Bit Error Rate Analysis Research Articles

Average bit-error rate analysis of an inter-satellite optical communication system under the effect of perturbations

Average bit-error rate analysis of an inter-satellite optical communication system under the effect of perturbations

BER and outage throughput analysis of DPIM/DHPIM coded QPSK-OFDM based outdoor optical wireless communications

With the growing demand for fast and reliable communication systems, particularly in outdoor environments, it is essential to investigate advanced encoding techniques. Digital Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM) and Dual Header Pulse Interval Modulation (DHPIM) emerge as promising alternatives to traditional line coding methods, providing enhanced spectral efficiency and resistance to signal disruptions. This paper presents the performance of a Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) system using these advanced encoding schemes. The analysis includes simulation results on QPSK-OFDM-based transmitter design, free space optical channel modeling based on Gaussian and log-normal distribution atmospheric turbulence, and recovery of input digital stream using the mentioned line coding techniques. The results demonstrate optimal bit error rate (BER) values for the QPSK-OFDM-based OWC system. The primary innovation of this research lies in the encoding schemes and their performance in outdoor optical wireless communication systems under turbulent conditions. Through extensive simulations and analysis, detailed insights into the bit error rate and outage throughput characteristics of DPIM/DHPIM coded QPSK-OFDM are provided, offering a unique perspective on the performance of these schemes in real-world scenarios. The findings not only highlight the optimal BER values achievable with the QPSK-OFDM-based OWC system but also offer insights into the system's ability to overcome transmission challenges under various atmospheric conditions.

Clipping Noise in Visible Light Communication Systems with OFDM and PAPR Reduction

This paper presents an analytical study of signal clipping that leads to the noise/distortion in the waveform of DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM)-based visible light communication (VLC) systems. The pilot-assisted (PA) technique is used to reduce the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the time-domain waveform of the DCO-OFDM system. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the PA DCO-OFDM system is investigated analytically at three different clipping levels as well as without any clipping. The analytical BER performance is verified through simulation and then compared to that of the conventional DCO-OFDM without PAPR reduction at the selected clipping levels. The PA DCO-OFDM system shows improved BER performance at all three clipping levels.

Exploiting OFDM method for quantum communication

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a crucial modulation method used in contemporary digital communication systems for its significant spectral efficiency, low latency, and robustness in challenging environments. This work examines the novel use of OFDM in quantum communication, an area that offers exceptional security and efficiency in information transfer using quantum mechanics principles. In the rapidly evolving field of quantum computing, understanding, and mitigating quantum bit errors is paramount. This paper presents a rigorous analysis of bit error rates (BER) in quantum circuits, focusing on the impact of the quantum Fourier transform and its inverse, contrasted against quantum circuits employing dynamic gate sequences. Our research methodology encompasses simulations over a diverse set of parameters, including varying qubit counts ranging from 2 to 8 and theta angles (15, 30, 45, and 60°), as well as random theta values, utilizing the advanced capabilities of the Qiskit framework. Our findings indicate that quantum OFDM substantially improves quantum communication, lowering errors and boosting security. The quantum model outperforms the reference model in BER, with further enhancements as qubits increase.

Performance Analysis of BER and SNR Performance in High-QAM Modulations Using Advancements in MIMO Systems

Wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. This development is being driven primarily by the transformation of what has been largely a medium for supporting voice telephony into a medium for supporting other services, such as the transmission of video, images, text, and data. Today, the widely deployed network type is based on a centralized approach that requires a network point of access, commonly called the Access Point (AP), to serves as a gateway between the mobile device and the Internet. The obtained results demonstrate that spatial diversity along with the power of STBC significantly improves the error performance in frequency selective wireless fading channels. The BER level is depend on the modulation type, SNR value and channel behavior. Modulation schemes that we have used in this paper are 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM and 64-QAM which further improved using forward error correction codes (FEC). A comparison is made between the diversity gains of MIMO systems in terms of BER for high QAM modulation scheme. This work presents, a simulation toll MATLAB R2023a used for model implemented using Nakagami channel to study the performance analysis of Bit Error rate (BER) V/S Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). Keywords: AWGN, BER, Fading Channel, MIMO System, Nakagami, OFDM, QAM Modulation, SNR, STBC etc.

