Cobb-Douglas Production Function Analysis Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF POTATO FARMING PRODUCTION FACTORS

There have been many research results that show that production factors affect agricultural production. However, a thorough analysis of production factors has not been carried out much. In addition, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the efficiency of potato production factors in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the production factors that significantly affect potato production and the efficiency of the use of production factors. A Cobb-Douglas production function analysis was carried out to determine the influence of production factors on potato production. Furthermore, an allocative efficiency analysis was carried out to determine the efficiency of using production factors. The study results showed that the production factors of land area, seed, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, fungicide, land cultivation labor, and harvest labor positively and significantly affected potato production. This study also found that only the input factor of planting labor had a significant adverse effect on potato production. In the allocative efficiency analysis, it was found that the use of production factors of seed, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, fungicide, land cultivation labor, and harvest labor is inefficient, so these production factors must be increased in their use. On the other hand, the production factor of the land area shows inefficient results, so the land area must be reduced to achieve optimal efficiency.

Evaluating economic viability and environmental externalities of integrated tilapia-sugarcane farming in Maharashtra

In recent years, farmers in Maharashtra have engaged in aquaculture-sugarcane farming, with those from the Ujjani reservoir area practicing integrated sugarcane farming using tilapia farm discharge water. This study aims to systematically compare the economic viability and environmental externalities between sugarcane-only farms (SF) and tilapia-sugarcane farms (TSF) within the commanding area of the Ujjani reservoir. Primary data was collected from the 160 farmers (80 SF, 80 TSF), and Secondary data were collected from published literature, the Department of Fisheries, and fisheries cooperative societies. Data analysis used descriptive statistics to characterize demographic profile, farm performance (cost-benefit analysis, production function), and farmers' perceptions. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and two-way MANOVA were employed for environmental assessments. Results indicate that TSF yields higher profits across all cost scenarios, with a Benefit-Cost ratio of 1.69, surpassing SF's ratio of 1.55. The Cobb-Douglas production function analysis reveals increasing returns to scale for both SF and TSF, with the sum of coefficients exceeding one. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicate that 31 variables rated by sugarcane growers were extracted into ten components, which explains 65 % of the total variance for SF and 62 % for TSF. K-means cluster analysis grouped these components into four clusters, termed externalities of irrigation. A Two-way MANOVA indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) between SF and TSF farmers' perceptions of these externalities, with further distinctions among four farmer categories and significant interaction effects. Policy recommendations include financial incentives and environmental regulations to support TSF adoption, sustainable land-use policies, and institutional interventions for management practices and market research. These measures address challenges and promote the transition to sustainable TSF practices.

Analisis Faktor yang Memengaruhi Produksi Usahatani Kunyit di Desa Bandilan Kecamatan Prajekan Kabupaten Bondowoso

The aim of this research is to identify factors that influence production in the turmeric farming sector and evaluate the scale of production in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, Bondowoso Regency. The data used includes primary information obtained directly from farmers, including variables such as name, age, education level, land area, number of seeds used, and type of labor. Secondary data was also obtained from various agencies and institutions, including the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). This research involved all turmeric farmers in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, with a total of 50 respondents, which is a saturated sample. The data analysis method used is the Cobb-Douglas production function model with the help of SPSS software. The research results show that based on the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, turmeric farming in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, Bondowoso Regency, is significantly influenced by the area of land used. Simultaneously, all observed variables have a significant influence on turmeric production. Apart from that, the production scale of turmeric farming in Bandilan Village, Prajekan District, Bondowoso Regency, was found to be in a condition of Increasing Return to Scale.

Impact of Climate Change Assessments on Horticultural Crop Dynamics in Tamil Nadu, India

