Characterization Analysis Research Articles

Homoplasy in the embryonic development of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids from the subtribe Malaxidinae (Orchidaceae).

During evolution, similar vectors of adaptive radiation may have evolved in the subtribe Malaxidinae. This was manifested in homologous series of variability in suspensor shape and seed coat ultrasculpture in clades of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. The present study examines the variability of embryonic traits across clades and subclades of subtribe Malaxidinae (Orchidaceae), previously identified by molecular genetic data. Ovules and seeds from fruits of orchids of the genera Crepidium, Liparis (sections Cestichis and Blepharoglossum), Dienia, and Oberonia were examined by confocal laser microscopy with fluorescent dye staining. The branched or rounded suspensor in the studied species was unicellular and originated from the nondividing basal cell cb. The elongated or flattened transmission structure of one or two cells was located at the junction of the suspensor and the embryo proper. Two species (Oberonia gammiei and Liparis elliptica) were found to have unitegmal ovules. Three morphological groups of seeds were identified based on the shape and sculpture of the periclinal cell wall. A comparative analysis of the embryological characters in Malaxidinae species reveals that the lobed suspensor is a homoplasy present in different subclades of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. The flat transmission cell is an apomorphy in the Cestichis subclade. Similarly, the independent formation of the unitegmal ovule occurred in two subclades of epiphytic orchids. The results of our study suggest that similar adaptive radiation vectors may have evolved in the subtribe Malaxidinae in the orchids we studied.

Trends in the Use of Augmented Reality in Character Development within Local Wisdom in Schools: A Bibliometric Study

This paper provides a thorough assessment and analysis of prior research literature. The objective of this review is to ascertain the disparities in research about the Application of Augmented Reality in character development and to determine the best actions to continue this research. This goal is achieved through bibliometric analysis and descriptive content. The keywords "Augmented reality" and "character" were Derived from the Scopus research database for bibliometric analysis. Publications from 2014 to 2024 can only be accessed. The data indicate a substantial rise in the amount Investigation carried out on the application of augmented reality in character development. Specifically, there were 22 papers published in 2022, marking the largest amount of studies and citations was documented during that year. The IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics journal is the most cited source. Quantitative methods are used more often than qualitative methods. Methods such as Descriptive Statistical Analysis and Regression Analysis are the most frequently used, with fifty and forty-five occurrences, respectively. This research could be a valuable reference for other academics exploring the implementation of augmented reality in character analysis. Moreover, the presence of research deficiencies can motivate other scholars to confront these deficiencies with the aim of enhancing the utilization of augmented reality in the cultivation of character in children.

Anatomical-Foliar Diversity of Agave salmiana subsp. salmiana (Asparagaceae) in Three Populations of the Teotihuacán Region (Mexico).

Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck is an endemic Mexican plant distributed from 1230 to 2460 m above sea level, native to the arid zones of central and southern Mexico. It is a traditionally used species, with morphotypes ranging from wild to cultivated, with an ample cultural and management history. The species is important because it generates employment, and its products are used for self-consumption and are marketed as raw materials; however, little is known about its leaf anatomical description or studies that report the variation in its characters in terms of its level of management and its altitudinal gradient. To address this, we collected leaf samples from three localities of the Teotihuacan region in the State of Mexico (Mexico) and obtained anatomical leaf sections; with these, we also obtained thirty-eight parameters to quantitatively describe leaf anatomy. Thus, in this study, the general anatomical description of the leaf of Agave salmiana subsp. salmiana is presented. Unique leaf characters and others shared with the species of the genus were identified for the leaf of A. salmiana subsp. salmiana. In addition, significant variation was observed when comparing the three sampled localities (78.95%). From the analysis of anatomical characters, abaxial outer periclinal wall length, length of adaxial palisade parenchyma cells, fiber length, surface area of abaxial epidermal cells, width of abaxial palisade parenchyma cells, and total length of parenchyma in adaxial palisade were found to distinguish individuals from the three localities analyzed and the differences are related to management and altitude gradients.

Developing an Understanding of Artistic Imagery through the Analysis of Character Systems in Literary Works

This article explores the importance of a systematic analysis of characters in literary works for a deeper understanding of the content and the author’s intent. Various approaches to classifying characters (main, secondary, episodic) and their roles in creating the philosophical, social, and psychological dimensions of the text are examined. Using examples from Russian classical literature, the study analyzes how the character system helps to reveal central themes and conflicts, highlighting the layers and depth of the work. Recommendations are provided for employing character system analysis in educational settings, promoting critical thinking and analytical skills among students.

