Analysis Of Classroom Interaction Research Articles

Meaning-making in English-medium instruction science classroom interaction: from the systemic functional linguistics perspective

Abstract Teaching science in English is increasingly common worldwide. This study explores the role of language in science meaning-making during classroom interactions by drawing on video-recorded classroom observations of four biology lessons in secondary English medium instruction (EMI) settings in Hong Kong. Informed by systemic functional linguistics (SFL), we integrate classroom interaction analysis with Lemke’s approach to thematic analysis. The results reveal similar interactional patterns across full- and partial-EMI science classrooms, characterised by a lack of interactivity and authoritative teacher behaviour in selecting student responses to engage with. During extended initiation–response–feedback exchanges, teachers’ feedback on students’ responses appears to underscore the importance of teachers’ modified input – specifically input emphasising semantic relations within the field of biology – in developing students’ content knowledge and language skills. The implications of the findings for applying SFL pedagogies in EMI science classrooms to improve teacher–student interaction are discussed.

Taking an argumentation approach to statistical investigations: developing student data-ing practices

AbstractResearch literature has provided considerable insight as to how young students might come to deeper understandings of statistical concepts, processes and representations through investigations. However, ‘data-ing’—the critical thinking aspects of decision-making while engaging in statistical investigations—has shown to be more difficult to grasp. Data-ing aspects of statistical investigations identified in literature as particularly challenging include: generating researchable questions, knowing when or how to apply statistical knowledge, seeing a need for evidence to support conclusions, and knowing how to use data as evidence. Argumentation practices necessitate a focus on the use of evidence to logically support a claim, thereby offering potential to focus students on the sufficiency and quality of evidence and the conclusions that can be drawn. As such, argumentation offers potential to support students to engage in data decision-making practices. In the research described here, an argumentation focus was used to guide a statistical investigation with a class of 9–10-year-old students in a suburban Australian school. Analysis of classroom interactions and children's work samples suggested that taking an argument-based focus supported students’ developing capacity to overcome the aforementioned challenges and to engage in critical, decision-making practices with authentic, messy data within the context of the investigation.

Research on English Classroom Teaching Interactive Strategy for Higher Vocational Students in smart Classroom Environment

This study conducted experimental teaching of vocational college English listening and speaking courses in both smart classroom and simple multimedia classroom environments. Using an improved version of the Flipped Classroom Interaction Analysis System (SCIAS) and questionnaires, supplemented by S-T analysis as a complementary research method, the study conducted a comparative analysis of classroom records in terms of classroom structure, emotional atmosphere, interactive behaviors between teachers and students, interpersonal interactions, and interactions between teachers, students, and media technology. The results showed that compared to traditional classrooms, teaching in a smart classroom environment is more conducive to stimulating students' initiative, leading to deeper and more active classroom interactions.

Face-threatening and Face-saving Speech Acts of Teachers: A Discourse Analysis of Classroom Interactions

Politeness is fundamental to social order production and social interaction precondition. However, it is inevitable to encounter impoliteness in communication that could threaten a person's self-image. Hence, this study aims to explore the face-threatening acts of teachers in terms of positive and negative faces, as well as how they exhibit face-saving acts in classroom talks. This study employed a discourse analysis approach to investigate how teachers use language to threaten or save students' face needs during classroom interactions. The researchers collected the data from the video recordings taken by researchers from the twelve (12) research subjects' classroom discussions with their students at La Filipina National High School in Tagum City, Davao del Norte. The data was analyzed using the politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) and revealed that the teachers' face-threatening acts in terms of positive face are an insult, disapproval, criticism, bringing bad news, threat, non-cooperation, and unleashed negative emotions. While in terms of the negative face, they employed reminders, accepting compliments, giving offers and suggestions. The analysis also showed that teachers exhibited face-saving acts (Bald- on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record) directly and indirectly by telling jokes or giving hints. These study findings contribute to our understanding of the complex nature of face-to-face communication in the classroom and provide insights into how teachers threaten or manage face needs in their interactions with students.

