving water use problems. Anthropogenic impact on surface and groundwater occurs as a result of natural or artificial processes and leads to a deterioration of the functions of the aquatic environment with respect to any biological or technological object. In this paper, an environmental assessment of the chemical composition of thawed and rainwater from the residential areas of Voronezh is presented. By the degree of pollution, the surface runoff can be located in the next descending series: autumn runoff - melt flow - spring runoff. Chemical analysis of priority pollutants in surface runoff samples was carried out using the following analytical methods: colorimetric; titrimetric; calculated; potentiometric; weight; fluorometric.

Recent trends in water analysis triggering future monitoring of organic micropollutants

Water analysis has been an important area since the beginning of analytical chemistry. The focus though has shifted substantially: from minerals and the main constituents of water in the time of Carl Remigius Fresenius to a multitude of, in particular, organic compounds at concentrations down to the sub-nanogram per liter level nowadays. This was possible only because of numerous innovations in instrumentation in recent decades, drivers of which are briefly discussed. In addition to the high demands on sensitivity, high throughput by automation and short analysis times are major requirements. In this article, some recent developments in the chemical analysis of organic micropollutants (OMPs) are presented. These include the analysis of priority pollutants in whole water samples, extension of the analytical window, in particular to encompass highly polar compounds, the trend toward more than one separation dimension before mass spectrometric detection, and ways of coping with unknown analytes by suspect and nontarget screening approaches involving high-resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, beyond gathering reliable concentration data for many OMPs, the question of the relevance of such data for the aquatic system under scrutiny is becoming ever more important. To that end, effect-based analytics can be used and may become part of future routine monitoring, mostly with a focus on adverse effects of OMPs in specific test systems mimicking environmental impacts. Despite advances in the field of water analysis in recent years, there are still many challenges for further analytical research.Graphical abstractRecent trends in water analysis of organic micropollutants that open new opportunities in future water monitoring. HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry, PMOC persistent mobile organic compounds

Development of a bar adsorptive micro-extraction–large-volume injection–gas chromatography–mass spectrometric method for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environmental water matrices

The combination of bar adsorptive micro-extraction using activated carbon (AC) and polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (PS-DVB) sorbent phases, followed by liquid desorption and large-volume injection gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, under selected ion monitoring mode acquisition, was developed for the first time to monitor pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental water matrices. Assays performed on 25 mL water samples spiked (100 ng L(-1)) with caffeine, gemfibrozil, triclosan, propranolol, carbamazepine and diazepam, selected as model compounds, yielded recoveries ranging from 74% to 99% under optimised experimental conditions (equilibrium time, 16 h (1,000 rpm); matrix characteristics: pH 5, 5% NaCl for AC phase; LD: methanol/acetonitrile (1:1), 45 min). The analytical performance showed good precision (RSD < 18%), convenient detection limits (5-20 ng L(-1)) and excellent linear dynamic range (20-800 ng L(-1)) with remarkable determination coefficients (r(2) > 0.99), where the PS-DVB sorbent phase showed a much better efficiency. By using the standard addition methodology, the application of the present analytical approach on tap, ground, sea, estuary and wastewater samples allowed very good performance at the trace level. The proposed method proved to be a suitable sorption-based micro-extraction alternative for the analysis of priority pollutants with medium-polar to polar characteristics, showing to be easy to implement, reliable, sensitive and requiring a low sample volume to monitor PPCPs in water matrices.

Powdered activated carbons as effective phases for bar adsorptive micro-extraction (BAμE) to monitor levels of triazinic herbicides in environmental water matrices

Bar adsorptive micro-extraction using three powdered activated carbons (ACs) as adsorbent phases followed by liquid desorption and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (BAμE(ACs)-LD/HPLC-DAD), was developed to monitor triazinic herbicides (atrazine, simazine and terbutylazine) in environmental water matrices. ACs used present apparent surface areas around 1000m2g−1 with an important mesoporous volume and distinct surface chemistry characteristics (pHPZC ranging from 6.5 to 10.4). The textural and surface chemistry properties of the ACs adsorbent phases were correlated with the analytical data for a better understanding of the overall enrichment process. Assays performed on 10mL water samples spiked at the 10.0μgL−1 levels under optimized experimental conditions yielded recoveries around 100% for the three herbicides under study. The analytical performance showed good precision (RSD<15.0%), convenient detection limits (≈0.1μgL−1) and suitable linearity (1.0–12.0μgL−1) with good correlation coefficients (r2>0.9914). By using the standard addition method, the application of the present method on real water matrices, such as surface water and wastewater, allowed very good performances at the trace level. The proposed methodology proved to be a suitable sorptive extraction alternative for the analysis of priority pollutants with polar characteristics, showing to be easy to implement, reliable, sensitive and requiring a low sample volume to monitor triazinic compounds in water matrices.