What Roles Do Women Have in the Political Worlds in Hamlet and Macbeth?

The purpose of this paper is to explore the important role of female characters in the political world in William Shakespeare’s tragedies Hamlet and Macbeth. By analyzing Queen Gertrude, Ophelia, Lady Macbeth, and the three witches, the paper reveals the influence of women in the political realm and the limitations they face. Centering on Hamlet, the essay begins by analysing Gertrude’s influence on the Danish political landscape and Ophelia’s dilemma in the struggle for male power. The article then turns to Macbeth to explore how Lady Macbeth’s ambitions for power and the witches’ supernatural abilities influence Macbeth’s political decisions. The article points out that despite their political potential and influence, these female characters remain constrained by patriarchy and are often seen as tools in the male power struggle. Finally, the essay summarises the common themes and differences between the female characters in Hamlet and Macbeth, and reflects on the place of women in the political world and the challenges they face. Through an in-depth analysis of female characters in Shakespeare’s works, this thesis aims to deepen the understanding of women’s experiences in political struggles, as well as their efforts to attain power and self-actualization in a patriarchal society.

Phytophthora heterospora is the causal agent of black rot disease on the orchid Cattleya leopoldii in Brazil.

Widely produced and marketed worldwide, orchids suffers from several diseases that have a negative effect on production. Black rot disease is among the most common and severe disease, characterized by black spots of rot on leaves, pseudobulbs and roots, which usually lead to the plant death. The world literature lists some Phytophthora species as causal agents of the disease, but there is no advanced study on the etiology of this disease in Brazil, which makes it difficult to determine an efficient control method. This work aims to contribute to the study of the etiology of black rot on Cattleya leopoldii in Brazil. Severely diseased C. leopoldii plants with typical symptoms of black rot, collected from a commercial orchid farm in Brazil, were taken to the laboratory and used to isolate the pathogen. Based on morphological characters analysis combined with molecular data, the isolates were identified as belonging to the species Phytophthora heterospora. This is the first worldwide report of P. heterospora causing black rot disease on orchids.

Supporting Emotional Intelligence and Inferential Comprehension Using Character Analysis in Picturebooks

AbstractThis Teaching and Learning Guide highlights how early childhood teachers can support emotional intelligence and inferential comprehension by drawing children's attention to characters' feelings and by asking students to notice evidence from the illustrations and text.

"Clothe you his body, he will help to apparel your mind": Imitation and Narcissism in Cynthia's Revels

abstract: This study examines the relationship between imitation and narcissism in the early modern period through a rereading of Ben Jonson's Cynthia's Revels . Contrary to modern psychoanalytic understanding that a close connection exists between imitation and narcissism, imitation, as a method of translation and creation, in the early modern period does not relate to narcissism; in fact, they can be viewed as opposing concepts. To explore the relationship between imitation and narcissism and to establish a connection between the two concepts in psychoanalysis, this study uses the works of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. Through an analysis of characters, Criticus and Amorphus, in Cynthia's Revels , this study reveals that, while Criticus often imitates classical authors such as Horace, Seneca, and Juvenal, he is not regarded as a narcissist. Contrastingly, characters such as Amorphus are portrayed as narcissistic, though they only quote Latin idioms and do not imitate them. Their behavior is mimicry, a superficial imitation without substance. This article then rereads the portrayals of Criticus and Amorphus from a modern-day psychoanalytic perspective, suggesting that Criticus can be perceived as narcissistic and that Amorphus can be seen as a force of satire instead of a satirized target.