Aim: This study aims to analyze the dynamics of horticultural crop production in Tamil Nadu amidst climate change, focusing on trends, challenges, and opportunities across diverse agro-climatic zones, primarily considering variations in rainfall.&#x0D; Data: The research utilizes comprehensive datasets spanning a decade (2012-13 to 2021-22) encompassing records of rainfall, horticulture cultivation area, and production. The study focuses on major horticultural crop categories, including fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, spices and condiments, medicinal and aromatic crops, and flowers.&#x0D; Objective: (1) analyze compound annual growth rates of area, production, and productivity of key horticultural crops in Tamil Nadu, (2) conduct decomposition analysis over a decade for horticultural crops, and (3) assess climate change impact on agricultural production in Tamil Nadu focusing on rainfall patterns.&#x0D; Methodology: The study utilizes various analytical tools, including Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis, percentage analysis, decomposition analysis, and the Cobb-Douglas production function. Secondary data from government publications, including the Season and Crop Report of Tamil Nadu and the Department of Horticultural and Plantation Crop Report of Tamil Nadu, are utilized for analysis.&#x0D; Results: The analysis reveals intricate patterns influenced by climate variability, with certain zones demonstrating harmonious growth, while others contend with challenges related to cultivation and productivity. The decomposition analysis highlights the respective contributions of changes in cultivation area and crop yield to variations in production, underscoring the impact of climate change on agricultural dynamics. Additionally, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis indicates significant effects of both rainfall and cultivation area on horticultural production, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of factors influencing production trends.

Analisis Faktor-faktor Produksi Usahatani Tebu di Desa Banyuputih Kecamatan Banyuputih Kabupaten Situbondo

The aim of this research is to identify factors that influence production in the sugar cane farming sector and evaluate the scale of production in sugar cane farming in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency. The data used involves primary information obtained directly from farmers, including variables such as name, age, education level, land area, amount of seed used, amount of fertilizer used, and number and type of workforce. Secondary data was also obtained from various agencies and institutions, including the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The research was carried out on all sugar cane farmers in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, by selecting 30 respondents as samples using non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis method applied is the Cobb-Douglas production function model using SPSS software. The research results show that, based on the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, it can be concluded that sugar cane farming in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency, is significantly influenced by the use of seeds, urea fertilizer, phonska fertilizer, and labor. Simultaneously, all observed variables have a significant influence on sugarcane production. Furthermore, the scale of production businesses in sugar cane farming in Banyuputih Village, Banyuputih District, Situbondo Regency, was found to be in a condition of Increasing Return to Scale.

Comparative Profitability and Productivity Analysis of Rice Production in Coastal and Arable Land Areas of Bangladesh

This study aims to compare the productivity and profitability of rice production in coastal and arable land areas in Bangladesh while analyzing the factors influencing productivity and profitability. It seeks to provide insights into the differences in agricultural outcomes between these two types of land, essential for policy formulation and agricultural development. The research employs a stratified random sampling method to gather primary data from six villages in Gopalganj and Khulna districts, targeting 30 farmers from each village. Cobb-Douglas profit and production function analysis is utilized to estimate the impact of various factors such as seed cost, labor cost, fertilizer cost, insecticide cost, ploughing cost, and irrigation cost on profitability. The study reveals significant differences in productivity and profitability between coastal and arable land areas for rice cultivation. It identifies key factors affecting productivity and profitability, emphasizing the importance of policy support for enhancing the quality of inputs to bridge yield gaps and improve rice crop outcomes. One limitation of this research is the focus on specific regions within Bangladesh, potentially limiting the generalizability of findings to other areas. Additionally, the study may not capture all variables influencing productivity and profitability due to data constraints. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting the need for targeted interventions to support farmers in improving productivity and profitability. This research contributes to the existing literature by offering empirical evidence on the productivity and profitability dynamics of rice production in coastal and arable land areas in Bangladesh.

An Economic Appraisal and Resource Use Efficiency of Spring Maize Cultivation in Haryana

Background: Maize [Zea mays (L.)] is one of the most versatile crop thriving well in a myriad of agro-climatic environments. In Haryana, it is grown over an area of 0.07 lakh ha with production of 0.20 lakh tonnes having productivity of 3026 kg ha-1 in 2020-21. Traditionally, maize is cultivated in kharif season in Haryana but in recent years, the area under spring maize is also picking up in eastern part of the State owing to assured irrigation facilities. So, the present study evaluated cost and returns structure of spring maize and resource use efficiency in its cultivation in irrigated tract of Haryana during 2020-21. Methods: The study was based on primary data collected through face to face approach from 80 spring maize farmers using multi-stage purposive sampling technique. Simple budgeting technique was done for determining the cost and return structure of spring maize. In order to work out the resource use efficiency, production function analysis i.e. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed. Result: The findings exposed that, based on 2020-21 market prices, the average total cost of cultivation was ₹ 83350 ha-1 and gross returns realized were ₹ 108029 ha-1 reflecting net returns of ₹ 24679 ha-1. Moreover, the value of B-C ratio (1.29) reflected the profitability of spring maize cultivation in the study area. Further, the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis revealed that value of R2 was more than 0.80 in both districts and efficiency of resource use in spring maize exhibited decreasing returns to scale in both Karnal (0.91) and Kurukshetra (0.70) districts. Over-utilization of farm resources in cultivation of spring maize was observed in the study area.