Multimodal classroom interaction analysis using video-based methods of the pedagogical tactic of (un)grouping

ABSTRACT Grouping of people and/or things in school can involve challenging pedagogical problems and is a recurrent issue in research literature. Grouping of pupils sometimes aids learning, but detailed video-based analysis of how teachers (and pupils) group or ungroup (termed ‘(un)grouping’) in classrooms is rare. This multimodal classroom interaction analysis study builds on previous work by exploring how the Pedagogy Analysis Framework can help untangle complicated classroom interactions involving (un)grouping and identifies sixteen types of (un)grouping. The sample size is one class of thirty pupils (10-year-olds), their class teacher, and teaching assistant. Four research methods were used (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols, and individual teacher interviews). Six hours of data were video recorded (managed using NVivo). Data were analysed by two educational researchers, the class teacher, and two groups of pupils (three girls and three boys). The methodology is Straussian Grounded Theory. Data were recorded in 2019. We present how often participants (un)grouped during a lesson. We propose and use a grounded theory for (un)grouping which we call the ‘Exclusion, Segregation, Integration, and Inclusion (ESII) model’. Additionally, we discuss how misinformation and disinformation can complicate analysis of (un)grouping and examine different perspectives on (un)grouping.

The Realization of the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) Model in English Classroom at STAIKAP Pekalongan

This study aimed to identify the realization of the initiation-response-feedback (IRF) model in English Classroom at STAIKAP Pekalongan. It used a descriptive-qualitative study that implemented classroom interaction analysis by Sinclair and Coulthard in 1975 which stands for teacher initiation, students’ response, and feedback by lecturer. The subjects of this study are the first semester from Manajemen Pendidikan Islam Major which consists of 16 students and 1 lecturer. This study used three instruments: observation classroom, video recorder, and lesson transcript to gain the data. Then, the data is analyzed by Sinclair and Coulthard's (1975) theory. The study results showed that the lecturer and student implemented the IRF model in the teaching and learning process in English class. In this study there are the IRF pattern that was found to dominate in speaking skills was teacher elicit, in reading skills the IRF pattern that dominated was also teacher elicit, in listening skills the IRF pattern that dominated was Acknowledge act, and last in writing skills the IRF pattern that dominated was student response react. In conclusion, it is advised that the lecturer should uphold the quality of classroom interaction and provide ample opportunities for students to participate in verbal exchanges actively. Keywords: Classroom Interaction, English Classroom, IRF

Evaluation of Gender-Related Digital Violence Training in Catalonia

This study examines the results of evaluating a Catalan training program for practitioners working with survivors of gender-related violence. Considering the lack of scientific evidence previously shown by studies on this topic, this article aimed to triangulate the participants’ self-perception with their assessment of knowledge and competencies in tackling digital gender-related violence before and after the training. To do so, a pre-test and post-test case-based design was employed to identify and measure the participants’ improvement in self-perceived knowledge and their effective gain in knowledge and skills to address this kind of violence. Considering the contributions of a feminist evaluation approach, we also included in our evaluation the analysis of classroom interactions and the participants’ responses. The results overall demonstrate that the incorporation of assessment criteria from the feminist evaluation methodology increased the reliability of evaluation criteria. In addition, it also enabled us to identify the need to continue developing training programs that empower participants and prevent women and LGBTQI+ people from disengaging from digital spaces.

A Classroom Interaction Analysis of Teacher and Students by Using FIACS

Classroom interaction plays an important role in the teaching and learning process. It is because it involves the interaction between teacher, student and student-student in which they influence each other in the classroom interaction. It is also said that classroom interaction gives a chance to ask, to guess, to think even to the course material in order to make interaction between the teacher and students their selves in the classroom. This research is aimed to analyze the classroom interaction by using FIACS. This research is included as a quantitative content analysis design. This research involves a teacher and the 2nd semester students of STKIP Terang Bangsa. The observation is employed in this research as the method of collecting data. After that, the data would be calculated by using a formula. The results show that the Teacher Initiated category is the highest dominant in the classroom interaction. It has 3.422 or 95,50% out of 3.583 interactions in the classroom. Then, the Student-Initiated category has 161 or 4,50% of the total. Lastly, the Student-student initiated category has no interactions. Due to the limitations of the research, the researcher suggests that future research on this topic should involve more participants in interacting not only teacher to student but student to student, so the conclusion can be drawn more valid.

