Analysis Of Judgments Research Articles

The Difference between the Principle of Proportionality and the Principle of Equality as the Standard of Constitutional Review on Laws and Regulations: An Analysis of the TCC Judgment 113-Hsien-Pan-6

The Difference between the Principle of Proportionality and the Principle of Equality as the Standard of Constitutional Review on Laws and Regulations: An Analysis of the TCC Judgment 113-Hsien-Pan-6

Parenting styles as predictors to female students’ sexual promiscuity in tertiary institution in delta state

This study investigated the relationship between parenting styles and female students’ sexual promiscuity in tertiary institutions in Delta State. The study was led by two research questions and two hypotheses. The study used an ex-post facto research design with a correlational technique. The population comprised all female students of tertiary institutions in Delta Central Senatorial District with a total sample of 1,566 students. Questionnaire was used as instrument of data collection. The questionnaire was validated by experts’ judgement and factor analysis, with a sound psychometric property indicating that the instrument is valid and reliable. The data obtained were analysed with the aid of regression statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed a significant relationship between parenting styles and sexual promiscuity and that the relationship can be moderated by socio-economic status of parents. The study recommended amongst others that Parents should improve on their relationship with their adolescents and choose the right parenting style that will help the adolescents to abstain from risky sexual behaviour.

Do physicians and patients speak different languages: quantitative evidence from linguistic analysis

Abstract Background Misunderstanding and miscommunication between physicians and patients are well-accepted sources of poor therapy adherence and poor outcomes. Some of these issues are suspected to occur because these two groups speak different "languages". A likely component of such language difference is vocabulary; specifically, the use of medical terminology. Nonetheless, there are other psychological aspects of language such as authoritative and emotional use. The text analysis programme, Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), was used to assess such features. LIWC is an established tool that analyses the frequency of words that fall into various linguistic, psychological, and emotional categories. The aim was to compare text from both physicians and patients. The context was the use of anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods Three articles from English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, and the UK) were examined. These articles presented transcribed verbal communications between interviewers and groups of physicians and patients. More than 80 separate comments, each ≥ 20 words, made by each group were extracted from the articles and analysed. The total number of words was 8,609 from physicians and 4,804 from patients. Data were collected for the following LIWC analysis categories: (1) the proportion of big words (words with ≥7 letters), (2) clout; high scores suggest that the speaker is confident, authoritative, and has a high level of social dominance. It implies that the individual is speaking from a position of strength or influence; and (3) emotion: this category is integral to understanding how people communicate feelings and emotions. Results As anticipated the number of big words was higher in physician interviews (19±1%) than for patients (12±1%; P=0.0013). The clout indicator also showed the physicians with a higher score (43±6 vs 16±6; P=0.028). In contrast, in the emotion category, patient scores (1.19±0.02) were higher than for physicians (0.58±0.15; P=0.016); primarily because of a three-fold higher negative emotion score (0.53±0.08 vs 0.16±0.11; P=0.048). Conclusions Physicians and patients used language differently. As expected, vocabulary differed; physicians used more big words. This is consistent with greater use of medical terminology, a known source of miscommunication. The higher physician clout score indicates the potential for a power imbalance. The greater use of emotion-related words by patients is consistent with their anxiety and concern. Human judgment and contextual analysis are required to fully understand and address the nuances of communication and associated understanding. Nevertheless, LIWC can play a supportive role. If we identify language patterns likely to result in miscommunication or misunderstanding, steps can be taken to mitigate the effects. LIWC provided quantitative insight into qualitative impressions and revealed subtle, but potentially vital, differences.

The impact of current academic knowledge on modern human resource practitioners’ performance within the software industry of Pakistan- Future of HR work & the need to Reskill

This research endeavors to analyze the effect of latest HR practices on the effectiveness of current HR Managers’ performance in the software industry of Pakistan. The latest quality HR practices (i.e. Technical recruitment & selection, HR Technology, HR Marketing, Dynamic Workforce & Performance Mgmt., Psychology & Stress Mgmt., Green HRM and Workspace Spirituality, Celebration & Recognition Mgmt. and Strategic HR Partnership & Organization Development) have been apportioned to contemplate the effectiveness of current HR knowledge model and its significance in HRs’ professional life. A structured questionnaire is employed as an instrument for data collection. Sample size of 120 employees has been fetched working in HR department of different software companies in Pakistan. The data has been analyzed through Multiple Regressions, Cronbach alpha, demographic and descriptive statistics that are used for various analyses by the help of statistical software SPSS. It highlights a judgmental analysis on the significance of redesigning the current HR knowledge model with modern add-on HR aspects for coping with the challenges that HR students are facing in their professional life presently. Some recommendations have been cited by the author for real-time contribution in HR sector and for escalating the performance professionally. Moreover, this research would accommodate the selected software service sector companies that are operating in developing countries like Pakistan and working on the significance of service industry. The outcomes will be useful for the academicians, researchers, HR practitioners, planners and policy makers who are involved in the concerned area.

