Analysis Method Research Articles

Vitamin D: Analytical Advances, Clinical Impact, and Ongoing Debates on Health Perspectives.

Vitamin D, acknowledged since the 1930s for its role in preventing rickets, gained additional prominence in relation to fragility fracture prevention in the late 1980s. From the early 2000s, connections between vitamin D deficiency and extra-skeletal pathologies emerged, alongside increased awareness of widespread deficits. This prompted crucial debates on optimal serum concentrations, expected to conclude when the outcomes of high-dose supplementation randomized controlled trials were available. Skepticism arose with inconclusive results from these trials. This review begins with an exploration of vitamin D metabolism, followed by a detailed description of the measurement of vitamin D metabolites and the crucial role of standardization. Subsequent sections focus on the association of vitamin D with bone health and explore the extra-skeletal effects. The review concludes with a comprehensive discussion on the definition of vitamin D status and its implications for supplementation. Despite standardization efforts, assay variations and challenges still exist, especially in specific patient groups. Vitamin D supplementation has a significant impact on bone metabolism and optimal vitamin D status improves the efficacy of antiresorptive drugs such as bisphosphonates. The extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D remain debated, but may include potential benefits in conditions such as respiratory infections and cancer mortality, particularly in deficient individuals. The definition of vitamin D sufficiency is nuanced, especially when variations in population groups and analytical methods are taken into account. Despite ongoing debates and recent mega-trials tempering enthusiasm, vitamin D remains a complex and essential element in human health. Further research is needed to clarify its role in various health outcomes and guide supplementation strategies.

Environmentally friendly swift and perfect extraction procedures for analysing the phytochemistry and proximate nutritional biochemistry of biomaterial processed from Avicennia marina leaves.

Conventional extraction methods have mislaid their best possible performance because of the slow extraction process using demand in inexperienced and innovative technologies. Concerning this view, several eco-friendly novel techniques alienate to develop by us for the entire extraction of nutrients and phytocompounds from plant sources. The specific organic, inorganic chemical compounds have been explored using ultra sonication and GC-MS assisted techniques. The results are evident to facilitate the ultrasonic and GC-MS supported extraction descent that is less solvent consumed, green analytical methods suitable for complete speedy bioactive compounds drawing out. This study has revealed the occurrence of nutrients, phytochemicals, with biological value, and also the GC-MS analysis exposed 20 peaks through 20 individual chemical compounds, and all the compounds are deliberated as energetic medicinal bioactive compounds. Likewise the FE-SEM is used to find out the topographical characteristics of biomaterial and the FTIR analysis.

Association between COVID-19 severity and tobacco smoking status: a retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching weights analysis

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a global threat to public health, with over 766 million confirmed cases and more than 6 million reported deaths. Patients with a smoking history...

Optimization for industrial robot joint movement in non-horizontal 3D printing application

When a robot is printing a sequence of non-horizontal goal poses, its joint values often undergo significant variations, resulting in challenges such as singularities or exceeding joint limits. This paper proposes two new methods aimed at optimizing goal poses to solve the problem. The first method, employing an analytical approach, modifies the goal poses to maintain the 4th joint value of a 6-axis industrial robot at zero. This adjustment effectively reduces the motion range of the 5th and 6th axes. The second method utilizes numerical optimization to adjust the goal poses, aiming to minimize the motion range of all joints. Leveraging the analytical method to obtain one good initial value, numerical optimization is subsequently applied to complete the entire path optimization, creating an optimization workflow. It is also possible to use only analytical methods for computational efficiency. The feasibility and effectiveness of these two methods are validated through simulation and real project case.

Advances in Understanding Tungsten Disulfide Dynamics during the Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction: An Initial Step in Elucidating the Mechanism.

Tungsten disulfide (WS2), a promising electrocatalyst made from readily available materials, demonstrates significant effectiveness in the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER). The study conducts a thorough investigation using various analytical methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and in situ Raman spectroscopy. These techniques have uncovered changes in the WS2 particle structure during HER. Through employing EPR, XAS, and in situ Raman spectroscopy, the research reveals structural and chemical transformations. This includes the formation of novel W species and signs of W-O bond formation. Moreover, significant changes in the morphology of the particles were observed. These findings offer enhanced insights into the mechanisms of WS2 under HER conditions, highlighting its catalytic performance and durability.

Fiber Laser-Generated Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs.