Towards realizing vision 2030: Input demand for renewable energy production in Saudi Arabia

Minerals are critical resources in manufacturing and operating renewable energy technologies. Therefore, mineral-producing countries step forward to nestle renewable energy hubs using these resources. Likewise, Saudi Arabia intends to move on an equal footing by designing the national vision 2030 to realize its sustainable development goals. Given this, our objective is to examine the input demand (e.g., mineral production, human capital-augmented labour) for the aggregate renewable energy and solar electricity production within the purview of the decomposed measures of geopolitical risks,' threats' and 'acts' under the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis. To this end, we apply the cross-quantilogram (CQ) technique to examine the causal quantile connectedness between the variables with their fat-tailed distributive feature using monthly data from January 2008 to December 2021. Our findings confirm the increasing return to scale in cumulative renewable energy and solar electricity generation in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, this finding implies that mineral production positively impacts total renewable and solar energy generation at the low and medium quantiles under short, medium and long memories. Also, human capital-augmented labour favourably influences these two clusters of clean energy transitions in all quantiles under entire memories. In addition, the geopolitical risk 'threats' measure elevates, and the 'acts' parameter downsizes these dynamics of energy transformations in whole quantiles. Therefore, we recommend optimizing mineral resources to reach Saudi Arabia's aspirated renewable energy trajectory amid worldwide geopolitical tensions.

PROFITABILITY AND RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY OF CAPSICUM PRODUCTION IN CHITWAN DISTRICT, NEPAL

Unavailability coupled with inefficient and inappropriate use of resources is culminating into diminishing profitability and efficiency of vegetable production. This study aimed to analyze cost of production and resource use efficiency of capsicum enterprise in Chitwan district of Nepal uses Cobb-Douglas production function analysis to investigate the effects of different inputs on the returns from capsicum enterprise. Besides, descriptive statistics and t-test were also used. Primary data was collected from 66 randomly selected capsicum producers in Rapti Municipality and Bharatpur Metropolitan City using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. The total cost of production of capsicum in Chitwan district is NRs. 1,067,075.65 per ha; labour accounting the most of it at 22.14%. Capsicum production is found to be a profitable enterprise (BCR≈2). The return from capsicum production is likely to increase through improvements in use of fertilizer and plant protection inputs. Similarly, plant protection, seed and fertilizers are underutilized while labour, land preparation and harvest inputs are overutilized. In light of these findings, it is suggested that resources need to be allocated optimally in suggested proportions to get maximum returns. Also, labour costs can be minimized by introduction of mechanization for intercultural operations.

Optimal Economic and Resource Use Efficiency Analysis of Groundnut Production in Punjab, Pakistan

This study was carried out to investigate resource use efficiency in groundnut production and to identify and analyze groundnut production and marketing constraints in district Attock. This study was based on the primary data of 150 groundnut growers for the year 2021-22. The Cobb-Douglas production function has been carried out in the functional analysis and resource use efficiency has been used to measure the productivity of resources used in groundnut production. The results of the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis revealed that there are 64.6 percent variations in Groundnut yield collectively explained by all eight independent variables. The model obtained an F-value of 32.145, which was highly significant. The results of resource use efficiency revealed that the ratio of MVP to MFC was less than 1 for human labor X1, machinery power X2, transportation X4, manures X5, and fertilizer X6. The ratio of MVP to MFC for farm X3 was greater than 1 which shows the under-utilization of resources. The significant constraints of the production and marketing of groundnut are lack of adaptability of improved varieties, climate change, high input cost, no support price mechanism, limited markets, and lack of processing units, etc. On the basis of the results, the study recommends using an optimum level of inputs and using improved technology, and HYVs. Initiatives should be taken to raise the area of groundnut crops, and plant processing units and assure better support price mechanisms to achieve maximum productivity.