When is ‘the end of the road’ reached? Observing the presumption of parental involvement through systems theory

ABSTRACT In 2014 the Children Act 1989 was amended to include a presuption that involvement of a parent in a child’s life will further the child’s welfare unless there is evidence of the risk of harm. Kaganas published two seminal articles which concluded that the government’s ideological rationale for introducting the presumption of parental involvement not only failed to materialise but had some unintended, possibly detrimental, consequences for mothers. This article examines the operation and effects of the presumption of parental involvement in recent years based on an analysis of private law family court judgments between July 2020 and December 2023. Drawing on Luhmann’s theory of autopoietic social systems, it examines the possibilities for and limitations on using law to drive social change beyond the operations of the legal system itself. It concludes that the statutory presumption has failed to serve its stated purpose and has even had the unintended consequence of generating legal communications about the risks of parental involvement. From a feminist perspective, it concludes that positive changes observed in the family court response to domestic and child abuse are an achievement, in light of the limits on steering society, at least until something changes in the unknowable future.

An idiographic Approach to Measuring Subjective Well-Being

AbstractWhile aggregate, national measures of wellbeing may be useful for developing national policies and making international comparisons, they are less helpful when it comes to the more prosaic matter of developing policies at the project or programme level. This is because wellbeing is multi-dimensional and variable in terms of the relative importance of domains, the attributes and indicators used to evaluate domains, and the relative importance of those attributes and indicators. Consequently, people’s preferences regarding the trade-offs that must be made between domains, and between attributes within domains, are exceptionally diverse. We use an idiographic approach, Judgement Analysis, to quantify people’s preferences regarding trade-offs within, and between, well-being domains using green space, water quality, cultural identity, social connectedness. We show that Judgement Analysis has the potential at the programme or project scale to usefully quantify differences in the relative importance people place on well-being domains and to quantifying differences in the relative importance of the cues they use to evaluate well-being with respect to a domain. Our results make explicit the extensive diversity in people’s perspectives on well-being that is often hidden in the popular nomothetic approaches to measuring well-being.

Distributed representations of behaviour-derived object dimensions in the human visual system.

Object vision is commonly thought to involve a hierarchy of brain regions processing increasingly complex image features, with high-level visual cortex supporting object recognition and categorization. However, object vision supports diverse behavioural goals, suggesting basic limitations of this category-centric framework. To address these limitations, we mapped a series of dimensions derived from a large-scale analysis of human similarity judgements directly onto the brain. Our results reveal broadly distributed representations of behaviourally relevant information, demonstrating selectivity to a wide variety of novel dimensions while capturing known selectivities for visual features and categories. Behaviour-derived dimensions were superior to categories at predicting brain responses, yielding mixed selectivity in much of visual cortex and sparse selectivity in category-selective clusters. This framework reconciles seemingly disparate findings regarding regional specialization, explaining category selectivity as a special case of sparse response profiles among representational dimensions, suggesting a more expansive view on visual processing in the human brain.

Judgment and decision strategies used by weather scientists in southeast Asia to classify impact severity

Impact-based weather forecasting requires forecasters to predict what weather might do (impact information), rather than solely what weather might be (meteorological information). In a collaboration between the UK Met Office, UK psychologists, and weather scientists in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, the present study employed Judgment Analysis and decision strategy comparisons to better understand weather scientists' impact severity judgments. In the Judgment Analysis Task, weather scientists (from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam) made numerical and categorical severity judgments for 70 hypothetical heavy rainfall events, each described via six impacts (e.g., number of deaths, number of people affected). The hypothetical impacts were generated from a multivariate distribution estimated from a distribution of real rainfall events. Subsequently, participants provided categorical severity classifications for a list of impact values for each type of impact (Threshold Identification Task) to aid the identification of decision strategies. In all four countries, weather scientists' severity judgments were best predicted by incorporating all six impacts via a compensatory judgment strategy. However, considerable individual differences were identified in the weights assigned to the different impacts and in the identified thresholds for each impact's categorical severity classification. To improve impact-based forecasting, meteorological agencies should seek to enhance consistency among forecasters.

