Equity Analysis Research Articles

Inequalities in childhood stunting: evidence from Sudan multiple indicator cluster surveys (2010\u20132014)

BackgroundLeaving no one behind has been an important marker of the Sustainable Development Goals. Closing the gap in malnutrition between children of different backgrounds aligns well with the tenet of this international agenda. To this end, high-quality evidence of the magnitude and trends of socioeconomic and geographic related existing inequalities in the childhood stunting among Sudanese children emanate from this study help for policy maker and planners to design and implement effective interventions to narrow down inequality.MethodsWe used the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) for our analysis of stunting inequality. Following standard equity analysis methods recommended by the WHO, we performed the disaggregated analysis of stunting across five equity stratifiers: Wealth, education, residence, sex, and sub-national regions. Then, we summarized stunting inequality through four measures of inequality: Difference, Ratio, Slope Index of Inequality (SII), and Relative Index of Inequality (RII). The point estimates of stunting were accompanied by 95% confidence intervals to measure the statistical significance of the findings.ResultsIn this study, the national average childhood stunting prevalence was increased by 4% from 2010 to 2014. The findings revealed stark inequalities in stunting in all the studied dimensions of inequality. Huge inequality has existed along the wealth quintiles. Simple difference measure for education was increased by four points and simple relative measure decreased by one point for economic status.ConclusionsSex, residence and, geographically related inequalities remain unchanged over time, while economic status and educational inequality had seen a change by some inequality measures over the same time period.

Interrogating park access and equity in Johannesburg, South Africa

Equitable access to green spaces is essential in cities, especially those with complex socio-economic challenges. This study considers how socio-economic characteristics influence traditional park access measures, using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) to analyse park access equity in Johannesburg. The use of a spatially sensitive statistical approach enables a more nuanced analysis of equity than previous studies have permitted in Johannesburg, thus empowering better park access planning. The method considers the number of parks and distance to the nearest park as important access measures. The study shows a complex relationship between different interpretations of park access relative to various socio-economic considerations, such as population density, unemployment rates and education levels, and that inequity in access to park space according to these measures varies across the city. The findings offer an opportunity for an improved understanding of local environmental justice and could potentially inform more equitable park planning and management policies in cities.

185 Stroke and COVID Population: A Health Equity Analysis

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Observational studies suggest unequal effects of COVID-19 on the population of the U.S. distinguished by race and ethnicity. Our primary research question: what are the demographic differences among patients identified with concurrent ischemic stroke and COVID-19 positivity? METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The National Covid Cohort Collaboration (N3C) data was used to identify patients with concurrent COVID-19 and stroke, operationally defined as those with a COVID diagnosis and inpatient admission for ischemic stroke 1 week before or 6 weeks after their COVID diagnosis. The data was further age restricted (18-65 years) and a categorical variable was created representing payer plans (Medicaid, Medicare, Other insurance). Data on patients race/ethnicity, comorbidities, treatments administered (Remdesivir and ECMO) and insurance information was analyzed using various exploratory data methods and visualizations. Logistic regression was implemented to model the relationship between variables (dependent/independent) in the cohorts. Model complexity was analyzed using the F test of significance. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Taken as a whole, the data contained over 7 billion rows and around 6.4 million persons (~ 2.15 million of whom were COVID+). The main cohort of individuals with concurrent COVID positivity and ischemic stroke made up around 0.29% of the original COVID+ group, and the payer plan sub-cohort consists of around 29.26% of our main cohort. Black/African American (AA) and the Hispanic/Latino any Race have younger distributions (median ~ 65 years), while the White Non-Hispanic group has the oldest distribution (median ~ 70 years). Black/AA had the highest average number of comorbidities per patient (4.49), compared to white non-Hispanic (3.39) and Asian non-Hispanic (2.59). In our analysis, Medicaid patients had lower odds of obtaining ECMO (p < .01), there was no significant difference in Remdesivir treatment. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found the N3C data to be useful in studying a distinct group of patients, and exploring COVID-19 and ischemic stroke treatment across patients’ race/ethnicity identities and insurance status. Our exploratory analysis provides a foundation for further insight into demographic trends and discrepancies in apportionment of treatment.

