Diagram Analysis Research Articles

Penerapan Pengendalian Kalitas Produk Kaleng Kemasan Crab Meat 800ml Menggunakan Metode SIX Sigma Pendekatan DMAIC

Packaging can manufacturers experience a quality problem, namely with product defects / defects in every production that has not reached zero defects, especially in 800 ml crab meat packaging cans which most often experience product defects. Six Sigma can be defined as a methodology that functions for process improvement that aims to minimize defect processes and improve production quality using the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analize, Improve, Control) approach. So that it can be analyzed from the known problems to obtain improvement recommendations. From the results of the measurement of the data obtained that for (CTQ) Critical to Quality, the key is based on the pareto diagram, that 85% of the highest defects are in the breaking of welding. From the analysis of the causal diagram, the factors that cause product defects / defects come from machine, human, raw material, and environmental factors. Thus, recommendations can be made for appropriate corrective actions, especially providing training and direction for employees on how to work according to SOPs for checking raw materials, improving the quality standards of raw materials received, and adding appropriate lighting during the production process so that defects / production defects can be minimized.

Evolution of the northeastern margin of the Kazakhstan paleocontinent: results of petro-geochemical study of sedimentary and volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks of the Zharma-Saur island arc zone

We carried out studies of petrography, petrochemistry, geochemistry and Nd-isotopy of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, as well as U‒Pb dating of detrital zircons from sandstones and tuff sandstones of four stratigraphic units of the Zharma-Saur island arc zone, located in the Middle-Late Paleozoic near the north eastern (in modern coordinates) edge of the Kazakhstan paleocontinent. The data obtained, geological structure and analysis of discriminant diagrams indicate that the formation of sandstones of the Givetian‒Frasnian sequence was the result of erosion and destruction of the Early Paleozoic igneous complexes of the Chingiz-Tarbagatai zone of the Kazakhstan paleocontinent. Tuff sandstones of the Koyanda formation of the Tournaisian stage and the Tersairyk formation of the Visean stage, distributed within the Vorontsov-Saur subzone, are mainly a product of rock destruction and volcanic activity of the Zharma-Saur volcanic arc. The feeding provinces for the sedimentary rocks of the Kokon formation of the Visean stage, which occupies most of the Zharma-Sarsazan subzone, were simultaneously the Caledonides of the Chingiz-Tarbagatai zone and the Early Carboniferous volcanogenic complexes of the Zharma-Saur volcanic arc. Our data show that the Zharma-Saur arc developed near the northeastern margin of the Kazakhstan paleocontinent at the end of the Late Devonian‒in the Early Carboniferous period.

Educational Strategies for Teaching Climate and Bioclimate in Response to Global Change

This work establishes the relationship between climate, bioclimate, and forest ecosystems and highlights the need to teach these topics in educational institutions. It was found that such knowledge is not currently taught in universities, leading to scarce or non-existent teacher training in these areas. However, the teaching of bioclimatic aspects over a three-year period as a basis for land use planning, has shown highly positive results. The objective is to propose the teaching of bioclimatology to future managers and teachers in order to obtain a balanced environmental development. The analysis of bioclimatic diagrams makes it possible to stipulate the duration of the water reserve in the soil. This is essential for agricultural and forestry management. The edaphic factor and the bioclimatic ombrotclimatic (Io) and thermoclimatic (It/Itc) indexes condition the types of forests and crops that can exist in a territory, with the particularity that the ombrotype is conditioned by the edaphic factor, which allows a decrease in the ombrothermal index, expressed by the ombroedaphoboxerophilic index (Ioex). The humid ombrotypes condition the presence of Abies pinsapo, Quercus pyrenaica, Q. broteroi, and Q. suber, and the dry ones Q. rotundifolia and Olea sylvestris.

Causes of quality defects in cassava-based food production: an ishikawa diagram analysis

Causes of quality defects in cassava-based food production: an ishikawa diagram analysis

Photoinduced modulation and the effect of CNT loading on field effect transistor characteristics of CNT/ZnO/PVDF composite.