Leptodactylus sertanejo Giaretta & Costa, 2007, a junior synonym of Leptodactylus jolyi Sazima & Bokermann, 1978 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae)

The genus Leptodactylus currently comprises 84 species of predominantly Neotropical lowland frogs. The L. fuscus group is the most species-rich in the genus, including the nominal species L. jolyi and L. sertanejo. In a published comprehensive study, involving a total evidence analysis of molecular and non-molecular traits, the grouping of L. jolyi and L. sertanejo was very poorly supported, denoting indifferentiation, and indicated that both species cannot be reliably distinguished from each other morphologically. We analysed the overall morphology and color pattern of the specimens attributed to L. jolyi and L. sertanejo and verified that they are closely similar or even identical. The Comparative Anatomy Index did not present dissimilarities for any morphometric variable. Submitting the values to the Principal Component Analysis, we confirmed the morphometric similarity for all variables. To evaluate the discrepancy degree, the values obtained were submitted to the adherence test of the χ2 and we found that no significant morphometric differences did exist. The advertisement calls of 17 specimens attributed to L. jolyi and L. sertanejo are composed of a single harmonic note constituted by one to four pulses. There are no bioacoustic dissimilarities among the specimens analyzed. The multivariate canonical analysis did not discriminate differences among the specimens. Consequently, considering the poor molecular differentiation and based on the analysis of morphological and meristic characters and on advertisement calls, the synonymization of Leptodactylus sertanejo with L. jolyi is proposed.

Conflicts and Restrictions: Flora Nwapa's Visionary Exposé of Women's Struggles in Nigerian Marital Contexts

This paper investigates acclaimed Nigerian Author Flora Nwapa's nuanced literary portrayals of the challenges Nigerian women face within marital roles and relationships. Through textual analysis of characters and events across Nwapa's novels, short stories and folklore centered on women's experiences, the study illuminates critical perspectives on issues of patriarchy, lack of autonomy, rigid gender roles, and socioeconomic restrictions undermining women’s agency and fulfillment. Core themes highlighted in Nwapa's subtle social commentary include anguish over infertility, hardships from prolonged spousal absence, emotional tolls of polygamy, lack of personal choice in partners, limited educational and career opportunities, economic dependence, and domestic violence. Her visionary work gives voice to Nigerian women’s aspirations while exposing oppressive structures. Findings substantiate how Nwapa’s rich depictions of women navigating complex marital terrain reveal an array of postcolonial and patriarchal impediments to female empowerment. Her literary portrayal of restrictions, conflicts and oppression compels critical examination of norms inhibiting women’s advancement. By confronting gender-based inequities and envisioning transformative possibilities, Nwapa leads African women writers in catalyzing legal and sociocultural reforms to promote women’s full flourishing.

Advanced Plant Phenotyping: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing and CimageA Software Technology for Precision Crop Growth Monitoring

In production activities and breeding programs, large-scale investigations of crop high-throughput phenotype information are needed to help improve management and decision-making. The development of UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) remote sensing technology provides a new means for the large-scale, efficient, and accurate acquisition of crop phenotypes, but its practical application and popularization are hindered due to the complicated data processing required. To date, there is no automated system that can utilize the canopy images acquired through UAV to conduct a phenotypic character analysis. To address this bottleneck, we developed a new scalable software called CimageA. CimageA uses crop canopy images obtained by UAV as materials. It can combine machine vision technology and machine learning technology to conduct the high-throughput processing and phenotyping of crop remote sensing data. First, zoning tools are applied to draw an area-of-interest (AOI). Then, CimageA can rapidly extract vital remote sensing information such as the color, texture, and spectrum of the crop canopy in the plots. In addition, we developed data analysis modules that estimate and quantify related phenotypes (such as leaf area index, canopy coverage, and plant height) by analyzing the association between measured crop phenotypes and CimageA-derived remote sensing eigenvalues. Through a series of experiments, we confirmed that CimageA performs well in extracting high-throughput remote sensing information regarding crops, and verified the reliability of retrieving LAI (R2 = 0.796) and estimating plant height (R2 = 0.989) and planting area using CimageA. In short, CimageA is an efficient and non-destructive tool for crop phenotype analysis, which is of great value for monitoring crop growth and guiding breeding decisions.

Disentangling disjunctus: an integrated analysis of the patent leather beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus complex (Passalidae: Coleoptera) with the description of two new species