An Analysis of Equity and Efficiency of Police Force in Seoul: Implications for improving Police Personnel Management

본 연구는 서울특별시를 연구대상지역으로 선정하고 최근 10년간 통계자료를 바탕으로 경찰인력의 형평성과 효율성을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 서울경찰청 본부의 인력점유율은 증가한 반면, 경찰서와 지구대 및 파출소의 점유율은 감소하였다. 2019년을 기준으로 인구와 5대 범죄, 112신고 대비 경찰관 수를 산출하여 경찰인력의 자치구별 형평성을 분석한 결과, 경찰관들이 부족하게 배치된 자치구는 관악구, 구로구, 송파구, 강서구, 중랑구, 강동구, 마포구, 영등포구, 광진구 등으로 분석된 반면, 종로구, 중구, 성북구는 경찰관이 상대적으로 많이 배치된 것으로 파악되었다. 한편, 자료포락분석기법(DEA)을 통해 자치구별 상대적 효율성을 분석한 결과, 관악구, 강서구, 강북구, 구로구, 마포구 등의 상대적 효율성이 높은 반면, 중구, 성북구, 성동구, 양천구 등의 효율성이 낮았다. 이러한 자치구별 효율성 순위가 변화가 있었는지 분석한 결과, 강북구, 용산구, 서초구, 구로구, 강서구 등 일부 자치구에서 순위가 상승한 반면, 양천구, 광진구, 중랑구 등에서 효율성 순위가 하락하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해 치안수요 대비 경찰인력의 과부족을 개선하기 위해 서울경찰청 차원에서 심도 있는 검토 작업을 통해 자치구별 인력충원과 재배치가 요구되며, 효율성 분석을 통해 상대적으로 비효율적인 자치구에서 효율적인 자치구로 인력을 재배치하거나 범죄검거 등 산출 측면에서 개선노력을 병행할 필요가 있다. 또한 서울경찰청의 특성을 고려하여 본부와 경찰서의 인력에 대해서는 효율화 노력이 필요한 반면 치안현장인 지구대와 파출소에 인력배치를 강화할 필요가 있으며, 집회시위 관련 경비 기능에 인력이 과다투입되지 않는 방안도 모색하여야 한다. 이러한 형평성과 효율성 제고방안은 서울지역 내 국가경찰, 자치경찰, 수사경찰이 균형적으로 발전하기 위한 토대가 될 수 있다.

Comparative Analysis of Private Equity Investments in Europe and the Asia-Pacific Region

The article presents a comparative analysis of private equity (PE) investments in 13 Asian-Pacific and 19 European economies over the period of twenty-nine years from 1990 to 2017 using the fixed effects estimation technique. Results show that ICT, investment profile, human capital, and market capitalization are the strong positive determinants of PE in all the samples. For the rest of the variables, there are significant differences between the two regions. Population growth and real interest rate exert significant influence in the overall samples as well as in the Asia-Pacific region while real exchange rate, unemployment, and tax burden play significant role in the Europe. The article contributes to the PE literature by filling the regional gap and offering new insights into the previously contested results.

Research on the Impact Mechanism of Asteroid Mining on Global Equity under the Comprehensive Evaluation System

In order to scientifically measure the global equity connected with asteroid mining, we establish a comprehensive evaluation system of global equity based on five criteria layers involving economic, environmental, educational, social, and health. We also measure the Global Equity Index (GEI) based on entropy weight method and AHP. The countries are grouped into three categories according to GEI. We Use grey relational analysis to screen out the indicators of significant impact of GEI for different categories of countries, and deeply study the mechanism of asteroid mining on global equity. For the definition and analysis of Global Equity, this paper comprehensively evaluates the level of global equity from five aspects involving economy, environment, education, society, and health. This paper selects representative indicators such as GDP per capita, resident consumption per capita, carbon dioxide emissions, forest area, etc., and uses the entropy weight method and the analytic hierarchy process to quantify the level of sample country’s equity. We select the developed and developing countries of each continent respectively, multiply the scores of each sample by the corresponding number of developed or developing countries in its continent, we use weighted average to arrive at the equity score of one continent and the global equity score finally. For the future vision for asteroid mining, we will describe in detail the subjects, costs and benefits, resource division, and profit distribution of the asteroid mining. After using the entropy weight method to determine weights, we screen out indicators which produce a significant impact on global equity, and analyze the impact mechanism of asteroid mining on global equity. For the future impact of asteroid mining, we divide countries into three categories: countries with high equity level, medium equity level, and low equity level by clustering. We use grey correlation analysis to find the indicators that have a significant impact on the GEI of different countries, and analyze the impact of the three-stage changes in asteroid mining on these three types of countries.