CNT/ZnO/PVDF polymer composite phototransistor is studied for the effect of CNT loading and the photoinduced modulation on its transfer characteristics. XRD study shows that the induced strain in the composite is due to the addition of CNT to the ZnO/PVDF composite. The percentage of β-phase present in PVDF is estimated through Raman spectroscopy and the composite's spectral response is determined by UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. From the DC electrical conductivity study it is found that the percolation threshold for the composites is obtained for 0.3 wt% of CNT, and 0.44 wt % of CNT loading makes the composite conductive. On adding 1 wt% of CNT, the electrical conductivity of the ZnO/PVDF composite increases 40 times (~ 0.2 μS/m). The temperature-dependent DC conductivity shows that the conductivity of the composites changes from variable range hopping (VRH) to band conductance upon an increase in CNT loading above the percolation threshold and exhibits a negative temperature coefficient (NTC). Two terminal photoconductivity studies are done to understand the photo enhancement and sensitivity of all the devices. PE hysteresis studies show that the polarization of the composites increases drastically from 0.05 μC/cm2 below the percolation threshold to 10 - 30 μC/cm2 above the percolation threshold of CNT in the composite. To study the effect of interfacial polarization on photoconductivity, the composite is studied in a three-terminal device format using SiO2 as a gate dielectric. A band diagram analysis of the oxide-composite and CNT/ZnO interface is done to understand the mechanism behind the photoinduced field effect on transfer characteristics and the effect of CNT loading. The switching behavior and decay time under UV illumination are studied to understand the effect of CNT loading and photoinduced polarization. The persistent photoconductivity decreases and the charge collection efficiency of the FET increases as the CNT loading increases.

Chaos and attraction domain of fractional Φ6‐van der Pol with time delay velocity

This article investigates the chaotic analysis and attractive domain of a fractional‐order ‐van der Pol with time delay velocity under harmonic excitation. Firstly, eight different types of bifurcation states of the system under different parameters are calculated by using the undisturbed system. Secondly, the Melnikov method is used to explore the effect of time delay velocity on the threshold of chaos in the Smale horseshoe sense under the double‐well potential and three‐well potential of the system. Finally, through numerical analysis of the phase diagram, bifurcation diagram, and maximum Lyapunov exponent, the influence of time delay velocity on system chaos is studied. The results indicate that an increase in the delay velocity coefficient will lead to the system transitioning from a chaotic state to a periodic state, while an increase in the delay velocity term will lead to the system transitioning from a periodic state to a chaotic state. In the study of system bifurcation, it is found that the position of the equilibrium points of the system changes during periodic motion. Therefore, cell mapping is used to draw the attractive domain of the system is studying the influence of initial conditions on the equilibrium point of the system and the results show that there is a close relationship between the attraction domain and the process of chaos occurrence.

Exploring Non-linear Dynamics: Constructing the Bifurcation Diagram of a Damped Driven Pendulum using Python

In this paper, we present a detailed analysis and construction of the bifurcation diagram for the damped-driven pendulum system. The bifurcation diagram in general presents the qualitative changes of the steady-state behavior for the pendulum. For this purpose, we implement the use of the Python programming language with the inclusion of scientific libraries. This nonlinear dynamical system is an example of a system that exhibits a chaotic regime, which is the sensitivity of its behavior to the initial conditions and the parameters of the system. We investigate the response of the system to a range of drive strengths γ applied. By changing the driving strength, the system reveals patterns of periodicity, quasi-periodic, and chaotic regimes. The critical values where it goes from regular motion to chaotic one are highlighted, offering further understanding of the mechanisms of the transitions. This study presents the use of the Python programming language for the modeling and visualization of non-dynamic systems and contributes to a deeper understanding of nonlinear oscillator dynamics.

