Analysis Of Essential Oil Composition Research Articles

Comparison of phytochemical and brewing characteristics of Cascade and Kazbek hop cultivars

A four-year study compared the secondary metabolite profile of two flavour hops, the widely used Cascade and the new Czech variety Kazbek. The average alpha-acids and total essential oil of Kazbek and Cascade grown in Europe did not differ, while alpha-acids were 20 % higher in Cascade grown in the USA. Cluster analysis of essential oil composition distinguished the varieties, the markers being mainly farnesene derivatives. US-Cascade had higher terpenoids (geraniol, geranial) and lower fatty acid methyl esters than EU-Cascade. Both varieties have high and comparable levels of geraniol esters (230–360 mg/kg total) and low levels of free geraniol. The sulphur-containing volatile profile of US-Cascade and EU-Cascade hops differed significantly, probably as a result of treatment with different pesticides. The profile of hop-associated essential oils and aroma components of the single-variety experimental beers Kazbek and Cascade was similar for both whirlpool-hopped and additionally dry-hopped beers. Citrus and fruit notes were the dominant descriptors. Two independent sensory panels did not clearly distinguish or prefer beers hopped with Cascade and Kazbek hops, demonstrating the possibility of alternating between the two varieties in brewing. A new finding is that genetically distant hop varieties can provide similar sensory profiles in late- and dry-hopped beers.

Synthetic polyploid induction influences morphological, physiological, and photosynthetic characteristics in Melissa officinalis L.

Melissa officinalis L., a well-known herb with diverse industrial and ethnopharmacological properties. Although, there has been a significant lack in the breeding attempts of this invaluable herb. This study aimed to enhance the agronomical traits of M. officinalis through in vitro polyploidization. Nodal segments were micropropagated and subjected to oryzalin treatment at concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 mM for 24 and 48 hours. Flow cytometry, chromosome counting, and stomatal characteristics were employed to confirm the ploidy level of the surviving plants. The survival rate of the treated explants decreased exponentially with increasing oryzalin concentration and duration. The highest polyploid induction rate (8%) was achieved with 40 mM oryzalin treatment for 24 hours. The induced tetraploid plants exhibited vigorous growth, characterized by longer shoots, larger leaves, and a higher leaf count. Chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters elucidated disparities in photosynthetic performance between diploid and tetraploid genotypes. Tetraploid plants demonstrated a 75% increase in average essential oil yield, attributed to the significantly larger size of peltate trichomes. Analysis of essential oil composition in diploid and tetraploid plants indicated the presence of three major components: geranial, neral, and citronellal. While citronellal remained consistent, geranial and neral increased by 11.06% and 9.49%, respectively, in the tetraploid population. This effective methodology, utilizing oryzalin as an anti-mitotic agent for polyploid induction in M. officinalis, resulted in a polyploid genotype with superior morpho-physiological traits. The polyploid lemon balm generated through this method has the potential to meet commercial demands and contribute significantly to the improvement of lemon balm cultivation.

Analysis of essential oil composition of endemic Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon grown in Turkey by SPME with GC/MS

The aim of the study is to determine the essential oil profile and antioxidant activity of endemic Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon. The essential oil contents were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME). In addition, total phenolic content and the capacity of antioxidant activity measured by DPPH• and FRAP assays were determined. A total of 23 (64.12%) was determined. Pentadecanolide was found to be the major essential oil and palmitic acid was determined as main fatty acid in Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon. Total phenolic content was found to be 39.9±0.31 mg GAE/g sample. FRAP value was found to be 48.91±0.33 µmol Fe/g sample and DPPH scavenging activity was found to be 0.76±0.03 mg/ml. This is the first report in which the essential oil content of Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon was determined by SPME.

Essential Oil Composition Analysis, Antimicrobial Activities, and Biosystematic Studies on Six Species of Salvia.

The essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic characteristics (morphological, palynological, and anatomical features) of six Salvia species from different regions of Turkey were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of Salvia species, i.e., S. absconditiflora, S. ceratophylla, S. multicaulis, S. verbenaca, S. viridis, and S. syriaca were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of the six Salvia species studied were 1,8-cineol, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and borneol in different ratios. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of species of the genus Salvia was tested by the disc diffusion method. The essential oils of Salvia species showed different antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms. The highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli was observed in S. multicaulis and the highest antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae was observed in S. verbenaca. The morphology of the stem, leaf, bract, and flower structures of the Salvia species were analyzed in this study. Anatomical investigations focused on the root, petiole, and stem in more detail. Our research has broadened the criteria of anatomical characters unique to the Salvia species. Under light microscopy, the pollen grains of the six species belonging to Salvia were isopolar and radially symmetrical. The properties of the essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic data obtained in this study contribute to the bioactive and biosystematic studies of Salvia species used for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic purposes.

Multivariate Analysis of Essential Oil Composition of Artemisia annua L. Collected from Different Locations in Korea.

Artemisia annua L. is distributed throughout the world and it is an important medicinal plant in Korea to treat various human diseases. Recently, A. annua has also been considered to be an effective ethnobotanical drug against COVID-19. A. annua contains an appreciable amount of essential oil with different biological properties. However, the composition of essential oils in aromatic plants can be varied depending on several factors, including geographic, genetic, ecological, etc. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the chemical diversity of essential oils of Korean A. annua collected from different locations in Korea by multivariate analysis. For this purpose, the seeds of A. annua were collected from 112 different locations in Korea and were grown under the same environmental conditions. Except for nine individuals which decayed during the cultivation, essential oils were isolated from the aerial parts of 103 A. annua individuals (AEOs) using the steam distillation extraction method, and their chemical compositions were determined by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis was performed to distinguish the difference between 103 individuals of A. annua based on their essential oil compositions. The yield of A. annua essential oils ranged from 0.04 to 1.09% (v/w). Based on the GC-MS data, A. annua individuals were grouped into six chemotypes such as artemisia ketone, camphor, β-cubebene, eucalyptol, α-pinene, and β-selinene. The multivariate analysis results revealed that Korean A. annua could be largely grouped into three clusters such as artemisia ketone, eucalyptol, and β-selinene. Among 35 components selected for principal component analysis (PCA), PC1, PC2, and PC3 accounted for 82.55%, 8.74%, and 3.62%, respectively. Although all individuals of A. annua were cultivated under the same environmental conditions, there is an intraspecific chemical diversity that exists within Korean native species.

Characteristic features and comparative analysis of essential oil composition of selected genus of Ocimum sanctum L. through GC-MS.

The main aim of this research is to provide literature on the Ocimum plant, and to know the significance of the Ocimum species carried out by pharmacognostic study and experimental design for GC-MS. Ocimum genus are very important for their therapeutic potential among the most important aromatic herbs. Extreme attention has been put on literature reports in which the utilization of tulsi and their pharmacognostic study has been done by performing morphological and microscopic leaf experimental design and by using essential oil through the GC-MS instrumentation method. The utilization of these characteristics would be important for the drug discovery scientist to develop a specific formulation of the crude drug, which will be a magical therapeutic agent in the future, with many advantages. GC-MS chromatogram of Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum canum, and Ocimum gratissimum oil showed major peaks and has been identified after comparison of the mass spectra with the NIST library, indicating the presence of three phytocomponents. From the results, the GC-MS study suggested that anethole which is well reported antimicrobial compound is more in O. canum (2.66%) in comparison to O. sanctum (1,28%) but absent in O. gratissimum. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity is more in O. canum due to the presence ofa high amount of anethole in comparison to O. gratissimum and O. sanctum. The result revealed that O. canum has a microscopic character that can be identified by the characteristic GC MS analysis of extracts to distinguish between different species of the ocimum plant.

Chemical composition analysis of essential oil from black gingers (Kaempferia parviflora) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

ISHS IX International Scientific and Practical Conference on Biotechnology as an Instrument for Plant Biodiversity Conservation (physiological, biochemical, embryological, genetic and legal aspects) Chemical composition analysis of essential oil from black gingers (Kaempferia parviflora) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Effects of Zinc Application on Some Important Yield and Quality Characteristics of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

In this study, the effects of zinc application on the yield and quality characteristics of coriander was investigated. The experiments were conducted in randomized blocks split plots experimental design with 4 replications. In the experiment, coriander cultivars (Arslan and Gürbüz) were placed in the main plots and zinc doses (Control, 200, 400, 800 g da-1) were placed in the subplots. In the study, cultivar x zinc interaction was significant in the number of umbel per plant and essential oil content; zinc treatments were found to be significant in the number of branches per plant, biological and fruit yield, essential and crude oil contents; cultivars were significant in thousand fruit weight and harvest index. In this study, essential oil content varied between 0.40-0.55% and crude oil content varied between 10.8-14.6%. In essential oil composition analysis, linalool was the main component, while in fatty acid composition analysis petroselinic acid was determined as the main component. At the end of the study, it was determined that 800 g da-1 zinc dose of Arslan cultivar was appropriate in terms of fruit yield. Also, the 200 g da-1 zinc dose of Gürbüz cultivar and the 800 g da-1 zinc dose of Arslan cultivar had the highest values in terms of linalool and petroselinic acid ratios respectively.

GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oil Composition from Selected Seed Spices

GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oil Composition from Selected Seed Spices

Volatile Oil Profiles of Aerial and Underground Plant Parts of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) Grown in Goa, India

Annona muricata Linn illustrates an extensive spectrum of ethno-pharmacological applications. The biogenic occurrence of essential oils along with other active metabolites is responsible for the bio-active functionalities offered by various plant parts of A. muricata. Owing to considerable intra-species and intra-organ diversity in essential oil compositions; the objective of this study was to validate and assess the volatile oil profiles of A. muricata plant parts cultivated in Goa, India. The essential oils were derived by hydro-distilling pulverized dried-plant samples namely rind, pulp, seed, leaf, bark and roots using glass Clevenger- type device. The quantity of essential oil yield varied substantially, depending on the plant organs from which the samples were isolated. GC/MS chemical profiling of plant organs revealed largest proportion of γ-sitosterol (28.76 %), (Z)-11-hexadecenal, 1-chlorononadecane and α-gurjunene in pulp, seed, bark and root essential oils respectively. Phytol, on the other hand, was the most prevalent essential oil component in both the rind (47.16 %) and the leaf (37.7 %). Whereas, the sole volatile found in all plant parts analysed was β-caryophyllene with greatest proportion in roots trailed by leaf and lowest in seed. Essential oils were found in significantly diverse amounts and sorts in various parts of A. muricata, including the rind, pulp, seed, leaf, bark, and root. Cluster analysis of essential oil composition from six different plant sections revealed major chemical heterogeneity, with rind-leaf and pulp-root developing a comparatively good relationship. Thus, the present study indicates that the essential oils isolated from various organs of A. muricata form a unique amalgam of bioactive metabolites that could be used as a potential medicinal source.

GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Syzygium aromaticum against Callosobruchus Maculatus of Chickpea

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Analysis of Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Effect of Stachys discolor subsp. mazandarana

Research on the antimicrobial effects of herbal extracts and natural compounds has proven that herbs have valuable sources of anti-infective agents, and numerous new compounds have been introduced to the market in this regard. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Stachys discolor subsp. mazandarana and to analyze the essential oil constituents of this herb. Antimicrobial effects of ethanol (80%) extract and n-hexane, and chloroform fractions were investigated against three gram-positive bacteria (Staphlococus aureus, Streptococus mutans, and Bacillus subtilis), one gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli), and also a fungus (Candida albicans) by well plate and agar dilution methods and diameter of the zone of inhibition was determined. The essential oil of the herb aerial parts was extracted by water distillation method and the essential oil compounds were analyzed by GC-Mass. The results of the present study showed that total extract of S. discolor subsp. mazandarana and its various fractions had almost no antimicrobial activity and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was more than 100 mg / ml. Analysis of essential oils showed that anymol (alpha-bisabolol) (18.10%) and curcumene (13.20%) were the most abundant components. The results revealed that the studied herb had no antibacterial and antifungal effects. However, given the compounds in the essential oil of this herb, it can be supposed that it may have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that can be investigated in future studies.

Composition variation of the essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genovese Gigante in response to Glomus intraradices and mild water stress at different stages of growth

In this study, a factorial experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and water stress on the quality of fresh plants (through the analysis of essential oil composition) and also on the morphological characteristics (in terms of biomass) of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genovese Gigante). The factors included an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculation (Glomus intraradices), irrigation level (mild water stress, 60% Field capacity) and the interaction of both AMF and water stress. In addition, the effects of harvesting at two different developmental stages were assessed with respect to the plants tolerance to abiotic stress and the quality of the fresh plant. The main essential oil (EO) constituents for this cultivar were eugenol, which varied between 7.1 and 50.8%, and linalool, 17.0–54.7%, in all the samples. The highest relative amount of eugenol (50.8%) was obtained during the vegetative stage in plants under water stress whereas samples from the control presented 16.2% for this compound. The samples which were significantly different from the control samples were the WS (water stress) samples from the vegetative stage. Additionally, this study suggests that AMF plants offset the adverse effect of water stress. In this context, and since the interaction of AMF and water stress did not significantly change the fresh plant quality, i.e. the essential oil profile in both stages of development, it is worthwhile considering this method of production. Finally, this experiment permitted an understanding of the stressor thresholds of the species used and also that, compensatory responses occur at different time scales, including between generations and also during development (developmental plasticity).

Composition Analysis of Essential Oil from Melaleuca bracteata Leaves Using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and its Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities

To extract essential oil from Melaleuca bracteata leaves without thermal degradation, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was developed and optimized using a response surface method (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Under the optimized extraction conditions, a higher essential oil yield of 4.55% was achieved in comparison to that of 1.02% via the conventional hydrodistillation extraction method, which suggested that UAE could be used as an alternative and efficient extraction method for the essential oil from M. bracteata leaves. Furthermore, the composition of the essential oil extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 42 constituents, including methyl eugenol (86.5%), methyl cinnamate (4.33%), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, methyl ester (1.77%), and germacrene D (1.24%) were identified in the essential oil of M. bracteata leaves. The essential oil showed strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and reducing property. Additionally, remarkable bacteriostatic activity was observed against the tested pathogens, including Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC31532, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Serratia marcescens MG1, and Serratia marcescens H30. These results indicated that the essential oil from M. bracteata leaves had potential applications due to its antioxidative and antimicrobial activities.