The right to a fair trial in the light of the minimum guarantee of legal assistance in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights

The research attempts to form the essence of the modern understanding of the right to a fair trial through the prism of the minimum guarantee of legal assistance. Attention is drawn to the fact that the European Convention itself does not define the mechanism of its application, which in turn complicates its application by different states with certain differences in legal systems. In this regard, it is substantiated that by ruling on the application of the European Convention, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) sets the direction for building one of the most effective systems of human rights protection, which is subsequently manifested in the national systems of the Convention member states. In view of this, the article analyses the most important, key and modern practice of the ECHR in relation to consideration of applications for violation of the minimum guarantee of legal assistance in the context of violation of the right to a fair trial and summarises it, as well as identifies the risks of such an approach. In addition, the paper analyses the current conceptual vision of such transformations from the point of view of legal scholars, both academics and practitioners. In the course of analysis of modern ECHR judgments, the author found that in a significant number of them the Court indicates that the mere violation of the minimum guarantee of legal assistance does not automatically mean a violation of the right to a fair trial, and the author emphasizes the possible risks of such an interpretation, in particular, for the States which are leaders in violation of the guarantee of legal assistance, where the specifics of national systems reflect a systematic violation of this right. It is determined that the application of the minimum guarantee of legal assistance is not limited to criminal proceedings, and the court is not the only institution that must comply with this guarantee to ensure fairness of the proceedings. It is also emphasised that the practice of applying this guarantee cannot be limited to court proceedings only. The author also suggests improving the legal technique of implementing the European Convention into national legislation by amending its translation into Ukrainian.

The Kantian Notion of Categories and their Origin

The objective of the present work is to understand and elucidate Kant’s notion of category and how he derived the categories from a single transcendental principle. Kant did not put forward any definition of categories. He believed that categories cannot be defined without perpetrating a circle. Thus, he began his discourse with certain features of categories in his work Critique of Pure Reason. We have discussed the characteristic features of Kantian categories. An important point to be noted here is that the categories, in the fullest Kantian sense of the term, must have a distinct property, namely that it should necessarily be applicable to all objects of knowledge. However, we are not concerned with the necessary applicability of concept to all objects of knowledge here in this paper. The analysis about the Kantian notion of categories, more importantly, necessitates a discussion about how he derived them from a single transcendental principle. Kant referred to the single principle which guides the search for the categories as “the clue to the discovery of the categories.” The specific and clear formulation of the principle which served as the transcendental clue to the discovery of the categories for Kant is that to every form of judgment there corresponds a pure and basic concept of the understanding. The forms of judgments and the categories both originate from the same source, namely, the function of the understanding, i.e., thinking. It may be noted here that the understanding is the power or faculty of knowing and thinking or judging is the function of understanding. Kant argued that the twelve logical forms of judgments provided the clue to the origin of twelve corresponding a priori concepts or categories. Two arguments provided by Kant in support of the principle serving as a transcendental clue to the discovery of the categories are analysed. An orthodox view held by some philosophers that for Kant the forms of judgment are forms of analytic judgment has been critically analyzed and is interpreted as erroneous. Keywords: category, judgment, understanding, categorematic, syncategorematic

Structural integrity assessment of CANDU pressure tubes using Sobol indices for global sensitivity analysis

CANDU11CANDU is a registered trademark of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. reactors are a channel-type design where up to 480 zirconium alloy pressure tubes (PTs) act as the reactor pressure boundary. Fitness-for-service standards such as CSA N285.8 (CSA Group, 2015) have been established to prescribe the requirements of pressure tube evaluations to maintain their integrity throughout their lifetime. Probabilistic leak-before-break (LBB) assessments can be used in evaluations to demonstrate that the likelihood of a flaw growing past the stability point while undetected (or before a safe shutdown can be achieved) is below regulatory limits. The assessments typically require a ranking of model parameters based on their influence. The ranking process traditionally uses expert judgment and local sensitivity analysis methods. There has been recent interest in implementing global methods for LBB assessments as they can manage large numbers of variables and extensive sampling spaces. However, their adoption is hindered by the computational cost of the models involved.The current study proposes a method for performing global sensitivity parameter rankings during probabilistic LBB assessments. The study is the continuation of the CANDU nuclear power plant (NPP) pressure tube (PT) case study in El Bouzidi et al., (2024) where a probabilistic approach was implemented in RAVEN (Rabiti and Alfonsi, 2019) to estimate whether the probability of unstable crack growth in PTs is within acceptable limits. This follow-up work proposes surrogate modeling using a high-dimensional model representation to derive Sobol indices and establish a parameter influence ranking. The methodology is demonstrated in a Monte Carlo simulation campaign of a pressure tube inlet rolled joint. The implemented approach successfully identified and quantified critical parameters of the model while efficiently ranking and quantifying the interactions between input variables.