The categorical rank of species is the fundamental taxonomic unit in characterizing biodiversity, and the accurate identification of species-level lineages is vital to all fields of biological research. This is particularly true for conservation biology, where state and federal agencies make conservation assessments based on recognized species’ distribution, ecology, and demography. Currently, there are two species of bess beetle in the conterminous United States, Odontotaenius flordianus (Schuster) and O. disjunctus (Illeger). Phylogeographic studies have proposed that O. disjunctus may represent a species complex harboring cryptic diversity. This study combines multi-locus species delimitation methods and multivariate analyses of morphological characters used to distinguish O. floridanus, to assess species diversity within the O. disjunctus complex. Delimitation methods inferred four well-supported species that diverged during the Pleistocene and whose formation was driven by historical isolation associated with shifting climatic conditions. We found a correlation between increased morphological differentiation and time since divergence. We described two new species, Odontotaenius jackmanicus sp. nov., based on morphological and molecular characters, and the cryptic species, Odontotaenius cryptodisjunctus sp. nov., diagnosed exclusively on molecular characters. We propose that the morphological similarities between O. disjunctus and O. cryptodisjunctus are due to a recent speciation combined with morphological conservatism and evolutionary stasis.

The Presence of Biopower in Keiko Furukura from Sayaka Murata’s “Convenience Store Woman”

The collected written and oral works of a society portraying values and beliefs as well as their challenges are referred to as literature. In terms of age and volume, Japanese literature is comparable to Western literature. Sayaka Murata, a prominent Japanese author, critiques conventions, exemplified by her 2016 novella "Convenience Store Woman," shaping the identity of a 21st-century woman. Keiko, Murata’s heroine, works in a convenience store and lives through the question of absolute autonomy. This study investigates the presence of Biopower in Keiko Furukura from Sayaka Murata’s “Convenience Store Woman.” Specifically, it looks into character, settings, and themes. This study uses a qualitative method, specifically Discourse Analysis. The theories that support this study are Michel Foucault’s Theory of Biopower and Sociological Literary Criticism by Kenneth Burke. The results of this study reveal that Anatomopolitics and Biopolitics are the forms of Biopower present in the character. In the settings, both Anatamopolitics and Biopolitics are also exhibited. Similarly, Anatomopolitics and Biopolitics are the forms of Biopower found in the themes. Based on the findings, this study concludes that Biopower is present in Keiko Furukura from Sayaka Murata’s “Convenience Store Woman.” From the study’s conclusion, the following are recommended: The Death of Individualism: A Character Analysis of William Stoner from John William’s “Stoner,” Construction of Identity: A Sociological Critique of Natsuko Imamura’s “The Woman in the Purple Skirt,” Challenging Gender Norms: An Examination of Gender Norms in Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice,” Challenging the Contemporary Feminism of Kojima in “Heaven” by Meiko Kawakami.

Comparative Analysis of Some Morpho-cultural Characters of Venturia inaequalis (Apple Scab Pathogen) under Kashmir Conditions

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) represents one of the most widely cultivated and economically important temperate fruit crops in the world. However, its cultivation faces significant challenges due to various fungal pathogens, particularly apple scab inflicted by Venturia inaequalis, which has a profound impact on the yield and quality of apple, resulting in substantial economic loss. The pervasive nature of V. inaequalis and its ability to damage crops poses a serious threat to sustainable apple production. In this study, the morpho-cultural characteristics of V. inaequalis were systematically analyzed and compared between the Shopian and Baramullah districts of the Kashmir Valley. Ten isolates from each district were grown on Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for comparative analysis. The colonies were characterized by a compact hue ranging from greyish-green to blackish and exhibited a densely velvety texture. Mycelial growth was predominantly aerial, with some isolates displaying partial irregularity in colony margins, while others exhibited greater uniformity. The mean colony radii for potato dextrose agar and malt extract agar media was measured as 23.01 mm and 28.50 mm for the Shopian district, and 28.09 mm and 33.33 mm for the Baramullah district, respectively. The mean conidial spore density was recorded at 27.87 spores/cm² for the Baramullah district and 34.67 spores/cm² for the district Shopian, respectively. This variation could be attributed to several factors, including genetic diversity within the pathogen populations, differences in altitude, climate, and other environmental factors, the selection pressure exerted by fungicide applications, the emergence of novel pathogen races, and phenotypic plasticity driven by the differing agricultural practices and microclimatic conditions in the respective regions.