Analysis of Classroom Interaction Using Flander Interaction Analysis Categories System at Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Rivers State

This paper examined Classroom Interaction using Flanders’ Interaction Analysis Categories System at Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Rivers State. The purpose was to find out the percentage of the teachers’ and students’ talking time during classroom interaction and teacher-students characteristics during classroom interaction in Business Studies class at the College Demonstration Secondary School. The research adopted a descriptive qualitative research design. The study comprised of four teachers and 32 students of boys and girls which were purposively sampled. The observational and video recording techniques were deployed as instruments for data collection. The result found that teacher talk ratio was high, at 83.43%. Indirect teacher talk ratio was 53.37%. Moreover, direct teacher talk ratio was 31.06% while students talk ratio was 12.71% and silence or pause or confusion rate was 3.86%. The results further revealed that indirect talk was dominant than direct talk in the classroom conversation which indicated that most of the teaching-learning time was devoted to questions, lecturing and praises. The result of this research enhanced the knowledge of the teachers and Business Studies learners in the classroom. The implication was that both the teachers and students should have the willingness to participate in the classroom interaction for meaningful learning to take place. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories System should be implemented during teachers education program to be reinforced at all levels in all the classes for enhanced performance.

Language Functions in Undergraduate Classroom Discourse

This study investigates the multifaceted functions of language in undergraduate classroom discourse, focusing on how students utilize various language functions to enhance learning and communication in diverse educational settings. Through a descriptive qualitative analysis of classroom interactions, it reveals that students actively engage with both formal and informal teaching methods, fostering social interaction and critical thinking. Judgmental functions dominate the discourse, indicating a prevalent use of evaluation and critical analysis in student talk. However, the study also uncovers that responses to questions are multifaceted, often involving argumentative and informative discourse for deeper engagement with content. The research highlights the integral role of instructors in facilitating a classroom environment that promotes robust student discourse and equitable participation. The findings emphasize the need for educators to be aware of and integrate both recognized and uncategorized language functions into instructional strategies to support student communication and learning. Conclusively, this study provides insights into the dynamic application of language functions within classroom discourse and the crucial role of educators in guiding and enhancing this discourse. It suggests the necessity of further research into oral discourse in educational contexts, particularly the types of student explanations and clarifications, to refine teaching and learning practices.

Documenting students’ conceptual understanding of second language vocabulary knowledge: a translanguaging analysis of classroom interactions in a primary English as a second language classroom for linguistically and culturally diverse students

Abstract This article aims to build on prior research on translanguaging to document how linguistically and culturally diverse students in a primary ESL classroom mobilise a wide range of multilingual and multimodal resources to demonstrate their conceptual understanding of second language (L2) vocabulary knowledge during classroom interactions. The classroom interactional data will be analysed using Multimodal Conversation Analysis. The analyses of the classroom interactional data will be triangulated with the teacher’s video-stimulated-recall-interview data, which is analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in order to analyse the teacher’s reflections on students’ use of translanguaging to externalise their thought processes. The findings demonstrate that students’ use of translanguaging resources allows for an externalisation of thinking processes which offers visible output for inspection by the teacher. The findings challenge the conventional perspective of L2 acquisition, which commonly involves comparing the learning outcomes of experimental and control groups to evaluate their L2 progress and development. I argue that students’ translanguaging practices can be used as interactional resources for them to visualise their conceptual understanding in progress, which offers valuable diagnostic information for the teacher to assess students’ current knowledge states in the learning process. The findings of this study can provide a comprehensive picture of the process of L2 vocabulary learning as an embodied activity, indicating the need for researchers to conduct fine-grained analysis of students’ translanguaging practices when documenting evidence of students’ L2 learning.

The use of online interactive teaching mode in university music teaching under the background of informationization

Abstract This research method uses vocal recognition, classroom interaction analysis and social network analysis theory to cluster audio data through the process of data collection and feature extraction, active speech detection and speaker change detection, and finally quantifies and visualizes classroom data based on S-T analysis and social network analysis methods, and calculates corresponding indicators for qualitative analysis. After reforming the teaching mode, 80% of students expressed great satisfaction. The information-based teaching tools resulted in an overall upward trend in the grades of the three classes. In the middle and high score range of 80-89, Class 1 increased by 34%, Class 2 by 37%, and Class 3 by 28%, and all three classes showed a more significant increase. Regarding classroom interaction behaviors, teachers' verbal behavior rates decreased from 55.86% and 44.01% to 27.48%, while students' verbal behavior rates increased from 21.92% and 21.23% to 39.73%.