Вопросы применения медианного значения рыночного интервала в регулировании трансфертных цен

Material changes in the tax regulation of transfer pricing have occurred in the early 2024, such changes include the introduction of the median value of the market price interval (financial parameters). This is a new instrument in the regulation of transfer pricing, its introduction was not justified in the bill discussion period, but its effect is significant for tax obligations of Russian companies. The new instrument in the transfer pricing system creates additional risks for taxpayers, as well as for the state in terms of economic relations with regard to timely and full calculation and payment of taxes, as well as for parties to international economic activities and internal relations. This predetermines the research subject: the conditions of and procedure for applying the median value for the purposes of tax control of intracompany transaction prices. The research methodology is based on an analysis of transfer pricing recommendations of the ОECD in АННОТАЦИИ Налоги № 2-2024 47 АННОТАЦИИ terms of applying statistical tools to determine the price of the transaction under analysis, provisions of foreign regulations that determine the pricing procedure in transactions between related entities. Special attention is paid to an analysis of foreign court judgments on determination of the market price of intracompany transactions. An analysis of the ОECD recommendations has given an opportunity to single out obligatory conditions for the application of the median value. The author has identified a tendency towards harmonization of approaches to using the median value in foreign countries and the general trend to clarifying regulations in 2022-2024. The judicial practice shows that irrespective of the activity type or type of transactions performed by group subdivisions, courts award uniform judgments in terms of applying the median value and take into account the ОECD recommendations when passing a judgment. The paper concludes that Russian taxpayers face an additional tax risk rooted in the differences in the approach towards the application of the median value in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for transnational corporations and tax administrations used to regulate taxation of transactions between related entities in explanations of tax authorities and the judicial practice. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the determination of tendencies towards applying the median value for transfer pricing purposes, evaluation of tax consequences of the novelty for Russian taxpayers.

How are synthetic a priori juridical judgments possible?

Transcendental Freedom is the foundation of practical freedom which, in turn, is the foundation of moral philosophy, which consists in the determination of the maxims of choice by the moral law arising from the will and the neutralizationof sensitive inclinations. But freedom is divided into internal freedom of choice, when will determine the matter of choice, establishing ends that are also duties, which makes the supreme principle of the doctrine of virtue a maxim of ends and, therefore, a synthetic a priori judgment; and freedom in the external use of choice, which determines the form of the choice, which allows the choice to exist according to any ends, as long as the action occurs only in accordance with duty, but not from duty, which makes the principle of right possible. After trying to formulate the principle of right as a synthetic a priori judgment in the form of a categorical imperative, Kant abandons this project and states that the principle of right is an analytical judgment because it can be deduced directly from freedom through the principle of contradiction, a since, in the right, the ends of the action can be any. However, if the right is deduced from an analytical judgment, it cannot belong to critical philosophy, as it is necessary to show that metaphysics is composed of a priori synthetic judgments, therefore, there must be another principle from which the majority of juridical duties are deduced as synthetic a priori judgments. Therefore, Kant introduced the unified will of the people, as an a priori synthetic judgment capable of showing how empirical possession, authorized by the juridical postulate of practical reason, in the state of nature, can be transformed into merely juridical possession, as an intelligible possession, without detaining the object, in the civil status, expanding practical reason beyond simple freedom, which explains how synthetic a priori juridicaljudgments are possible.

Distributed representations of behavior-derived object dimensions in the human visual system.

Object vision is commonly thought to involve a hierarchy of brain regions processing increasingly complex image features, with high-level visual cortex supporting object recognition and categorization. However, object vision supports diverse behavioral goals, suggesting basic limitations of this category-centric framework. To address these limitations, we mapped a series of dimensions derived from a large-scale analysis of human similarity judgments directly onto the brain. Our results reveal broadly distributed representations of behaviorally-relevant information, demonstrating selectivity to a wide variety of novel dimensions while capturing known selectivities for visual features and categories. Behavior-derived dimensions were superior to categories at predicting brain responses, yielding mixed selectivity in much of visual cortex and sparse selectivity in category-selective clusters. This framework reconciles seemingly disparate findings regarding regional specialization, explaining category selectivity as a special case of sparse response profiles among representational dimensions, suggesting a more expansive view on visual processing in the human brain.

Dispute over the Existence of an Agreement on the Author of Works Made in the Course of Employment: A Brief Analysis of the Civil Judgment of Supreme Court (111) Tai-shang Tsu No. 185

Dispute over the Existence of an Agreement on the Author of Works Made in the Course of Employment: A Brief Analysis of the Civil Judgment of Supreme Court (111) Tai-shang Tsu No. 185

Impact of choice of fragility approaches on seismic risk quantification of nuclear power plants

Development and evaluation of seismic fragility of structures and components is crucial in seismic probabilistic risk assessment of nuclear power plants. Simulation-based fragility approaches are a prevailing trend in the literature, while industry-recommended methodologies rely heavily on engineering judgment and deterministic analysis. In this paper, four critical components are selected, modeled and analyzed as a case study. Their fragilities are evaluated using both state-of-the-art fragility methods and code-recommended methods with approximate models. The impact of the choice of fragility approaches on the fragilities of the components and conditional core damage probability of the plant are assessed. The findings reveal that the recommended approaches employed with approximate models have limitations in estimating the median capacity of complex equipment. While there is a notable variance in the treatment of uncertainty among fragility approaches, its influence on core damage probability remains limited unless the component is the primary contributor to core damage.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article discusses the main aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in education, focusing on its advantages and challenges. The author defines AI as a system of functional computer technologies that model human thinking and skills, such as analysis of complex systems, judgment, and dialogue support. AI allows collecting and analyzing large amounts of data, developing individualized teaching methods, automating control, and providing feedback. Innovative technologies in education have proven to be effective even in times of crisis, such as quarantine and war. The main benefits of AI include personalization of learning, creation of individualized plans, immersive learning, and intelligent progress tracking, which reduces the workload of teachers and allows them to focus on students. At the same time, AI adoption is facing resistance to innovation, financial challenges, and skepticism about its effectiveness. Most AI programs focus on content presentation and testing, which does not promote critical thinking and creativity. Research prospects include developing methodologies for evaluating AI's effectiveness, integrating learning theories with practical developments, and addressing ethical issues.

Advancing Green Chemistry in Antiviral Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a prevalent virus across the world that belongs to the family Herpesviridae but remains dormant in the body unless the immune system is compromised. In addition, when the bacterium is compromised without any health risks, the infection spreads from one person to another person through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, etc. Ganciclovir is an anti- viral medication used in treating viral infections, especially in the treatment of CMV in people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and immunity at risk. The quality control of ganciclovir in industries is carried out by using anti-green solvents in large volumes; these solvents are not safe in consideration of environmental factors and analysts. Also, the waste generation by these solvents causes hazardous effects on the environment. Further, using 12 green analytical chemistry principles promotes the awareness of analytical judgments among the research groups. It is a revolutionary step in the analytical field to enhance the safety of the environment, and analysts, apart from safety, help to control waste production and conserve energy-reducing occupational hazards. Many works have been carried out for the quality control of ganciclovir using different solvents, such as acetonitrile, methanol, etc. Despite this, there are no existing methods with green solvents or procedures to reduce energy and waste generation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to understand the drug profile of ganciclovir and the methods developed.

Academic self-efficacy and anxiety about English learning in university students

In the university context, it is a concern to improve English learning in students, given that much scientific information is found in this language, hence the interest in examining the related factors. The objective was to determine the relationship between academic self-efficacy (AA) and linguistic anxiety about learning English (ALAI). The research was quantitative, basic and descriptive correlational design, with a non-probabilistic sample of 246 students from a state university. The validity of the instruments was evaluated by means of expert judgment and factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha reliability of the AA was 0,938 and of the ALAI 0,908. The results showed a significant inverse correlation between the variables (r = -0,403, p = 0,001). It is concluded that the higher the AA, the lower the ALAI, which merits improving students' self-efficacy

The 21st-century skills scales: many facet Rasch measurements

This study aims to develop a 21st century skills scale for prospective school counselor. The method used is the research and development. The data were analyzed using content analysis/expert judgment with many-facet Rasch model (MFRM). Three facets were employed: scale, item, and measurement criteria. The initial version of the scale comprises 129 items measuring four aspects: way of thinking, way of working, tools for working, and living in the world. However, 78 items were deemed valid following the expert judgment analysis result. The inter-rater agreement opportunity shows raters’ similarity score of 10,836, implying that experts in this study tend to give similar assessments. This research results in a 21st century skills scale for prospective school counselors with a total of 78 valid items. The purpose of this study was to develop a 21st century skills scale for prospective school counselors that had been fulfilled, the instrument had been tested for validity and reliability based on expert judgment. The current research recommends that further research be carried out to develop a 21st century skills scale instrument for prospective educators in other scientific fields.