Performance analysis of two-way multi-users cooperative communication system based on GSPIM-DCSK scheme

Based on the Joint Grouping Subcarrier-Permutation Index Modulation-DCSK (GSPIM-DCSK) system, we provide a new two-way multi-user half-duplex cooperative communication system in this work. Given its many benefits, the GSPIM-DCSK modulation is specifically selected as a choice for network coding techniques. A permutation index is used in the GSPIM-DCSK system to incorporate additional data bits with the modulating and carrier index bits. Establishing a cooperative multiuser system where users attempt to make contact with one another over a common relay is the main goal of this effort. Multi-user nodes and a single relay with a cooperative operator on staff for decoding and forwarding make up this system. To avoid interference from other users, the user’s nodes multiplex across various time intervals. We derive analytical expressions for the average bit error rate (BER) of the GSPIM-DCSK multi-user cooperative communication system in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multiple paths Rayleigh fading channels. The analytical and simulated average BER findings have been contrasted to verify the accurateness of the average BER analysis. Additionally, a comparison is presented between the average bit error rate (BER) performance of a novel GSPIM-DCSK cooperative system and an established DCSK cooperative system. The throughput and link spectral efficiency of this novel cooperative system are analyzed and compared with those of existing traditional cooperative systems. For the two-way two-user cooperative system, this comparison is done with two-way two-user systems like DCSK-CC and one-way cooperative system based on CIM-SR-DCSK-CC; for the two-way three-user cooperative system, it is done with scheme1 and scheme2. To compare and assess the performance of various systems, simulation results are employed. Furthermore, an analysis demonstrates how the proposed cooperative system, when combined with GSPIM-DCSK techniques, improves the efficiency of conventional cooperative DCSK systems.

A message verification scheme based on physical layer-enabled data hiding for flying ad hoc network

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for military as well as civilian applications such as search and rescue operations, disaster management, parcel delivery and agriculture, is becoming increasingly popular, mainly due to their versatile nature and relatively inexpensive operating costs. However, one of the most significant barriers in the widespread adoption of UAVs for the aforementioned applications is the increasing concern for wireless communication security within the network. Unfortunately, the nodes that comprise these networks are extremely constrained in terms of storage space, processing power and battery life, which require light-weight security protocols that align with these limitations. The current standards for message authentication and verification predominantly rely on lightweight cryptographic techniques. However, there is continual scope for improvement, particularly in the realm of computational efficiency, to better align with the constraints inherent to UAVs. This paper explores data hiding in a multi-UAV environment, to form a light-weight message verification scheme to confirm the identity of the transmitting node. First, five venues having the potential to hide data are analyzed. Based on the analysis of bit error rate obtained from the simulated multi-UAV environment, both cyclic prefix and padding bits are selected. Next, a codeword is generated for each transmission and it is embedded along with the unique ID key, κ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa $$\\end{document} of the transmitting node into each venue respectively, and the output is transmitted as Hello packets. Subsequently, the receiving node extracts and decodes the codeword in order to verify the authenticity of the transmitting node. An evaluation of the proposed scheme has been conducted by using a simulated UAV environment. In the best case scenario, the proposed authentication scheme can achieve a successful verification rate of at least 80% at a maximum hop-count of 10 hops. Through computational cost analysis, in comparison to the conventional methods, the proposed scheme was found to have a significantly lower total execution time of 1.7μs\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$1.7\\mu s$$\\end{document}. In addition, the security analysis shows that when the proposed scheme is paired with physical unclonable functions (PUFs), it is able to resist common security attacks, including man-in-the-middle, replay and cloning attacks.

Spread spectrum OFDM-IM with X-transform

This paper proposes a developed index modulated spread spectrum orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) that is based on X-transform (IM-XOFDM-SS). The presented OFDM sends information not only by M-ary data symbols but also by indexes bits that used to select the spreading code from a known set, and applies the X-transform for baseband processing. A theoretical analysis for upper bound bit-error rate (BER) over Rayleigh fading channels is derived for the proposed scheme. Simulations results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the competitive benchmark systems in terms of BER, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and computational complexity. It achieves, at 10−4 BER, about 22 dB and 21 dB SNR gain when spectral efficiency is SE=1 bps/Hz. Additionally, it gains about 5.5 dB PAPR reduction in comparison to IM-OFDM-SS scheme that is based on FFT for baseband processing.

Analysis of PAPR reduction of optical-OTFS for 256-QAM using companding and clipping–filtering algorithms

Abstract The article presents an investigation into Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques in Optical Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (O-OTFS) modulation. Focusing on clipping and filtering as well as companding methods, the study explores their efficacy in mitigating PAPR challenges inherent in O-OTFS waveforms. The research evaluates the impact of these techniques on signal quality, particularly in the context of a Rician channel. Clipping and filtering (C&F) are examined for their ability to control amplitude peaks, while companding is analyzed for its role in optimizing dynamic range. The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of Bit Error Rate (BER) and power spectrum density (PSD) under varying conditions, shedding light on how these methods influence the reliability and robustness of OTFS communication. The investigation considers the interplay of these PAPR reduction methods with the unique characteristics of the Rician and Rayleigh channel, which includes a dominant line-of-sight component. The findings contribute valuable insights into designing efficient OTFS modulation systems for real-world scenarios. Ultimately, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of PAPR reduction strategies in OTFS, offering guidance for optimizing signal processing techniques in communication systems where mitigating PAPR is crucial for achieving high performance and reliable data transmission. It is noted that the proposed C&F and companding algorithms outperform the conventional methods and achieved a PAPR gain of 1–3 dB and BER gain of 10.6–2 dB.

BER analysis of a full-duplex relay-assisted BPSK-SIM based VLC system for indoor applications.

This paper contemplates a relay-assisted visible light communication (VLC) system, where the light source (table lamp) acts as a relay node and cooperates with the main light source. Following the IEEE 802.15.7r1 VLC reference channel model, we assume that there are two different light sources present in an office room. The first one is the source terminal present on the ceiling and another one is the desk lamp that serves as the relay station, which works in a full-duplex method. Because of the loop interference channel, we model the VLC relay terminal using ray tracing simulations. We have analyzed the bit error rate (BER) performance of the relay-assisted VLC system using a binary phase shift keying-subcarrier intensity modulation (BPSK-SIM) technique. The proposed method outperforms existing phase shift keying (PSK) and square M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) techniques. The proposed VLC system using the BPSK-SIM technique achieves a BER performance of 10-12 for an SNR of 20dB. The results of the proposed full-duplex and half-duplex relayed VLC systems are evaluated using equal power allocation (EPA) and optimum power allocation (OPA) techniques over three different modulation schemes, which are 2-PSK, square M-QAM, and BPSK-SIM.

Unequal Error Protection-based Rate-Splitting precoding for VLC systems: BER analysis

Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA), as a promising next-generation multiple access technique, can be integrated with Visible Light Communication (VLC) to address the challenge of accommodating multiple users under limited modulation bandwidth of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). However, most of the current works about RSMA assume perfect Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) during the decoding procedure and neglect the error propagation problem due to SIC errors, which will greatly affect the performance in real applications. In view of this, we consider the design of Rate-Splitting (RS) precoder for downlink Multi-User Multiple-Input Single-Output (MU-MISO) VLC systems in the presence of SIC errors. For the first time in the literature, we derive analytic Bit Error Rate (BER) expressions in this case and analyze the error performance of a conventional RS precoder, which unveils the error performance degradation due to SIC errors. To mitigate this effect and improve the robustness of the system, we propose a novel RS precoding scheme by providing Unequal Error Protection (UEP) for common and private streams, which is achieved by changing an error protection factor. By this means, the transmission power is flexibly allocated to the common and private symbol stream, which can reduce the error probability as a whole. Simulation results indicate that the proposed RS precoder can provide significant error performance gains (up to 82.9%) over the baseline.