基于近红外光谱和GC-MS法对油樟叶中挥发油的抗氧化研究和化学组成分析

基于近红外光谱和GC-MS法对油樟叶中挥发油的抗氧化研究和化学组成分析

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Artemisia aucheri aerial parts

Artemisia aucheri is an aromatic plant from Asteraceae family, a native plant distributed in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of A. aucheri essential oil endemic in Khorasan-Iran. Chemical composition was examined by GC/MS and the antimicrobial activity was studied on the growth of eight microbial species including two gram positive bacteria: Staphilococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, two gram negative bacteria: Salmonella typhimorium and Escherichia coli, two yeasts: Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviciae and two mold species: Streptomyces natalensis and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using micro-dilution method. The analysis of essential oil composition showed a total of 47 compounds (97.36 %) in which linalool (20 %), camphor (18 %) represented 38 % of the total oil. Results of antimicrobial analysis showed that gram positive bacteria (MIC=100 and MBC=400 μg/ml) were more sensitive than gram negative ones (MIC=200 and MBC=400 μg/ml). S. cereviciae was more resistance than C. albicans while growth of S. natalensis and A. niger inhibited at the same concentration of essential oil.

Comparative analysis of essential oil composition from flower and leaf of Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot.

The essential oils from Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. were obtained using hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC and GC–MS. A total of 31, 27 and 26 constituents were identified in the oils from male flower, female flower and leaf of M. kwangsiensis, and they comprised 99.2, 98.5 and 96.2% of the oils, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated in the oils and accounted for 48.3% of male flower oil, 54.0% of female flower oil and 44.6% of leaf oil. The compositions of flower oils were quite similar but with different content, and were different from those of leaf oil.

Assessment of Genetic Stability in Traditional Ginger Cultivated in Manipur, India Based on Molecular and Chemical Markers

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic stability of ten local cultivars collected from nine districts of Manipur, India with the released ginger variety Nadia. A total of 15 RAPD and 8 ISSR primers resulted in 107 and 53 distinct and reproducible bands, respectively. A lack of polymorphism revealed the genetic stability among the local cultivars. Unlike molecular markers, analysis of essential oil composition by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed variation among 11 clones. Among eight major constituents obtained by GC-MS technique, cinnamyl acetate was found only in IBSD/Z-41d cultivars, whereas, in IBSD/Z-41o no trace of trans-geraniol was observed. Moreover, concentration of 6-gingerol determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method shows that IBSD/Z-41r contains the highest and IBSD/Z-41i contains the lowest gingerol percentage.

GC and GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oil Composition of the Endemic Soqotraen Leucas virgata Balf.f. and Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

Leucas virgata Balf.f. (Lamiaceae) was collected from the Island Soqotra (Yemen) and its essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the oil was investigated by GC and GC-MS. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria, and one yeast species by using broth micro-dilution assay for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and antioxidant activity by measuring the scavenging activity of the DPPH radical. The investigation led to the identification of 43 constituents, representing 93.9% of the total oil. The essential oil of L. virgata was characterized by a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (50.8%). Camphor (20.5%) exo-fenchol (3.4%), fenchon (5.4%), and borneol (3.1%) were identified as the main components. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found as the second major group of compounds (21.0%). β-Eudesmol (6.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.1%) were the major compounds among oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The results of the antimicrobial assay showed that the oil exhibited a great antibacterial activity against the tested S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli. No activity was found against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Moreover, the DPPH-radical scavenging assay exhibited only a moderate antioxidant activity (31%) for the oil at the highest concentration tested (1 mg/mL).

Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Ocimum canum Sims. from India

Chemical composition analysis of essential oil isolated from the leaves of Ocimum canum Sims. reported the presence of thirty six compounds. The major compound was camphor (39.77%). In vitro antioxidant activity of the isolated oil showed dose dependent free radical scavenging activity against DPPH (IC50 523.55 ± 0.001 μg/mL) and hydroxyl radicals (491.12 ± 0.002 μg/mL), metal chelating (781.38 ± 0.001 μg/mL) and prevention of deoxyribose degradation (168.50 ± 0.003 μg/mL) activities were also calculated. Antioxidant activity of oil was less observed when compared with positive controls such as ascorbic acid and BHT (12.49 ± 0.002 and 30.14 ± 0.005, respectively). Significant cytotoxicity (IC50 value of 60 μg/mL) and DNA fragmentation was observed in breast cancer cells (MCF-7).