Profitability Analysis and Input Use Efficiency of Maize Cultivation in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

Maize farmers in Bangladesh are unaware of the benefits of maize cultivation due to a lack of information and concept generation. The objectives of this study were to estimate the cost and return of maize cultivation; assess the input use efficiency of maize cultivation for marginal, small, and medium maize production to address the problems; and suggest policy recommendations. The study was conducted in six villages in the Chuadanga district in Bangladesh. Data were collected by using an interview schedule from the purposively selected 80 respondents during 1–30 June 2018. After analyzing the data, the total cost of production was Tk. 124,495, Tk. 134,335, and Tk. 140,579 for marginal, small, and medium maize production, respectively. Per hectare gross return was Tk. 213,997, Tk. 204,972, and Tk. 197,163, and per hectare gross margin was Tk. 120,478, Tk. 104,748, and Tk. 92,516. Net return was calculated by deducting the gross cost from the gross return, and these were Tk. 89,502, Tk. 70,637, and Tk. 56,584. The benefit–cost ratio was 1.72, 1.53, and 1.40 for marginal, small, and medium maize production, respectively. From Cobb–Douglas production function analysis, it was observed that the coefficients of land preparation cost, irrigation cost, urea, and MoP cost were significant at different levels of probability for marginal, small, and medium maize production, and the coefficients of human labor cost, seed and pesticide used was not significant while the coefficients of TSP was negative and significant. This study also identified some of the problems associated with maize production. The findings revealed that the high price of inputs was the most acute problem, followed by a lack of technical knowledge and shortage of human labor at the critical stage, and declining soil fertility was the last obstacle that stood in the way of maize production in the study area.

Resource Use Efficiency in Paddy Cultivation: A Comparative Study of Telangana Sona and Chintu Varieties in Nalgonda District of Telangana State of India

The present study was undertaken to assess the resource use efficiency in the cultivation of the rice variety, Telangana Sona. A total sample of 120 farmers from 6 villages of three mandals in Nalgonda district of Telangana was selected. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis was used to study resource use efficiency. The results of the study revealed that in the cultivation of Telangana Sona, human labor, machinery, and fertilizers were underutilized and there is a scope for maximizing returns by increasing the use of these inputs. The Marginal Value Product (MVP) was less than one for costs incurred on plant protection chemicals, which means that the resource was over-utilized i.e. decrease in the use of this input is suggested. The study recommends the reallocation of resources for profitable rice cultivation.

Profitability assessment and efficiency analysis of tilapia farming in Bangladesh: An application on data envelopment analysis

This study was carried out to find out the financial profitability and technical efficiency of tilapia fish farmers in the selected area of Bangladesh. A total of 70 tilapia fish farmers (large 36 farmers and small 34 farmers) were selected from major tilapia producing area at Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. To fulfill the objectives of this study, profitability, socioeconomic analysis, Cobb-Douglas production function and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were employed. Study revealed that gross profit margin of the large farmers was 24.42% and small scale farmers was 23.8% indicating that farmers did not enough well in managing their farm and farmers has less capacity to cover for operating, financing and other cost. Break-even price for the large tilapia farmers worked out Tk. 77.33 per kg and small farmers was Tk. 81.56 per kg while break-even production for large farmers was found 1159.64 kg per hectare. Benefit cost ratio, net profit margin were found more than one and positive respectively, indicated that tilapia farming was commercially profitable. Considering all selected farmers, tilapia farming found a profitable business where undiscounted BCR for large farmers was 1.213 and a small farmer was 1.230. The mean technical efficiency level of tilapia fish farmers was 81.8 (where allocative efficiency was 93.1 and scale efficiency was 88.2) percent, implies that by operating at full technical efficiency levels, tilapia yield could be increased and efficient farmers found more productive than inefficient farmers. The results of technical efficiency showed that the farmers were efficient nevertheless, the sample farmers operated well below the production frontier and hence that they still had a chance to achieve targeted yields. Farmer’s financial benefit can be increased by reducing the feed price or increasing the output price. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 120-128, June 2022

Measuring the Profitability of Small Scale Poultry Producers through Contractual System in Bangladesh