BER analysis of an optimum MIMO linear receiver in optical SDM systems with mode-dependent loss.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receivers designed to optimize the minimum mean square error (MMSE) are a common choice in coherent optical communication systems based on spatial division multiplexing (SDM). This kind of receivers naturally integrate both MIMO equalization and matched filtering functions. However, when the optical channel exhibits significant mode-dependent loss (MDL) and/or mode-dependent gain (MDG), the impact of inter-symbol interference (ISI) and crosstalk that arise, even using an ideal MIMO MMSE linear receiver, is barely analyzed. Moreover, due to the random nature of the MDL/MDG model, the resulting ISI, crosstalk, and bit error rate (BER) also become random variables and, hence the system performance is more unpredictable. In this paper, we first evaluate the residual distortion (ISI and crosstalk) after the MIMO receiver and then we study the validity of assuming it as an additional Gaussian noise term independent of the channel noise. Next, the probability density distribution (PDF) of the BER is analyzed, from both an analytical perspective and numerical simulations. For the latter, we use a single-carrier 2-PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) system, with pulse shaping, and the MIMO MMSE receiver implementation by means of a MIMO fractionally-spaced equalizer (FSE). We carry out simulations of the system under different conditions of MDL/MDG level and signal to noise ratio (SNR), measured at the receiver input. Additionally, we address possible fits of the BER PDF to known closed-form distributions, among which the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) family of distributions is selected, and polynomial functions are proposed that relate the system parameters with the GEV PDF parameters. Finally, we present contour maps of BER according to a giving target of system outage probability (OP) that depend on the MDL/MDG and SNR conditions.

BER Analysis of BPSK Modulation Scheme for Multiple Combining Schemes over Flat Fading Channel


 Focus of the study was to provide error-free communication in mobile communication with higher data rates, spectral efficiency, and energy efficient. Basically, work was done to investigate the performance of the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation technique for multiple combining schemes and the behavior of signal in wireless communication where multipath propagation and uncertainty in the system. We use the Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) and antenna diversity to get many copies of the same signal; some of them were faded, but some had sufficient information. Then the next step was to combine or select the best signal to achieve the optimum results from them. Moreover, the Bit Error Rate (BER) of multiple combining schemes for 2*1 and 2*2 were found and the results of each combining scheme were compared. Later on, the comparison of these combining schemes was collectively represented; it is very important because getting the required data from the received copies of the same signal is not easy.

Analysis of bit error rate of pulse position modulation in free-space optical communication

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) modulation is a widely used modulation method in free-space optical (FSO) communication, which has many medium forms. This work introduces and summarises the three main PPM modulation methods, L-ary pulse position modulation (L-PPM), L-ary differential pulse position modulation (L-DPPM), and L-ary multiple pulse position modulation (L-MPPM), and summarises their respective characteristics and suitable usage scenarios. At the same time, this study analyzes several cases of combining coding methods with PPM modulation methods and finds that the right coding method can make PPM modulation methods more valuable. In addition, receiver diversity and/or aperture averaging can both improve the connection error performance.

BER analysis on exposure effect for optical camera communication.

The exposure effect of cameras in optical camera communication (OCC) distorts the received light pulses and generates inter-symbol interference (ISI), which adversely affects the bit error rate (BER) performance. In this Letter, we derive an analytical expression of BER based on the pulse response model of the camera-based OCC channel and analyze the impact of exposure time on BER performance considering asynchronous transmission characteristics. Numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that a long exposure time is beneficial in a noise-dominant communication scenario, while a short exposure time is preferable when ISI is dominant. This Letter provides a comprehensive analysis of the influence of exposure time on BER performance, offering a theoretical foundation for the design and optimization of OCC systems.

Composite Multiple-Mode Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing With Index Modulation

In this paper, we propose a composite multiple-mode orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (C-MM-OFDM-IM) scheme to increase the spectral efficiency (SE) of OFDM-IM systems by extending the indexing to the energy and constellation domains. In C-MM-OFDM-IM, the information bits are mapped to not only the subcarrier activation patterns (SAPs) and modulation symbols, but also the energy allocation patterns (EAPs) and constellation activation patterns (CAPs). To cope with the practical situations, we propose a variant IM scheme named C-MM-OFDM-IM-II to build a new mapping rule between information bits and the increased CAPs, capable of further increasing the SE of C-MM-OFDM-IM. Upper-bounded bit error rate (BER) and lower-bounded achievable rate are both derived in closed-form to evaluate the performance of C-MM-OFDM-IM(-II). Moreover, we further propose two enhanced schemes, named generalized C-MM-OFDM-IM(-II) and C-MM-OFDM with in-phase/quadrature IM(-II), where the former jointly considers all SAPs, EAPs, CAPs and modulated symbols, while the latter expands the index implementation to the in-phase and quadrature constellation domains. Simulation results show that C-MM-OFDM-IM(-II) outperforms the conventional OFDM-IM related schemes, especially in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region, and verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis for the upper-bounded BER and achievable rate.

BER analysis for PAM-based UWOC-NOMA system in oceanic turbulence environment

Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are attractive technologies to achieve high rate transmission and massive connectivity in the future Ocean Internet of Things (OIoT). To investigate the performance of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) NOMA systems based on PAM modulation, this paper develops a joint mathematical model with ocean turbulence and underwater solar noise based on the Weibull distribution. Specifically, the resolution framework on the ground of constellation multi-boundary judgments is proposed to derive the closed-form BER expressions for the wireless optical NOMA systems under ocean turbulent channels using the Laguerre approximation, which is also applicable to the other NOMA-enabled systems under higher order modulations. The accuracy of the analytical solution is demonstrated by simulation results. In addition, simulation results show that the higher-order PAM modulation can effectively reduce the bit-error rate (BER) gap between NOMA users and balance the fairness of users within the NOMA group. Furthermore, we observe that turbulence is one of the primary factors influencing the BER of the NOMA system in the marine environment, and the tilt angle of NOMA nodes has varying degrees of influence on the BER performance varying turbulence intensities. Therefore, selecting the appropriate tilt angle for the receiving nodes in a NOMA system based on the marine environment is beneficial to lowering the BER of the system.

Resource allocation and BER performance analysis of NOMA based cooperative networks

Resource sharing and management can significantly improve the performance and spectral efficiency of wireless systems. In power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, users share a common bandwidth for simultaneous data transmission and therfore, the spectral efficiency of the system will be improved at the expense of increased complexity. Provided proper power allocation, it is possible to detect symbols at receivers. In this paper, the downlink of a cellular system is considered where a base station (BS) communicates with two users using NOMA with the assistance of a decode-and-forward (DF) relay. In the proposed scheme, receivers combine received signals from direct and cooperative links, and decode symbols by employing successive interference cancellation (SIC). The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and the optimal power allocation is also derived through a Min–Max optimization, and a closed form approximate solution is proposed for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. Furthermore, it is proved that the proposed receiver achieves full diversity order for all users for proper choice of power allocation. Simulation results also corroborate BER and diversity analysis.

RIS-Assisted Joint Active and Passive Transmission With Distributed Reception

In existing reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted joint active and passive transmission (RIS-JAPT) schemes, the active and passive transmission shares the same receiver, which cannot apply to distributed reception (DR). In this paper, we propose a novel RIS-JAPT scheme, named RIS-JAPT-DR, to meet the requirement of receiving the active and passive information in a distributed manner. In RIS-JAPT-DR, the whole RIS is virtually partitioned into two groups, one for facilitating the active transmission and the other for enabling the passive transmission by mapping the passive information to the antenna index of the passive receiver. Approximate bit error rate (BER) expressions are derived in closed-form for the active and passive receivers that use maximum-likelihood and energy detection, respectively, in the presence of inter-user interference (IUI). Furthermore, we conduct asymptotic analysis, from which the performance gap between the two receivers is minimized by optimizing the RIS partitioning (RP). Simulation results corroborate the BER analysis, the optimal RP, and the robustness of RIS-JAPT-DR against IUI.

Analysis of Bit Error Rate in Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation Scheme Using Matlab

Analysis of Bit Error Rate in Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation Scheme Using Matlab