Application of particle-size analysis in coagulation/flocculation for reclamation of a secondary effluent

Reclaimed secondary effluent is an important alternative water resource for urban areas; the particle-size distribution approach was applied in this study for purpose of screening and evaluating treatment processes for reclamation of a secondary effluent. Two particle-size analysing technologies namely (1) the laser light scattering technology and (2) the sequential membrane filtration technology were used in this study; particulate characteristics of the secondary effluent, of the reclaimed water by coagulation and of the reclaimed water by combined coagulation/flocculation were investigated. Optimisation of coagulation and/or combined coagulation/flocculation technologies were carried out with the help of particulate analysis of priority pollutants, following which studies on turbidity removing mechanisms of both processes were discussed. Comparison studies indicated that increase of turbidity removal efficiency by flocculation happened mainly in the particulate range of 0.2-0.3 microm and 5-8 microm; flocculation did not help or even slightly deteriorated turbidity removal of particles whose sizes are smaller than 0.2 microm and/or in the range of 0.3-5 microm.

A new gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of target and non-target organic contaminants in waters

In this study we developed a GC–MS method for the analysis of priority pollutants, personal care products (PCPs) and other emerging contaminants in waters using large volume injection with backflushing. Analyses are performed in the SIM/scan mode, so that in addition to the targeted organic contaminants, this method allows the simultaneous screening of non-target compounds. The scan data are analysed using Deconvolution Reporting Software (DRS) which screens the results for 934 organic contaminants. Deconvolution helps identify contaminants that are buried in the chromatogram by co-extracted materials and significantly reduces chromatographic resolution requirements, allowing shorter analysis times. All compounds have locked retention times and we can continually update and extend the mass spectral library including new compounds. Linearity and limits of detection in SIM and full-scan mode were studied. Method detection limits (MDLs) in effluent wastewater ranged in most of the cases from 1 to 36 ng/L in SIM mode and from 4 to 66 ng/L in full-scan mode; while in river water from 0.4 to 14 and 2–29 ng/L in SIM and full-scan mode, respectively. We obtained a linearity of the calibration curves over two orders of magnitude. The method has been applied to the screening of a large number of organic contaminants – not only to a subset of targets – in urban wastewaters from different wastewater treatment plants and also in river waters. Most of the target compounds were detected at concentration levels ranging from 11 to 8697 ng/L and from 7 to 1861 ng/L in effluent wastewater and river waters, respectively. Additionally, a group of 12 new compounds were automatically identified using the AMDIS and NIST libraries. Other compounds, such as the 4-amino musk xylene, a synthetic fragrance metabolite, which was not included in the databases, but has been manually searched in the full-scan chromatograms.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in HPLC fractions by laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectrometry with cryogenic fiber-optic probes

Laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectrometry at liquid helium temperature (4.2 K) is presented for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high-performance liquid chromatography fractions. Fluorescence measurements are rapidly done with the aid of a fiber-optic probe, pulsed tunable dye laser, spectrograph, and intensified charge-coupled device. Analyte identification and peak-purity checking are made through wavelength–time matrix formats, which give simultaneous access to spectral and lifetime information. Sample preparation is rapid and simple. It involves liquid–liquid extraction or solid–liquid extraction of chromatographic fractions at the tip of the fiber-optic probe. The potential of both approaches is demonstrated with the semi-quantitative analysis of priority pollutants in heavily contaminated water samples.

Monitoring priority pollutants in the Yanghe River by dichloromethane extraction and semipermeable membrane device (SPMD)

Traditional dichloromethane extraction and semipermeable membrane devices containing triolein (triolein-SPMD) were used to monitor the presence and concentrations of priority organic pollutants in the Yanghe River. Qualitatively, both approaches give similar information on the types of priority pollutants in this river. After concentrated by SPMD for 28 days, analysis of priority pollutants is more feasible, time-integrative, and the data reflect the bioavailability. Assuming their concentrations in water were relatively stable during sampling period, it is possible to estimate concentrations for most of chemicals with log K tw larger than 3 by the measured concentrations in triolein. But it is difficult to estimate concentrations for chemicals with log K tw less than 3. Also, we reported for the first time the field mean R ss and their variances for individual PCB congener and the concentration distribution of priority pollutants in the river.

Analysis of priority pollutants in environmental samples by on-line supercritical fluid chromatography cleanup–cryo-trap–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

On-line coupling of a supercritical fluid chromatography cleanup system with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was performed using a custom-made cryo-trap cell. The cleanup system was based on a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column packed with about 100 mg of Florisil. This coupling considerably reduces the effect of high boiling compounds on the chromatographic efficiency in the determination of organic pollutants in environmental samples. Moreover, it enables multistep elution from the cleanup column by the addition of a suitable supercritical CO 2 modifier, which was performed automatically. The system was proved for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment reference material samples, and in spiked sea-water samples. In particular, a three-step elution of selected PAHs, which were the most retained, from the Florisil column was performed at 40°C and 25 MPa, at a supercritical CO 2 flow of 0.4 ml/min for a total elution time of 10 min. The recovery of all contaminants considered was always better than 75%, with a relative standard deviation of about 15%.

Graphite layer open tubular (GLOT) columns in gas chromatography and environmental analysis

The preparation of graphite layer open tubular (GLOT) columns is described together with their application to the analysis of priority pollutants and polar compounds such as alcohols, free carboxylic acids, aliphatic amines and phenols at the sub-nanogram level.

Matrix effects of leachates in the determination of volatile priority pollutants by headspace analysis

In order to investigate the matrix effects of a hazardous waste landfill leachate in the analysis of priority pollutants by headspace gas chromatography, spiking experiments were performed (a) with the untreated leachate, (b) with the leachate after separation of oil and (c) with blanc water samples as a reference. A standard mixture containing volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene and alkylated benzenes (100–200 μg) were spiked into 50 ml-samples of (a)–(c). The samples were thermostated at 40°C for 20 min and analyzed by headspace GC. Serious matrix effects were observed for all reference compounds, resulting in significant enhancement or depression of the corresponding peak areas compared with the spiked water control samples. The data sets are discussed with respect to the contents of leachate oil and chloride. From the findings of this study, recommendations for the application of headspace analysis to leachates are given.

Preconcentration and Analysis of Selected Pollutants in Industrial Effluents using LC Techniques

Abstract The potential of using LC techniques for the analysis of industrial effluents has been explored. Twenty selected pollutants have been studied and investigated in standard solutions and actual waste water samples. The possibility of preconcentration and detection of most of these compounds at low levels (∼ 1 ppb) in effluent samples has been explored. LC techniques are not suitable for fingerprinting purpose. Their major strength lies in the isolation and determination of specific compounds, or groups of compounds, as demonstrated for the case of methyldiaminobenzene. An LC-grade styrene-divinylbenzene polymer, marketed by Hamilton (PRP1) has shown interesting characteristics to preconcentrate the majority of the pollutants studied. This approach coupled to chromatographic separation on the same materials and selective wavelength UV detection shows excellent potential for the analysis of priority pollutants in complex effluent samples.

Analysis of Priority Pollutants by Very High-Speed LC

Analysis of Priority Pollutants by Very High-Speed LC

Fused silica capillary column GC/MS for the analysis of priority pollutants

AbstractOperational characteristics have been determined for fused silica capillary column (FSCC) GC/MS as applied to “extractable” priority polutants. Chromatographic data show excellent relative retention time (RRT) intralaboratory precision and interlaboratory accuracy when multiple internal standards are empolyed. Potential chromatographic problems, such as column overload and “double peaking”, are addressed. Response factor relative standard deviations (RSD) at 50 ng for most of the extractable priority pollutants over the long term indicated precise determination (i.e. RSD generally ≤ 10%). Linearity was demonstrated over two orders of magnitude for FSCC GC/MS analysis of compounds with relatively low and high RF (response factor) values. Potential quantitative problems, such as saturation, are discussed. For certain aromatic priority pollutants interlaboratory RF agreement was observed. This was noted as perhaps the most important property of FSCC GC/MS analysis when the multiple internal standard approach is utilized. Determinations of extractable priority pollutants are directly compared for paced column GC/MS and FSCC GC/MS analysis of separate and composited extracts. For six extracts analyzed in triplicate, the latter configuration was shown to produce more consistent results. In view of the superior analysis logistics of composite extract FSCC GC/MS analysis, this approach was established as the preferred method for the analysis of priority pollutants classified as extractable.

The chromatographic and GC/MS analysis of organic priority pollutants in water.

This article is an overview of the proposed EPA methods for the analysis of priority pollutants in water by chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It discusses sampling, storage, apparatus, sample preparation, chromatographic and GC/MS analysis, quality control and quality assurance, and data handling as they apply to the proposed methods. Comments on the legal implications are included to underline the importance of understanding the NPDES permit granting and effluent monitoring system, as it applies to the proposed methods.

Analysis of priority pollutants at a primary aluminum production facility

This paper investigated the source of priority pollutants, assessment of the wastewater treatment plant, and priority pollutant removal efficiency for a single Soderberg-type primary aluminum plant. Forty-eight hour composite samples were collected from the following streams: (1) plant intake water; (2) wastewater from the primary air pollution control system (gas stream cooling water and wet ESPs); (3) secondary air pollution control system (room ventilation wet scrubber liquor); (4) paste plant briquette cooling water; and (5) final effluent after the wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater from the primary air pollution control system entered a conventional chemical coagulation (using slacked lime) — clarification plant. Clarified water from the clarifier was combined with the other three wastewater streams and flowed into a settling lagoon with a 20-h hydraulic retention time. Clarified lagoon water was finally discharged to the river. The principal source of organic compounds in the wastewater was from the primary and secondary air pollution control systems and results from the volatilization of petroleum coke and pitch in the Soderberg anode. Wastewater treatment plant removal efficiencies of greater than 85% were achieved for the majority of the organic priority pollutant species detected.

Analytical problem solving with verification samples interference reduction options

Abstract Complex matrices may occur in product process waste streams that can interfere with gas Chromatographic analysis of priority pollutants. Most interferences can be eliminated by simple column clean‐up procedures, pH change, direct aqueous analysis, or the use of selective detectors. Other interferences may require clean—up by molecular weight distribution, separation by capillary columns, or the use of pre‐columns and back‐flushing techniques. This paper suggests logical steps to follow when encountering these interferences.