Cannabinoids and opioids are the most prominently used drugs in the world, with fentanyl being the main cause of drug overdose-related deaths. Monitoring drug use in groups as well as in individuals is an important forensic concern. Analytical methods, such as mass spectrometry (MS), have been found most useful for the identification of drug abuse on a small and large scale. Pulsed fiber laser 2D galvoscanner laser-generated nanomaterial (PFL 2D GS LGN) was obtained from monoisotopic silver-109. Nanomaterial was used for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of selected illicit drug standards with standard high-resolution reflectron-based time-of-flight MALDI apparatus. Δ9-THC, 11-OH-THC, 11-COOH-THC, fentanyl, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), heroin, tramadol, and methadone were chosen as test compounds. Illicit drugs were tested in a concentration range from 100 μg/mL to 10 pg/mL, equating to 50 μg to 50 fg per measurement spot. For all analyzed compounds, identification and quantification by silver-109-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) MS was possible, with uncommon [M + 109Ag3]+ and [M - H]+ ions present for certain structures. The results of the quantitative analysis of drugs using silver-109 PFL 2D GS LGN for LDI MS are presented. Laser-generated NPs are proven to be useful for the analysis of selected drugs, with exceptionally good results for fentanyl monitoring in a broad range of concentrations.

Reentrant phase behavior in systems with density-induced tunneling

We show that correlations in strongly interacting many-particle systems can create quantum decoherence, leading to a mechanism of dissipation that does not rely on an external source. Using analytical methods, we study a bosonic many body system in two dimensions, with extended interactions between particles. We show that, as expected, the system can be driven out of a coherent state. Surprisingly, when the interaction strength is sufficiently large, the system reenters the superfluid phase even after coherence is lost. The breakdown of quantum coherence is a certainty, but interpreting the process correctly relies on understanding and preserving the nature of the coupling between the constituents of the many particle system. The methods used provide a natural cutoff point at the critical temperature, where superfluidity breaks down.

Time and habitat structure shape insect acoustic activity in the Amazon.

Insects are the most diverse animal taxon on Earth and play a key role in ecosystem functioning. However, they are often neglected by ecological surveys owing to the difficulties involved in monitoring this small and hyper-diverse taxon. With technological advances in biomonitoring and analytical methods, these shortcomings may finally be addressed. Here, we performed passive acoustic monitoring at 141 sites (eight habitats) to investigate insect acoustic activity in the Viruá National Park, Brazil. We first describe the frequency range occupied by three soniferous insect groups (cicadas, crickets and katydids) to calculate the acoustic evenness index (AEI). Then, we assess how AEI varies spatially and temporally among habitat types, and finally we investigate the relationship between vegetation structure variables and AEI for each insect category. Overall, crickets occupied lower and narrower frequency bands than cicadas and katydids. AEI values varied among insect categories and across space and time. The highest acoustic activity occurred before sunrise and the lowest acoustic activity was recorded in pastures. Canopy cover was positively associated with cricket acoustic activity but not with katydids. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of time, habitat and vegetation structure in shaping insect activity within diverse Amazonian ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.

Quality and safety of new types of dairy products based on cow’s and mare’s milk with vegetable additives

The modern market of dairy products is quite developed, but the issue of compliance with the quality and safety of their production remains relevant. The purpose of this paper was to study the organoleptic, physicochemical and safety indicators of combined dairy products based on mare’s and cow’s milk using herbal supplements. In the course of the research, analytical and statistical methods of information processing were used; experimental studies of raw materials and the finished combined product, namely the determination of acidity, solids, fat and protein; energy and biological values of the product were calculated. Technological processes of combined dairy products based on cow’s and mare’s milk using a vegetable origin filler were studied. Of the three prototypes of the proposed dairy products, it was determined to recommend samples No. 2 and 3. High quality indicators are observed in them, in particular, a rich taste with a pronounced taste of additional components, a pleasant smell and appearance. Also, the finished product in samples No. 2 and 3 have high safety indicators. Pathogenic and harmful microorganisms and substances were not found, acceptable microorganisms are within the maximum permissible limits. According to the research results, new dairy products are recommended using vegetable raw materials with different fat, protein, energy value, caloric content and lactose content. In the process of writing this paper, indicators of nutritional, energy value and safety of new types of dairy products based on cow and mare’s milk with vegetable additives were determined. Taking into account the research results and the materials of previous scientific papers, authors consider it promising to develop and sell dairy products based on cow’s and mare’s milk using a filler of plant origin. The advantages of the resulting product include: consumer interest in such products, high quality indicators, product safety, the possibility of using products in functional and specialized nutrition.Graphical

Monitoring Ti3C2Tx MXene Degradation Pathways Using Raman Spectroscopy.

Extending applications of Ti3C2Tx MXene in nanocomposites and across fields of electronics, energy storage, energy conversion, and sensor technologies necessitates simple and efficient analytical methods. Raman spectroscopy is a critical tool for assessing MXene composites; however, high laser powers and temperatures can lead to the materials' deterioration during the analysis. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of MXene photothermal degradation and changes in its oxidation state is required, but no systematic studies have been reported. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of the MXene lattice through Raman spectroscopic analysis. Distinct spectral markers were related to structural alterations within the Ti3C2Tx material after subjecting it to thermal- and laser-induced degradation. During the degradation processes, spectral markers were revealed for several specific steps: a decrease in the number of interlayer water molecules, a decrease in the number of -OH groups, formation of C-C bonds, oxidation of the lattice, and formation of TiO2 nanoparticles (first anatase, followed by rutile). By tracking of position shifts and intensity changes for Ti3C2Tx, the spectral markers that signify the initiation of each step were found. This spectroscopic approach enhances our understanding of the degradation pathways of MXene, and facilitating enhanced and dependable integration of these materials into devices for diverse applications, from energy storage to sensors.