The More the Better? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Benefits of More than Two External Representations in STEM Education

Over the last decades, a multitude of results in educational and psychological research have shown that the implementation of multiple external representations (MERs) in educational contexts represents a valuable tool for fostering learning and problem-solving skills. The context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education has received great attention because it necessitates using various symbolic (e.g., text and formula) and graphical representations (e.g., pictures and graphs) to convey subject content. Research has mainly explored effects of combining two representations, but the potential benefits of integrating more than two representations on students’ learning remain underexplored. This gap limits our understanding of promising educational practices and restricts the development of effective teaching strategies catering to students’ cognitive needs. To close this gap, we conducted a systematic review of 46 studies and a meta-analysis that included 132 effect sizes to evaluate the effectiveness of using more than two representations in STEM education and to identify moderating factors influencing learning and problem-solving. A network diagram analysis revealed that the advantages of learning and problem-solving with MERs are also applicable to more than two representations. A subsequent meta-analysis revealed that the learning with more than two representations in STEM can have advantageous effects on students cognitive load (Hedges′g=0.324,p<.001,95%CI[0.164,0.484]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{Hedges}}{^\\prime}g =0.324,~p<.001,~95\\%~\ ext{CI}~[0.164, 0.484]$$\\end{document}) and performance (Hedges′g=0.118,p<.001,95%CI[0.050,0.185]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{Hedges}}{^\\prime}g =0.118,~p<.001,~95\\%~\ ext{CI}~[0.050, 0.185]$$\\end{document}) compared to learning with two representations without notable differences in learning time. The analysis of moderating factors revealed that benefits of learning with more than two representations primarily depend on the provision of appropriate support.

Research on Speech Emotion Recognition Method Based on ResSE_CNN1D

This article examines a speech emotion recognition (SER) technique based on the enhanced one-dimensional convolution neural network ResSE_CNN1D. With the artificial intelligence developing rapidly, SER has a profound impact in many areas. The model of this article is used to extract the characteristics of the input data through opensmile, and is sent into the ResSE_CNN1D model, which is eventually classified by the softmax activation function and obtains the final results. The key to this model is efficient learning of decimal sets and the rapid deployment in resource-constrained environments. The ResSE_CNN1D model improves the performance of the model by adding the residual connection and the SE module on the basis of cnn1d. This increasing the accuracy of the recognition and preventing the fitting problem. After the model was created, the study adopted the audio sampling and training of the casia data concentration. The final accuracy was 0.900, which increased the accuracy of 2.9 percent compared to the cnn1d method. And by the analysis of the relationship diagram of the confusion matrix and the accuracy and loss rate relative to the number of training, the model has a high robustness and effectively prevents the appearance of the fitting problem. And it also can achieve high precision and achieve a lightweight goal relative to less training.

An innovative quick-decision strategy for evaluating the applicability of extractive distillation process with a preconcentration column in separating high-concentration organic waste liquid

In the face of the high energy consumption challenge in separating high-concentration organic waste liquid through extractive distillation (ED), the concept of preconcentration provides a new strategic direction. Therefore, it has become crucial to determine the suitability of the ED process with a preconcentration column for processing such complex mixture. Taking this into consideration, the study proposes an innovative quick-decision method that utilizes thermodynamic analysis of ternary phase diagram to determine the ratio of theoretical product flowrate at the bottom of the preconcentration column to the feed flowrate, which serves as the basis for deciding whether to choose the ED process with a preconcentration column for handling such separation tasks. Three azeotropic systems with different thermodynamic characteristics are chosen as case studies: cyclohexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol (Case 1), ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (Case 2), and n-hexane/ethyl acetate/acetonitrile (Case 3). The task of separating the above three systems is accomplished through the application of both three-column extractive distillation configuration (TCED), and four-column extractive distillation configuration (FCED). The objective functions for multi-objective optimization of all separation configurations include the minimum total annual cost (TAC), the minimum entropy generation and the minimum CO2 emissions. The research findings indicate that when the ratio of theoretical product flowrate at the bottom of the preconcentration column to the feed flowrate is not less than 0.56, or when there is a significant concentration difference among the components in the feed stream, the FCED configuration exhibits clear advantages over the TCED configuration in terms of economic, environmental, and thermodynamic aspects.