Creating translanguaging spaces in a Hong Kong English medium instruction mathematics classroom: A comparative analysis of classroom interactions with and without the use of iPad

Recent educational studies have paid less attention to how teachers utilize resources to contingently respond to unexpected technical issues. This comparative study investigates how various resources are employed in moments when the teacher creates a technology-mediated space through the affordance of a mobile device (iPad) and moments that are not mediated by the iPad due to technical failure in an English-Medium-Instruction (EMI) mathematics classroom. The analysis, conducted using Multimodal Conversation Analysis and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, illustrates that the linguistic and multimodal resources, which are used in a technology-mediated space for developing pedagogical strategies, transcend the boundaries of mode since they are re-enacted in the context without using the iPad. I argue that an EMI classroom can be conceptualised as an integrated translanguaging space with different sub-spaces, allowing the teacher to strategically draw on multilingual and multimodal resources to transcend mode boundaries and shape the classroom as a space for learning.

Using Video and Multimodal Classroom Interaction Analysis to Investigate How Information, Misinformation, and Disinformation Influence Pedagogy

Abstract Misinformation is accidentally wrong and disinformation is deliberately incorrect (i.e., deception). This article uses the Pedagogy Analysis Framework (paf) to investigate how information, misinformation, and disinformation influence classroom pedagogy. 95 people participated (i.e., one lesson with 7-year-olds, another with 10-year-olds, and three with a class of 13-year-olds). The authors used four video-based methods (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols, and teacher interviews). 35 hours of video data (recorded 2013–2020) were analysed using Grounded Theory Methods by the researchers, the class teachers, and groups of pupils (three girls and three boys). The methodology was Straussian Grounded Theory. The authors present how often participants used information, misinformation, and disinformation. They illustrate how the paf helps understand and explain information, misinformation, and disinformation in the classroom by analysing video data transcripts. In addition, the authors discuss participant perceptions of the status of information; overlapping information, misinformation, and disinformation; and information communication difficulties.

Engagement in initiation, response, and feedback in L2 classroom interactions

Engagement in the L2 classroom is consequential for enhancing the quality of L2 learning experiences; however, the exploration of engagement in the Initiation, Response, and Feedback (IRF) cycles has received scant attention in L2 pedagogy. This study reports on research, examining engagement in Initiation, Response, and Feedback moves in the IRF cycles. Video recordings and questionnaires were used to collect data from ten EFL classes, being directed by eight teachers, with 73 learners. Using a post-interaction questionnaire and conversation analysis of classroom interactions, the analysis of the data revealed 784 triadic cycles out of which 493 moves embodied engagement. The data showed that not only do the Response and Feedback stages afford L2 learners the opportunity to deliberate on Form-focused language-related episodes (F-LREs), Lexis-focused LREs (L-LREs), and Mechanical LREs (M-LREs), but they also promote social and affective engagement. The comments on the questionnaire also revealed a deeper understanding of the participants’ affective engagement. The findings revealed that certain features of the IRF cycles and peers’ contributions encourage engagement during the IRF cycles. The results also demonstrated that scaffolding, mutuality, reciprocity, back-channeling, and commenting on preceding contributions made L2 learners socially engaged. The analysis suggests that the IRF cycles can create ad-hoc chances for engagement in L2 classroom interactions.

How EFL teacher Modelling Politeness: Pragmatic Analysis of Classroom Interaction

Purpose- This study aims to find the types of politeness strategies used by English teachers during the learning process.
 Design/methodology/approach- This study uses a qualitative research method with ethnographic communication design to find politeness strategies in speech used by English teachers at SMA Negeri 1 Prambon. Research data were taken through observation and interviews. Researchers used a coding scheme to analyze the data that has been obtained.
 Findings/results – It was found 134 teacher utterances, classified according to politeness strategies that were applied during the English learning process. Of the 134 teacher utterances, there are 35 utterances categorized as positive politeness strategies, 8 utterances as negative politeness strategies, 69 as bald on-record politeness strategies, and 22 utterances as off-record politeness strategies. In other words, the bald on-record strategy is the dominant politeness strategy used by English teachers during the learning process. Thus, the politeness strategies used by teachers are influenced by certain conditions and situations in the classroom.
 Originality/value - Politeness strategy is a very crucial thing which needs to be considered in its use based on the appropriate conditions and situations, especially by the teacher as an example or role model for his students is not the case in the delivery of subject matter but also attitude or speech.
 Paper type – Research paper 
 Keywords: Teacher talk, pragmatic, politeness strategies

Language policy in the internationalisation of Higher Education in Anglophone countries: The interplay between language policy as ‘text’, ‘discourse’ and ‘practice’