Fare-Capping Impact Analysis Using Mobile Ticket Data

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, transit agencies experienced ridership and revenue losses alongside operating cost increases. At the same time, transit was further highlighted as an essential public good alongside essential workers who relied on transit to conduct a range of services in critical industries, thus emphasizing the role of transit in promoting accessibility, equity, and economic opportunity. In grappling with the current volatile environment, including the ongoing travel and financial uncertainties from the pandemic, transit agencies have attempted to delicately balance fares and financing. In turn, many have considered progressive fare policies such as fare capping. For transit agencies seeking innovative fare changes, fare impact and equity analyses are necessary to better understand how riders respond to fares and changes in fares, and how changes to fares and ridership affect accessibility, equity, revenue, and funding. With the increased use of mobile ticketing, small to mid-sized transit agencies now have access to detailed rider behavior data that can be used to estimate rider responses to fare structure changes. In this paper, we present a multinomial logit fare product choice model that uses rider insight from a sample of mobile ticketing data to account for switching between fare products. We apply the model to forecast the ridership response to incremental fare changes and fare capping.

Equity in antenatal care visits among adolescent mothers: An analysis of 54 country levels trend and projection of coverage from 2000 to 2030.

BackgroundEnsuring utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services by adolescent mothers (ages 10-19) is an enormous challenge in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of ANC visits among adolescent and adult mothers.MethodsUsing all available Demographic and Health Survey and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys between 2000 and 2019 in 54 LMICs, we estimated proportion of ANC visits among women. Bayesian hierarchical regression models were used to estimate trend, projection, and determinants of single and four ANC visits (ANC1 and ANC4) independently. Equity analysis were performed to assess the magnitude of wealth-based and urban-rural inequalities in access to ANC visits.ResultsCompared to women aged 36-49 years, coverage of ANC1 and ANC4 are expected to increase significantly for adolescent mothers and women aged 20-35 years. This increase was observed at the national level, as well as both urban and rural areas in most countries between 2000 and 2030. By 2030, the coverage of ANC1 is predicted to reach 80% or more in all countries except Angola, Central African Republic and Togo, whereas only 16 countries are predicted to reach 80% or more for ANC4. According to wealth quintile, the lowest inequalities with highest coverage of 80% or more ANC4 will be observed in Armenia, Cambodia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Maldives, Indonesia, and Sao Tome and Principe in 2030. Determinant analysis found increased odds of receiving ANC visits during pregnancy for adolescent mothers with higher educational levels, frequency of listening/watching mass media, and various household socio-economic status factors.ConclusionsThis study calls for advanced, innovative and cost-effective approaches to increase ANC coverage among adolescent mothers, particularly in rural areas and/or in low socioeconomic groups.

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI): Interconnecting Dominant and Subdominant Culture to Understand the Language of Marginalized Groups in a Corporate Setting

This research task will aim to understand the language of marginalized groups within the social construct of the dominant culture, which spans into the corporate sector, to assert an interconnection between dominant and subdominant groups using observational data, the muted group theory, and intersectionality frameworks. Also, an analysis of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives will be examined to interrelate corporate culture and dominant culture based on the cultural dimensions theory. Social categories such as race, gender, and class that intersect with characteristics of the dominant group are generalized to infer a new communications theory referred to as, the Triangular Marginality Communications Model, which is formulated on qualitative data consisting of social, economic, and political factors. Methodologies used in this paper will respond to three research questions using inductive research.