Electronic Barriers Behavioral Analysis of a Schottky Diode Structure Featuring Two-Dimensional MoS2

This research presents a comprehensive study of a Schottky diode fabricated using a gold wafer and a bilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) film. Through detailed simulations, we investigated the electric field distribution, potential profile, carrier concentration, and current–voltage characteristics of the device. Our findings confirm the successful formation of a Schottky barrier at the Au/MoS2 interface, characterized by a distinct nonlinear I–V relationship. Comparative analysis revealed that the Au/MoS2 diode significantly outperforms a traditional W/Si structure in terms of rectification performance. The Au/MoS2 diode exhibited a current density of 1.84 × 10−9 A/cm2, substantially lower than the 3.62 × 10−5 A/cm2 in the W/Si diode. Furthermore, the simulated I–V curves of the Au/MoS2 diode closely resembled the ideal diode curve, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of approximately 0.9991, indicating an ideality factor near 1. A key factor contributing to the superior rectification performance of the Au/MoS2 diode is its higher Schottky barrier height of 0.9 eV compared to the 0.67 eV of W/Si. This increased barrier height is evident in the band diagram analysis, which further elucidates the underlying physics of Schottky barrier formation in the Au/MoS2 junction. This research provides insights into the electronic properties of Schottky contacts based on two-dimensional MoS2, particularly the relationship between electronic barriers, system dimensions, and current flow. The demonstration of high-ideality-factor Au/MoS2 diodes contributes to the design and optimization of future electronic and optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials. These findings have implications for advancements in semiconductor technology, potentially enabling the development of smaller, more efficient, and flexible devices.

The Medieval Slavonic Reception of Maximus the Confessor’s Circle – Center – Radii Analogy

The paper contends that certain circle diagrams discovered in 14th-century Slavonic medieval manuscripts of Dorotheus of Gaza’s Instructions, crafted during the Palamite controversy, are influenced by the concepts of Maximus the Confessor. The paper offers an in-depth analysis of select Slavonic diagrams originating from Serbian monasteries in the final decades of the 14th century. It begins by examining simple diagrams wherein the circle’s center represents God, and the radii represent created beings moving towards God, then progresses to investigate more intricate diagrams. These complex diagrams include circle or square shaped center, outer circumference, concentric rings, multicolored radii and twisted cruciform bands. It is further argued that these new diagramatic elements are employed to visualize complex ideas such as the Holy Trinity as differentiations in unity, the ontological limit of creation set by divine providence, the triadic structure of logoi of beings and the double movement of procession and reversion.

Valence-engineered catalysis-selectivity regulation of molybdenum oxide nanozyme for acute kidney injury therapy and post-cure assessment.

The optimization of the enzyme-like catalytic selectivity of nanozymes for specific reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related applications is significant, and meanwhile the real-time monitoring of ROS is really crucial for tracking the therapeutic process. Herein, we present a mild oxidation valence-engineering strategy to modulate the valence states of Mo in Pluronic F127-coated MoO3-x nanozymes (denoted as MF-x, x: oxidation time) in a controlled manner aiming to improve their specificity of H2O2-associated catalytic reactions for specific therapy and monitoring of ROS-related diseases. Experimentally, MF-0 (Mo average valence 4.64) and MF-10 (Mo average valence 5.68) exhibit exclusively optimal catalase (CAT)- or peroxidase (POD)-like activity, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify the most favorable reaction path for both MF-0- and MF-10-catalyzed reaction processes based on free energy diagram and electronic structure analysis, disclosing the mechanism of the H2O2 activation pathway on the Mo-based nanozymes. Furthermore, MF-0 poses a strong potential in acute kidney injury (AKI) treatment, achieving excellent therapeutic outcomes in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the ROS-responsive photoacoustic imaging (PAI) signal of MF-0 during treatment guarantees real-time monitoring of the therapeutic effect and post-cure assessment in vivo, providing a highly desirable non-invasive diagnostic approach for ROS-related diseases.