The present study was undertaken to assess the system of broiler production under contractual agreement of feed mill with the small scale broiler producer in different locations of Netrokona district in Bangladesh. The study also explored the causes why broiler farmers entering in this contractual system. The study evaluates the profitability of small scale broiler producers as well as the feed mills who were engaged in contract with the farmer. The present study was based on the primary data which were collected from five feed mills who are utilizing contacts and 60 contract broiler producers using stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate cost and returns of broiler farming. The study revealed that on an average, total cost of raising broiler per farm per year and per bird per batch were Tk. 10,90,389 and Tk. 175 respectively. The gross return from broiler production per farm per year and per bird per batch was Tk. 13,44,737 and Tk. 208 respectively. Net returns of broiler production per farm per year and per bird per batch were estimated at Tk. 2,54,348 and Tk. 33 respectively. Moreover, it is evident from the study that the benefit cost ratio of broiler farms was 1.23. So, it is clear from the study that production of broiler under contractual system was profitable and the contract farmers were getting benefit. On the other side, feed mill sales center who are engaged in contracts were also benefitted by keeping extra profit in all credited inputs of broiler production by practicing the system. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis was used to determine the major factors namely age, education, family size, feed cost, day old chick cost, labor cost, medicare and additives cost and training of the producer affecting the gross return of broiler production. But the main influencing factors for broiler production were feed cost, day old chick cost, medicine and vaccine cost, education and training of the broiler farmer. The study also identified some problems related to contractual system and, production and marketing system of broiler production. Finally on the basis of the findings, some recommendations were made for the development of poultry production in Bangladesh. It may concluded that with effective management, contract farming system of feed mill’s can be a means to develop production of broiler farming and marketing the output in a way that is profitable for the both farmer and the feed mill.

Production and profitability of small scale broiler farming in selected areas of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh

This study focuses on the production and profitability of the broiler farming by using Cobb-Douglas production function and Benefit-Cost analysis. For this purpose, data were collected from 50 broiler farmers living in Birol and Sadar upazila of Dinajpur district in 2020. The result revealed that involvement in broiler production seems to be profitable for the small-scale broiler farmers for the study areas notifying by net return as Tk. 6681 with a benefit-cost ratio greater than one, whereas the gross return was Tk.193367. The net return over the total cost is 0.075. The production function resulted that feed, medicines and human labor had significant positive effect on production of broiler whereas only rental cost had negative effect. Training had a highly significant (p&lt;0.01) positive effect on production of broiler. Therefore, it can be recommended that training and proper use of drugs and medicine should be encouraged because of their significant impact. Government and NGOs should also arrange more training for improving broiler production in Bangladesh.&#x0D; Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 69-73, June 2021

Comparative profitability analysis and resource use efficiency of beekeeping using wooden and poly hive in some selected areas of Bangladesh

Apiarist traditionally adopt wooden hive in beekeeping. Modern poly hive provides a superior environment to raise and keep the honeybee population more vigorous due to its high-tech internal facilities and sanitary system. This study was conducted to examine the comparative profitability and resource use efficiency of beekeeping using traditional wooden hive and modern poly hive in Bangladesh during 2017-18. A total of 60 beekeepers, all have traditional wooden hive and 15 have modern poly hive, were randomly selected from Sirajganj, Gazipur and Satkhira districts to conduct farm level survey with pre-tested questionnaire. Findings of the study reveal that per hive gross and net return were Tk. 11019.26 and 4082.45 for wooden hive and Tk. 27373.34 and 19838.42 for poly hive, respectively. Total cost of beekeeping was Tk. 6936.81 and 7534.92 per hive for wooden and poly hive, respectively. Besides, benefit-cost ratios (BCR) were 1.59 and 3.63 for wooden and poly hive, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis reveals that labour, transportation, insecticide, equipment, hive and rental costs had significant influence on the returns of beekeeping. More than two times higher BCR and significant positive dummy variable “modern poly hive” indicate the greater profitability of beekeeping in modern poly hives. Resource use efficiency analysis indicates that labour, insecticide, equipment, and honey extraction inputs were under-utilized while feed, transportation, marketing, hive, colony and rental inputs were over-utilized. Beekeeping is also affected by some constraints including high costs of modern poly hive accessories, lack of skilled labour and initial capital, inadequate transportation and marketing facilities. Government and other related organizations should take necessary measures to mitigate those problems. Based on the findings, it is recommended to adopt modern poly hive in beekeeping.&#x0D; Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 84-91, June 2021

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea L.) DI KECAMATAN KUPANG BARAT KABUPATEN KUPANG

This research was conducted in West Kupang District, particularly in Oenesu Subdistric and Kuanheun Village in November 2019. This research aimed to determine the amount of peanut production and the factors that affect the production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The location of the research was purposively determined with respondents from 64 peanut farmers using the Slovenian formula. The type of data collected was primary and secondary data. The collected data was then analyzed descriptively to find out the first object and using the analysis of the cobb-douglas function to find out the second object. The results showed that: (1) The total peanut production of the respondents in West Kupang subdistrict was 76. 70 kg for a total area of ​​6.137 acres with the highest production at 2.200 kg and the lowest at 500 kg with a productivity of 1.2 tons/ha (2) Based on the results of Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, land area and seed had a significant effect on peanut production. While labour, the age, education level and agricultural experience of the farmer had no significant influence on peanut production.

Resource Productivity Analysis of Organic Turmeric Production in Surkhet District, Nepal

This study was conducted in 2020 to determine the profitability and productivity of organic turmeric production in the Surkhet district of Mid-western Nepal. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 60 farmers and two focus group discussions were held in four different communities. Turmeric is commonly utilized among Nepalese households in the preparation of curries and is considered one of Nepal’s top five major spice crops. Despite being one of the top five-spice crops, Nepal’s dependency on imported turmeric has been growing every year to meet domestic demand due to the gradual decline in domestic production. The simple descriptive and statistical tools including the Cobb-Douglas production function and benefit-cost analysis were used to analyze the result. The benefit-cost ratio was found to be 1.20, indicating that organic turmeric production was a low profitability sub-sector with a productivity of only 9.06 metric tons per hectare. The Cobb- Douglas production function showed that the cost on seed had a non-significant effect on gross returns and other costs like human labour cost, organic manure cost, ploughing cost, and other costs (agriculture equipment, thread, sack/doko, and rhizome treatment) were found statistically significant. Return to scale was calculated using the Cobb- Douglas production function and it was found to be 0.363, indicating that a 10% increase in the cost of production increases the rate of return by 3.63%, which is a diminishing rate of return. As a result, replacing human labour with agricultural machinery, lowering seed costs, and ensuring appropriate market prices are required to boost the productivity and profitability of organic turmeric production in the research area.

FACTORS AFFECTING LOCAL CASSAVA PRODUCTION JALAK TOWO IN KARANGANYAR REGENCY

Cassava is one of Indonesia's local food which ranks third largest after paddy and corn. CentralJava Province ranks second in producing cassava in Indonesia. One of the regencies / cities that has thepotential to be developed in cassava farming is Karanganyar Regency. Karanganyar Regency has acassava variety called Jalak Towo. Jalak towo has a softer texture compared to other cassava.Thisstudy aim were determine the factors of production that affect the production of jalak towo cassava inKaranganyar Regency and its optimization analysis. The basic method used in this research wasdescriptive and analytical methods. The research location was Tawangmangu Subdistrict and JatiyosoSubdistrict as sub-districts producing jalak towo cassava in Karanganyar Regency. Sampling in thisstudy using a random sampling method with a total of 60 respondents consisting of 30 people at eachlocation. Data analysis methods used include: cobb-douglas production function analysis, varyingmodel parameter analysis and optimization analysis. The results of this study indicate that the factorsthat influence the production of jalak towo cassava are land area, experience, manure, urea fertilizer,age of the farmer, and location. Production factors that affect cassava production from the analysis ofvarying model parameters in Kec. Tawangmangu is the area ofland, manure, urea fertilizer, age of the farmer, and labor, while in Kec. Jatiyoso is land area and age. The results of the optimization analysisshowed that the combination of the use of production factors in Tawangmangu and Jatiyoso Subistrictsware not optimal.

ZAKAT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: STUDY IN THREE MUSLIM COUNTRIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of zakat on per capita income as one indicator of economic development. The data is analyzed by Cobb-Douglas production function and panel data analysis model. Study findings show that zakat significantly and positively affect on per capita income. This study also found that compared to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), most popular instrument of government to increase economic development, zakat has a greater coefficient. In addition, Muslims as a majority population on average unable to contribute significantly to economic development. However, they could contribute to zakat as seen from increase in amount of zakat collection.