Trip deprivation among older adults in the context of the capability approach

Transportation researchers have been increasingly interested in integrating the capability approach (CA) into transportation equity analysis during the past decade. The limited number of empirical studies published in that context have assessed individuals' capabilities (i.e., freedom or opportunities) and functionings (i.e., achievements) by variables such as accessibility, transit availability, ability to use transit, ideal travel options versus actual travel, etc. This paper argues that trip deprivation can legitimately reflect both functioning and capability when deprivation is carefully defined. Using data from a recent survey of 3003 older adults in New Jersey, it subsequently compares the personal, household, and locational characteristics of the trip-deprived with the characteristics of other older adults with a multi-level logit model. The trip-deprived are defined in this research as people who had forgone trips for lacking transportation at least sometimes during a six-month period. Consistent with mainstream CA literature, evidence was found that trip deprivation is significantly explained by personal attributes, household resources, and relational support, but not by location-related variables such as jobs or transit stations/stops in municipalities. The results provide empirical evidence supporting recent theoretical studies in the CA context asserting that accessibility in equity analysis should be defined as the ease of travel for individuals instead of aggregation of proximate activities. The paper concludes by suggesting that meaningful questions about potential trips, deprived trips, and the importance of visiting specific activities should be included in the National Household Travel Survey as well as various metropolitan household travel surveys for improved transportation equity analysis.

Providing Guidance: An Inter- and Intra-state Analysis of Adequacy and Equity in the Availability of School Counselors

Providing Guidance: An Inter- and Intra-state Analysis of Adequacy and Equity in the Availability of School Counselors

What makes jobs too dissimilar to compare in a pay equity analysis?

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Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) control policies: global analysis of available legislation and equity considerations

IntroductionThe Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) offers guidance on evidence-based policies to reduce tobacco consumption and its burden of disease. Recently, it has provided guidance for alternative tobacco products,...

British Columbia’s Index of Multiple Deprivation for Community Health Service Areas

Area-based socio-economic indicators, such as the Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation (CIMD), have been used in equity analyses to inform strategies to improve needs-based, timely, and effective patient care and public health services to communities. The CIMD comprises four dimensions of deprivation: residential instability, economic dependency, ethno-cultural composition, and situational vulnerability. Using the CIMD methodology, the British Columbia Index of Multiple Deprivation (BCIMD) was developed to create indexes at the Community Health Services Area (CHSA) level in British Columbia (BC). BCIMD indexes are reported by quintiles, where quintile 1 represents the least deprived (or ethno-culturally diverse), and quintile 5 is the most deprived (or diverse). Distinctive characteristics of a community can be captured using the BCIMD, where a given CHSA may have a high level of deprivation in one dimension and a low level of deprivation in another. The utility of this data as a surveillance tool to monitor population demography has been used to inform decision making in healthcare by stakeholders in the regional health authorities and governmental agencies. The data have also been linked to health care data, such as COVID-19 case incidence and vaccination coverage, to understand the epidemiology of disease burden through an equity lens.

Analysis of anti-racism, equity, inclusion and social justice initiatives in library and information science literature

PurposeThe objective of this study is to establish the current state of library and information science (LIS) scholarship pertaining to anti-racism, equity, inclusion and social justice initiatives.Design/methodology/approachUsing comprehensive search strategies, three LIS databases were searched for relevant literature published in the last 10 years and results were exported and de-duplicated using Endnote. Citations were screened by two blinded, independent reviewers based on pre-defined eligibility criteria. Citations in the final data set were then hand coded by three reviewers using deductive coding. Subject terms for all citations were categorized and consolidated to identify major themes across the corpus of included publications. Results were analyzed using bibliometrics and thematic analysis.FindingsA total of 691 unique citations were included in this analysis based on inclusion criteria. Publication productivity has generally increased from 2011 to 2020; findings show publications from 170 source titles and 944 authors representing 33 countries. Prevalent themes included access to information, multiculturalism and social justice. Various populations groups, areas of LIS practice, library types and social justice topics have been addressed in the literature. Over 15% of citations focused on anti-racism efforts in LIS.Originality/valueThis study applied both bibliometric and thematic approaches to analyzing LIS literature at macro and micro levels regarding anti-racism, equity, inclusion and social justice.