Chemical Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Environmental Driving Factors of Groundwater in Hetao Irrigation Area

To explore the chemical characteristics and environmental factors of groundwater in the Hetao Irrigation Area of Inner Mongolia, five irrigation fields, including UulanBuh, Jiefangzha, Yongji, Yichang, and Wulat, were selected as the research area. From 72 groundwater observation wells, a total of 216 groundwater samples were collected throughout three typical periods： the end of freeze-thaw （March）, the middle of irrigation （July）, and the end of autumn watering （November）. Comprehensive methods were utilized, such as statistical analysis, Piper three-line diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio, and principal component analysis, to explore the changes in the groundwater chemical environment and the environmental driving factors of groundwater component formation. The groundwater drinking suitability was evaluated using the water quality index （WQI）, and the irrigation suitability was analyzed using the USSL and Wilcox plots. The results indicated that the groundwater in the research areas was generally saline, and the total anion and cation concentrations in each period in ascending order were as follows： late freeze-thaw stage, late autumn irrigation stage, and mid-irrigation stage, with Na+ and Cl- being the major contributing ions. The chemical type of groundwater was dominated by Cl-Na, followed by Cl·SO4-Ca·Mg and a coexistence with SO4-Ca·Mg, HCO3·Cl-Na, HCO3-Na, and HCO3-Ca·Mg. Based on WQI values, the shallow groundwater in Hetao Irrigation District was mainly classified as Class IV and Class V, and the quality was poor in general. According to the USSL diagram and Wilcox diagram, the comprehensive evaluation results showed that the salinity and sodium concentration of shallow groundwater in the irrigation area were generally high. A total of 80.6% of the water samples during the late freeze-thaw period, 76.1% during the mid-irrigation period, and 77.6% during the late autumn irrigation period lacked irrigation suitability. Two major controlling factors of groundwater chemical characteristics were present in the study area, namely, evaporation and rock weathering, and Na+ and Cl- mainly came from the dissolution and cation exchange of salt rocks. Agricultural irrigation and drought were the chief driving factors of groundwater chemical evolution in the Hetao Irrigation Area. The study provides technical support for optimizing agricultural management measures and a theoretical reference for rational utilization of groundwater resources in the Yellow River irrigation area of Inner Mongolia.

BIMA 2.0 Progress on ToM Analysis of Contact Binaries: IR Car, V1370 Tau and GY Pup

Abstract The Eclipsing Binaries Minima (BIMA) 2.0 Monitoring Project is a continuation of the previous BIMA program that was initiated by the collaboration of Bosscha Observatory - Lembang, Indonesia and The National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) in 2012. This project aims to build an open database of eclipsing binary minima and establish each system’s orbital period and its variations in a time of minima (ToM) photometric observation using the Thai Robotic Telescope (TRT) network. In this work, we will present the progress of our monitoring program during 3 ∼ months of observations using TRT with proposal ID TRTC11A_009. We have collected ToM data at least once on 18 samples of contact binary stars and carried out O-C diagram analysis on three selected objects: IR Car, V1370 Tau, and GY Pup. We obtained six, three, and four primary minima on IR Car, V1370 Tau, and GY Pup, respectively. These three objects were chosen due to the lack of ToM data in recent years. We also use the TESS space mission ToM data to increase data coverage. Preliminary results show a significant change in O-C values and indicate mass transfer in this system.