Studying the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Lipsticks Made with Phycoerythrin Under the Influence of Different Magnetic Fields

Background: Several studies have shown the benefits of magnetic treatment on the productivity of secondary metabolites, growth, and the state of microalgae cultures Objective: This study examined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lipsticks made with phycoerythrin (PE) extracted from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. under the influence of different magnetic fields (30 mT and 60 mT). Material and Methods: After cyanobacterial culture under magnetic fields of 30 mT and 60 mT, the PE was extracted and lipsticks were formulated. The primary evaluation methods used in this study are melting point, breaking point, linoleic acid peroxidation assay, force of application, stability, surface abnormalities, skin irritation, thixotropy character, dispersibility test, perfume stability, colorimetric assay, antioxidant, and microbial analysis Results: The 30 mT treatment showed the highest concentration, purity, dry weight, antioxidant activity, and percentage of PE extraction compared to control cultures. No significant differences were found in the melting point, stability, thixotropy character, dispersibility, or perfume stability tests. The breaking point and force of application decreased significantly during 30 days. Peroxidation assay tests revealed lipstick increased oxidation and antioxidant activity after 30 days of 30 and 60 mT treatments compared to non-PE cultures. The study found that the amount of ΔE increased significantly in cultures without PE over time, while this increase was lower in magnetic field-treated cultures. However, no signs of crystal formation, surface wrinkles, liquid secretion, itching, or skin irritation were observed in 30 days of 30 and 60 mT magnetic treatments compared to control cultures with PE. Microbial analyzes over 30 days showed a significantly lower number of bacteria under magnetic fields than control cultures. In addition, the results of counting Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria were negative for thirty days. The antioxidant activity of PE was significantly higher in magnetic field-treated cultures. The number of Staphylococcus aureus decreased significantly in all cultures under magnetic field influence. Conclusions: The overall results of this study showed that magnetic fields had a significant effect in many evaluation tests on the culture of cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. As a result, lipsticks made with extracted PE have more antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

Konsep Tata Ruang Goa Gajah dan Kolam Patirthan Berdasarkan Arsitektur Tradisional Bali

The aim is to find out the application of the spatial layout of Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond based on traditional Balinese architecture and to find out the relationship between Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond reflected in the function of the building. The research method is qualitative with inductive reasoning. Data collection was carried out using literature studies, observations, interviews and documentation studies. The collected data was processed using spatial character analysis, contextual analysis and qualitative analysis supported by spatial theory of traditional Balinese architecture and architectural function theory. The results of the research concluded that Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond were identified as being based on traditional Balinese architectural spatial concepts, namely; Tri Hita Karana; Tri Angga and Tri Loka; and orientations. Analysis of the relationship between Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond also implies a philosophical relationship between mountains and the sea. The activities at Goa Gajah and the Patirthan pond clarify the relationship between buildings, and represent the building as a social environment for ascetics.

Translation analysis of Afghan female character through politeness strategy: a sociopragmatic study of Mariam in A Thousand Splendid Suns

Translation analysis of Afghan female character through politeness strategy: a sociopragmatic study of Mariam in <i>A Thousand Splendid Suns</i>

The Analysis of Character and Characterization of Alif in the Novel Ranah 3 Warna by Ahmad Fuadi and its Implication to Literatur Learning in Senior High School

The Analysis of Character and Characterization of Alif in the Novel Ranah 3 Warna by Ahmad Fuadi and its Implication to Literatur Learning in Senior High School

Allah Mencari Manusia Berdosa: Sebuah Analisa Sastra Teks Kejadian 3:8-19

Genesis chapter 3 narrates the entry of sin into the world and its consequence, original sin, for all of humanity. Amid this darkness, there is a glimmer of hope in the narrative, as God actively seeks out sinful humanity. This study aims to examine God's response to humankind after the fall into sin. Utilizing a qualitative literature study method, this research conducts a literary analysis of Genesis 3:8-19. The analysis includes translating the BHS text, constructing the text’s structure, character analysis, literary structure, and examining the dramatic flow of the text. The literary analysis yields three key findings. First, it is God who takes the initiative to seek out humanity after the fall into sin. God’s role as the protagonist in this narrative serves as key evidence of His desire to communicate with and save fallen humanity. The context of the fall and God's initiative to approach humanity underscores His pivotal role as the protagonist in this story. Second, while God seeks out sinners, His discipline still applies to those who violate His commands. This is clearly reflected in the dramatic structure intentionally crafted by the biblical author. Third, God takes the initiative to provide a solution to the problem of sin. The enmity established by God between the serpent and the offspring of the woman indicates His effort to deliver humanity from the bondage of sin.

Psychic Determinism: An Analysis of Michael Henchard's Character in Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge

Psychic Determinism: An Analysis of Michael Henchard's Character in Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge