Analysis Of Benzalkonium Chloride Research Articles

Corneal neuroepithelial compartmentalized microfluidic chip model for evaluation of toxicity-induced dry eye

Part of the lacrimal functional unit, the cornea protects the ocular surface from numerous environmental aggressions and xenobiotics. Toxicological evaluation of compounds remains a challenge due to complex interactions between corneal nerve endings and epithelial cells. To this day, models do not integrate the physiological specificity of corneal nerve endings and are insufficient for the detection of low toxic effects essential to anticipate Toxicity-Induced Dry Eye (TIDE).Using high-content imaging tool, we here characterize toxicity-induced cellular alterations using primary cultures of mouse trigeminal sensory neurons and corneal epithelial cells in a compartmentalized microfluidic chip.We validate this model through the analysis of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) toxicity, a well-known preservative in eyedrops, after a single (6h) or repeated (twice a day for 15 min over 5 days) topical 5.10−4% BAC applications on the corneal epithelial cells and nerve terminals.In combination with high-content image analysis, this advanced microfluidic protocol reveal specific and tiny changes in the epithelial cells and axonal network as well as in trigeminal cells, not directly exposed to BAC, with ATF3/6 stress markers and phospho-p44/42 cell activation marker. Altogether, this corneal neuroepithelial chip enables the evaluation of toxic effects of ocular xenobiotics, distinguishing the impact on corneal sensory innervation and epithelial cells. The combination of compartmentalized co-culture/high-content imaging/multiparameter analysis opens the way for the systematic analysis of toxicants but also neuroprotective compounds.

Evaluation of Quantification Methods to Compensate for Matrix Effects in the Analysis of Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Fruits and Vegetables by LC-ESI-MS/MS

Given the extensive presence of some toxic quaternary ammonium compound residues in foodstuffs arriving into the EU during 2012, the Food Authority Control of Geneva decided to implement a monitoring plan to investigate the presence of these contaminants in food: a method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed for analyzing didecyldimethylammonium chloride and four benzalkonium chloride homologue residues in fruits and vegetables. An in-house method validation, based on the SANCO guidelines (Document SANCO No. 12571/2013), was conducted using three independent series in orange, lettuce, and avocado composite samples spiked at three levels (10, 100, 500 μg/kg). Trueness and precision were calculated by pooling all results at each concentration level to account for the variability among fruits and vegetables. To avoid matrix effects on quantitative results, five quantification strategies were investigated: (i) solvent calibration, (ii) matrix-matched calibration prepared on samples and (iii) on sample extract aliquots, and (iv) standard addition prepared on samples and (v) on sample extract aliquots. Due to the nonlinear instrumental response for the large concentration range investigated, a quadratic calibration model was mandatory for all approaches. Solvent calibration gave very poor recoveries due to the high signal suppression caused by matrix effects. Smaller biases were observed for matrix-matched calibrations; however, these results exhibited relatively low precision. Both of the standard addition methods compensated for matrix effects and provided accurate analytical results. Due to the ease of its implementation, the matrix standard addition method, where analytes are added to sample extract aliquots, was preferred over the classical standard addition in samples. Nonlinear extrapolations appeared to be particularly effective in obtaining good results for both standard addition methods when the calibration curve was convex or very slightly concave. The resulting validated method was used to monitor 108 fruit and vegetable commercial samples in May 2013.

A Single RP-LC Method for the Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride and Its Potential Impurities in Benzalkonium Chloride Raw Material

A simple and rapid RP-LC method was developed for routine analysis of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) and its impurities in benzalkonium chloride raw material. The method uses a short ACE 3 C8 column (50 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm particle size) and a gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.025% trifluoroacetic acid in water/acetonitrile (90/10, v/v) as mobile phase A, and water/acetonitrile (30/70, v/v) as mobile phase B. The four commonly observed homologues (i.e., C10, C12, C14 and C16) that are present in typical commercial lots of BKC are well separated from each other in less than 21 min. This method has been demonstrated to be able to simultaneously separate and quantitate at parts-per-million levels the three potential impurities (i.e., benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzyl chloride) in commercial lots of BKC raw material. In addition, this method has the potential to be readily adopted or adapted for determining BKC homologues in a finished drug product; the feasibility of the latter capability is demonstrated through an artificial product solution containing a model API and typical excipients used for liquid formulation drug products.

Analysis of benzalkonium chloride in the effluent from European hospitals by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column ion-pairing and fluorescence detection

A highly reproducible and specific method for the analysis of the quaternary ammonium compound, benzalkonium chloride, in effluents from European hospitals is presented. Benzalkonium chloride was extracted with end-capped RP-18 solid-phase cartridges and was selectively eluted. The resulting solution was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After elution from the analytical column of the HPLC system, 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate was added continuously as a fluorescence marker, forming a hydrophobic ion-pair with benzalkonium chloride. The ion-pair was analysed by fluorescence detection. The method was applied to highly complex effluent samples from different sized European hospitals. The measured concentrations were between 0.05 and 6.03 mg/l. The amounts emitted per bed and year were 4.5–362 g and did not correlate with the size of the hospital. The total amounts were 2.6–909 kg/year.

A Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride in Phenylephrine HCI 10% Ophthalmic Solution

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure employing ultraviolet (UV) detection for the analysis of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) in Phenylephrine HCl 10% ophthalmic solution is reported. The method requires no sample pretreatment and is sensitive, accurate, and reproducible. The peak area versus BAK concentration is linear over the range of 50–150% of its label claim of 0.05 mg/mL. The mean absolute recovery of BAK using the described method is 103.2 ± 0.6%, (mean ± SD, n = 10). A stress study with heat, acid, base and UV radiation indicates that the method is stability-indicating with no interference from drug, excipients or their degradation products.

Forensic Chemical Studies on Drugs. V. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Benzalkonium Chloride

Benzalkonium chloride used as detergents and disinfectants was readily analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) of their reduction products obtained by their treatment with NaBH4 and NiCl2. The reduction products of benzalkonium chloride (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) were identified as alkyldimethylamines (I-VI) by GC-mass spectrometry. In the reduction, the benzyl groups of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride was eliminated as toluene. The procedure is applicable for characterizing the distribution of long chain alkyl groups in benzalkonium chloride, and suited for the assay of 10-100 μg/ml aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride (mainly consisting of the n-C12H25, n-C14H29 and n-C16H33 homolog components : Zephiran). Furthermore, the procedure is very useful for routine analysis of benzalkonium chloride since the reduction takes place smoothly by the use of NaBH4 and NiCl2 which are relatively safe to handle and inexpensive, instead of a complicated apparatus and expensive catalyst in catalytic hydrogenation.