Melting temperature and elastic constants of disordered nonstoichiometric cubic TiCy, ZrCy and HfCy carbides

Based on the analysis of phase diagrams of carbide-forming systems M–C (M = Ti, Zr, Hf), an empirical relationship is proposed between the elastic stiffness constants cij of nonstoichiometric cubic carbides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium and their melting temperature. The dependences of the melting temperatures of nonstoichiometric cubic carbides TiCy, ZrCy and HfCy on their composition in homogeneity regions are calculated using the elastic stiffness constants c11(y) and c44(y) of these carbides. The calculated maximum melting temperatures are observed for carbides ~TiC0.80, ~ZrC0.82 and ~ HfC0.94–0.95 and are equal to 3345, 3708 and 4192 K, respectively. There is a qualitative correlation between the concentration dependences of the melting temperatures Tm(y) of TiCy, ZrCy and HfCy carbides and the anisotropy of the elastic properties of these carbides.

High expression of transcription factor EGR1 is associated with postoperative muscle atrophy in patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundMuscle atrophy is a typical affliction in patients affected by knee Osteoarthritis (KOA). This study aimed to examine the potential pathogenesis and biomarkers that coalesce to induce muscle atrophy, primarily through the utilization of bioinformatics analysis.MethodsTwo distinct public datasets of osteoarthritis and muscle atrophy (GSE82107 and GSE205431) were subjected to differential gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to probe for common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and conduct transcription factor (TF) enrichment analysis from such genes. Venn diagrams were used to identify the target TF, followed by the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the common DEGs governed by the target TF. Hub genes were determined through the CytoHubba plug-in whilst their biological functions were assessed using GSEA analysis in the GTEx database. To validate the study, reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Flow Cytometry techniques were employed.ResultsA total of 138 common DEGs of osteoarthritis and muscle atrophy were identified, with 16 TFs exhibiting notable expression patterns in both datasets. Venn diagram analysis identified early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) as the target TF, enriched in critical pathways such as epithelial mesenchymal transition, tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling NF-κB, and inflammatory response. PPI analysis revealed five hub genes, including EGR1, FOS, FOSB, KLF2, and JUNB. The reliability of EGR1 was confirmed by validation testing, corroborating bioinformatics analysis trends.ConclusionsEGR1, FOS, FOSB, KLF2, and JUNB are intricately involved in muscle atrophy development. High EGR1 expression directly regulated these hub genes, significantly influencing postoperative muscle atrophy progression in KOA patients.

Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks. XI. A High-resolution View Toward the BHR 71 Class 0 Protostellar Wide Binary

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the binary Class 0 protostellar system BHR 71 IRS1 and IRS2 as part of the Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) ALMA Large Program. We describe the 12CO (J = 2–1), 13CO (J = 2–1), C18O (J = 2–1), H2CO (J = 32,1–22,0), and SiO (J = 5–4) molecular lines along with the 1.3 mm continuum at high spatial resolution (∼0.″08 or ∼5 au). Dust continuum emission is detected toward BHR 71 IRS1 and IRS2, with a central compact component and extended continuum emission. The compact components are smooth and show no sign of substructures such as spirals, rings, or gaps. However, there is a brightness asymmetry along the minor axis of the presumed disk in IRS1, possibly indicative of an inclined geometrically and optically thick disk-like component. Using a position–velocity diagram analysis of the C18O line, clear Keplerian motions were not detected toward either source. If Keplerian rotationally supported disks are present, they are likely deeply embedded in their envelope. However, we can set upper limits of the central protostellar mass of 0.46 M ⊙ and 0.26 M ⊙ for BHR 71 IRS1 and BHR 71 IRS2, respectively. Outflows traced by 12CO and SiO are detected in both sources. The outflows can be divided into two components, a wide-angle outflow and a jet. In IRS1, the jet exhibits a double helical structure, reflecting the removal of angular momentum from the system. In IRS2, the jet is very collimated and shows a chain of knots, suggesting episodic accretion events.