Abstract In order to better compete in an increasing neoliberalised education system, many Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have developed an internationalisation strategy that aims at incorporating an intercultural and global dimension into curricula and learning environments for all. This internationalisation agenda raises important language policy issues that are often side-lined in the UK and other Anglophone countries where an English monolingual ethos prevails. Centrally, the question arises indeed as to whether internationalisation processes have an impact on HEIs’ language policies in Anglophone countries. This paper takes the case of a Russell Group University in the UK and focuses on two masters programmes that attract annually a ‘multilingual elite’ (Barakos and Selleck 2019). It examines the institution’s language policy adopted at the levels of ‘texts’, ‘discourses’ and ‘practices’ (Bonacina-Pugh 2012), using a critical discourse analysis of policy documents and a conversation analysis of classroom interactions. We argue that language policy is at the core of HEIs’ internationalisation processes even in Anglophone countries and that, methodologically, the articulation of findings from critical discourse and conversational analyses represents a step forward in the field of language policy.

Analyzing the Differences of Interaction and Engagement in a Smart Classroom and a Traditional Classroom

Interaction in the classroom plays the key role for cultivating students’ 21st century skills. Insufficient breadth of interaction, uneven interaction opportunities, and chaotic interaction existed in many classrooms. With the integration of technology into education, many smart classrooms were built, with one of the aims being to promote interaction. However, the differences of interaction behaviors and engagement in a smart class versus a traditional class could rarely be found in literature, especially with the same teacher lecturing in both classes. In this study, a quasi-experiment was conducted by one experienced English teacher lecturing in a smart classroom with students and a traditional classroom with students for one semester. Research data were obtained by coding the 8 class videos with the proposed “Classroom Interaction Analysis Framework” and the adapted engagement questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Results showed that there were no significant differences in either interpersonal interaction or human–technology interaction; however students experienced significantly more engagement in the smart classroom. The reasons were analyzed and interaction patterns in smart classroom were discussed. Finally, a smart classroom interaction model was proposed to promote classroom interaction by considering the interplay of pedagogy, space, and technology.

Co-constructing Professional Vision: Teacher and Researcher Learning in Co-Design

Prior research has highlighted that for teachers to develop robust practices, they need to develop rich professional vision (PV)—the ability to see nuanced issues of teaching and learning in situ, interpret them, and respond. In the context of problem-based learning (PBL), PV involves guiding student-centered learning and understanding when to provide just-in-time scaffolding as students navigate real-world problems. In efforts between teachers and researchers to co-design PBL experiences, design partners co-construct PV as they put forth different ways of seeing and navigate how to support student learning together. We need to better understand how (1) PV is interactionally constructed in these efforts and (2) what tools and designs support this co-construction. We use discourse analysis to explore how joint video analysis in one co-design effort supported the simultaneous development of PV for teacher and researcher. Findings revealed that collaborative video analysis of classroom interaction and student artifacts acted as boundary objects for design partners—a shared space for meaning making. On video, classroom interactions were revisited, and alternative possibilities reimagined. Group artifacts (e.g., drawings and notes) made students’ thinking available for interpretation. Consistent open-ended questions in co-design (e.g., “how are we seeing PBL in action here?”) supported the negotiation and alignment of PVs, setting shared goals, and planning actions for upcoming class periods. This research contributes to our shared understanding of how to support research and practice that is responsive to local context and is mutually beneficial for researcher and teacher.

An analysis of classroom interaction in speaking class

The purpose of this study is to find out the dominant category used by the teacher and the student during classroom interaction and to investigate which task that require the student to talk more. The study used a qualitative approach which included a case study. Naturalistic observation and encoding matrix were used to obtain the data. The data were examined using the FIACS (Flanders Interaction Analysis Category System) approach proposed by Flanders (1970) frameworks for forms of classroom interaction. The data demonstrated that both the teacher and the students used all of the FIACS system of interaction categories. The result of this study revealed that the dominant category applied by the teacher was Ask Question with the percentage 18.03% in the first meeting and 20.15% in the second meeting. In the other hand the dominant category used by students in the first and second meeting was Students-Talk Initiation with the percentage 38.52% and 49.71%. In addition, the classroom interaction is dominantly made by the students in the second meeting supported by discussion task. The percentage of Students Talk in the second meeting was 59.68%. Keyword: classroom interaction, FIACS (Flanders Interaction Analysis Category System), speaking class