Analysis of anti-racism, equity, inclusion and social justice initiatives in library and information science literature

Analysis of anti-racism, equity, inclusion and social justice initiatives in library and information science literature

СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТЬ И РАВЕНСТВО В ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИИ: ОБЗОР И КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЕКТА 2016-2017 ГГ. – МОНОГРАФИИ Ж.В. САВЕЛЬЕВОЙ, Л.М. МУХАРЯМОВОЙ И И.Б. КУЗНЕЦОВОЙ

Introduction. The study of social justice and equality in health care is presented in the context of scientific, expert and media conceptualizations of this phenomenon. Opinions and social perceptions of justice are characterized in terms of the liberal, socialist model of equitable health care and the modern concept of equality of opportunity in access to system resources. Aim. Conduct a critical analysis of the social project “Fairness and Equality in Health Care”, described in the monograph “Fairness and Equality in Health Care. Opinions of patients, experts and media discourse” by Zh.V. Saveleva, L.M. Mukharyamova, I.B. Kuznetsova. Material and methods. The article provides a review and critical analysis of the social project “Fairness and Equality in Health Care”, described in the monograph “Fairness and Equality in Health Care. Opinions of patients, experts and media discourse” by Zh.V. Saveleva, L.M. Mukharyamova, I.B. Kuznetsova. Results and discussion. The purpose of the project under review was to show how, through the analysis of the incidence in two Russian republics - the industrialized Republic of Tatarstan, and the predominantly agrarian Republic of Mari El - the cause of justice and equality in healthcare is presented and how contradictions can be resolved. Different positions, expectations regarding health care reforms and models of social justice are compared. The method of triangulation was used [lat. triangulum - triangle] quantitative and qualitative research methods. Semi-structured surveys of the population, experts, focus groups were conducted, and a mass survey was conducted. From the results obtained by the authors, 2 conclusions stand out: 1) an integrated approach to the analysis of equity in healthcare is needed; 2) actions are needed to equalize the accessibility of medical care to the population. Conclusion. Monograph “Fairness and equality in healthcare. Opinions of patients, experts and media discourse” by Zh.V. Saveleva, L.M. Mukharyamova, I.B. Kuznetsova, touches on one of the most burning issues that arise in modern Russian healthcare, issues that concern almost every inhabitant of Russia - "justice and equality". It is impossible to solve them in isolation from the global social policy in the state. The authors of the monograph literally keep their finger on the pulse of this important problem - as they say, they do it here and now. I hope that the authors will not confine themselves to one monograph on this vitally important topic (raising the question) and that the next monograph will be devoted to solving this most important problem.

The unfinished agenda and inequality gaps in antenatal care coverage in Ethiopia

BackgroundAntenatal care is an essential platform to provide all the necessary health interventions during pregnancy that aim to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. Although the antenatal care coverage has been increasing in Ethiopia in the last two decades, the country has not been able to meet its own coverage target to date. Most pregnant women who initiated antenatal care also do not complete the full recommended follow up contacts. This study investigated the trend in coverage and the inequalities related to the use of antenatal care in Ethiopia.MethodsThis study utilized data from five rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) conducted in Ethiopia in the period between 2000 and 2019. The DHS respondents were women in the age group 15-49 who had a live birth within the five years preceding the surveys. The outcome of interest for this study was antenatal care utilization coverage. We used concentration curve and concentration index to identify the inequalities using the World Health Organization recommended Health Equity Analysis Toolkit software. We did a regression analysis to identify the drivers of urban-rural inequalities.ResultThe coverage trend for both initiating Antenatal care and completing the recommended four antenatal contacts showed a steady increase during 2000-2019. However, the coverages have not yet reached the national target and unlikely to meet targets by 2025. Although the economically better-off, urban and educated mother still have a better coverage, the inequality gaps within the wealth, residence and education categories generally showed significant reduction. Women in the lowest wealth quantile, those who were uneducated and those living in rural areas remained disadvantaged. Household economic status and maternal education was the stronger drivers of urban-rural inequalities.ConclusionThe Antenatal care coverage is lagging below the country’s target. Despite narrowing inequality gaps women from poor households, who are uneducated and residing in rural areas are still less likely to fully attend the recommended number of antenatal care contacts. Addressing these inequalities through a multisectoral efforts is critical to increase the chances of achieving the national antenatal care coverage targets in Ethiopia.

Equity analysis and improvement in transportation resilience optimisation from an economic perspective at the pre-event stage

Equity analysis and improvement in transportation resilience optimisation from an economic perspective at the pre-event stage

Contested Storytelling in Public Space: An Analysis of Art and Equity in Pueblo, CO

Contested Storytelling in Public Space: An Analysis of Art and Equity in Pueblo, CO