Gamma-ray irradiation-induced effects on Er3+-doped Li2O-Bi2O3-B2O3-TeO2 glass: Structural, optical, luminescence, and radiation shielding properties

In the present study, we report the gamma (γ) ray irradiation-induced structural, optical, luminescence and radiation shielding properties of Er3+-doped Li2O-Bi2O3-B2O3-TeO2 glasses prepared by melt-quenching technique. It was evidence of the slight reductions in density and refractive index while maintaining stable optical properties upon the γ irradiation. Additionally, increased molar volume and polarizability indicated a less compact network. Raman spectroscopy shows broadened peaks and intensity reductions at key vibrational modes. The UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra reveal the shift in the absorption edge and reduction in the intensities of Er³⁺ absorption bands (around 450, 520, 550, and 650 nm) with higher radiation doses, indicating radiation-induced damage. It was found that the band gap values decreased from 2.58 eV to 1.30 eV for un-irradiated glass to 90 kGy irradiated glass, and Urbach energy was found to increase from 0.18 to 1 eV respectively, indicating structural disorder and localized states within the band gap. PL emission spectra demonstrated intensity changes and peak shifts with γ radiation dose while maintaining a dominant green emission from 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 transitions, supported by the CIE diagram analysis. The NIR emission spectra also displayed a peak at 1530 nm with decreasing intensity, indicating defect-induced non-radiative recombination centres. Luminescence lifetime decay profiles indicated reduced lifetimes at higher γ doses, suggesting introduced non-radiative decay pathways. Furthermore, Phy-X software analysis highlighted effective γ-ray shielding influenced by chemical composition and photon flux, with MAC sharply decreasing to 1.8 cm2/g at 0.1 MeV and stabilizing, while LAC showed reduced attenuation efficiency at higher energies. HVL and TVL increased with energy, stabilizing around 4–5 cm and 15–16 cm, respectively, necessitating thicker materials for effective shielding at higher photon energies. MFP rapidly increased to 6–7 cm at 2 MeV, stabilizing at higher energies, while Zeff decreased sharply before stabilizing around 1 MeV. The EBF and EABF trends exhibited higher values at low energies, stabilizing at higher energies, indicating effective photon interaction and resonance effects.

Identification of common biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease and cognitive dysfunction using machine learning algorithms

Cognitive dysfunction caused by diabetes has become a serious global medical issue. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) exacerbates cognitive dysfunction in patients, although the precise mechanism behind this remains unclear. Here, we conducted an investigation using RNA sequencing data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We analyzed the differentially expressed genes in DKD and three types of neurons in the temporal cortex (TC) of diabetic patients with cognitive dysfunction. Through our analysis, we identified a total of 133 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared between DKD and TC neurons (62 up-regulated and 71 down-regulated). To identify potential common biomarkers, we employed machine learning algorithms (LASSO and SVM-RFE) and Venn diagram analysis. Ultimately, we identified 8 overlapping marker genes (ZNF564, VPS11, YPEL4, VWA5B1, A2ML1, KRT6A, SEC14L1P1, SH3RF1) as potential biomarkers, which exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in ROC curve analysis. Functional analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) revealed that these genes were primarily enriched in autophagy, ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity, MAP-kinase scaffold activity, and syntaxin binding. Further enrichment analysis using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) indicates that these biomarkers may play a crucial role in the development of cognitive dysfunction and diabetic nephropathy. Building upon these biomarkers, we developed a diagnostic model with a reliable predictive ability for DKD complicated by cognitive dysfunction. To validate the 8 biomarkers, we conducted RT-PCR analysis in the cortex, hippocampus and kidney of animal models. The results demonstrated the up-regulation of SH3RF1 in the cortex, hippocampus and kidney of mice, which was further confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blot validation. Notably, SH3RF1 is a scaffold protein involved in cell survival in the JNK signaling pathway. Based on these findings, we support that SH3RF1 may be a common gene expression feature that influences DKD and cognitive dysfunction through the apoptotic pathway.