Advances in SARMs anti-doping analysis.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) that stimulate anabolism, increase muscle mass and strength and promote recovery from exercise. The use of SARMs in sports is considered doping and is strictly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). To monitor the abuse of SARMs in sports, it is essential to develop advanced, selective and sensitive analytical methods that provide reliable results. This review evaluates the advances in this area, with a focus on the identification of target analytes related to SARMs, such as SARMs, their metabolites or markers. The aim is to identify targets that could extend the detection windows of SARMs, provide scientific support for results management and/or offer an indirect biomarker-based approach to doping control. This review also aims to evaluate the current liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods developed for the monitoring of SARMs in different biological matrices, including traditional matrices such as urine and serum/plasma samples, as well as alternative matrices such as dried blood spots, hair and nail samples.

What's in drugs freely used by Brazilian truck drivers - "Rebites"? Determination of target and nontarget compounds by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Highways, the lifeline of the Brazilian economy, transport approximately 75% of the country's economic activity, highlighting its importance. However, professional drivers, accustomed to long daily journeys, make use of tablets widely available in Gas Station, which are known as "Rebites," which could contain a mixture of legal and illegal compounds. Thus, this study aims at the chemical characterization of these through different analytical methods. Initially, we performed a comprehensive screening of compounds present in seven samples collected across the country using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The findings revealed caffeine as the main compound, alongside theophylline, lidocaine, and clobenzorex, among others. In the next step, we employ quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) to quantify the caffeine content in the tablets. The results indicated a caffeine concentration ranging between 14% and 31% (m/m), which may imply a daily overdose of this compound from around four tablets. In summary, this investigation provides a chemical characterization of real samples of "Rebites" freely obtained along Brazilian highways. Caffeine emerged as the predominant active compound, with its concentration determined by qNMR analysis. The notable presence of caffeine, combined with other stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens, underscores the need for strict quality control measures regarding "Rebites" to safeguard public health.

An Empirical Study on the Willingness of Young Elderly to Use Elderly Companion Robot

In the context of an aging population, this study addresses the deficiency in existing research, which predominantly explores the willingness to utilize elderly companion robots from a positive standpoint. Our aim is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the willingness of elderly individuals, with a focus on the young elderly population, to use elderly companion robot. We also intend to offer insights for the design and operation of these elderly companion robot. This study adopts the Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT) as its theoretical framework and incorporates the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model to examine the impact of various factors on users’ attitudes and behavioral intentions. We approach this analysis from both “reasons for” and “reasons against” perspectives, utilizing structural equation modeling as our analytical method to explore how each factor affects users’ attitudes and behavioral intentions. Values positively influence performance expectancy, social impact, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation, while negatively affecting hindering expectancy, low price value, unhabit, and privacy issues. Performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation have a positive impact on older people’s attitudes toward elderly companion robots, while unhabit negatively influences their attitudes. Social impact and hindering expectancy positively and negatively impact the elderly’s willingness to use elderly companion robots. Designers and manufacturers of robots can enhance the willingness of elderly individuals to use elderly companion robots by improving positive elements and addressing or modifying negative elements.

66 A novel analytical method for identifying periods of increased mortality in individual wean-to-finish pig barns

Abstract Mortality rates in all phases of pork production have increased over the past several years. Decreasing mortality rate is of utmost economic importance to producers, especially in weaning-to-finishing pigs where additional investment in feed, medications, and other inputs are expended. A novel analytical method was used to identify sequences of days of increased mortality, defined as mortality episodes, within cohorts of weaning-to-finishing pigs. Cubic smoothing spline regression equations were estimated between days post placement (DPP) and mortality (total daily number of dead and euthanized pigs) for 42 groups of pigs placed in 12 rooms within 6 barns (2 rooms per barn) in Illinois and Iowa from December 2020 to July 2022 (n = 5,676 observation days). For each group, the instantaneous slope between DPP and mortality from spline regression was calculated and used to identify changepoints [i.e., peaks (negative instantaneous slope at DPPt and positive instantaneous slope at DPPt-1) and valleys (positive instantaneous slope at DPPt and negative instantaneous slope at DPPt-1)]. Within each mortality sequence, the maximum and minimum instantaneous slope were considered the start and end of the mortality episode, respectively. Mortality episodes were only considered high mortality episodes if the following metrics were satisfied: 1) greater than or equal to 1 mortality per day, or 2) greater than or equal to 1/3 of the days in the mortality sequence had at least 1 mortality. Days were classified as “start days” if they were within 1 d from the maximum instantaneous slope; likewise, we classified a day as “end days” if it was 1 d from the minimum instantaneous slope. Any day in between the start and end of a mortality episode were defined as “peak days”, and a “normal day” was all other days that did not fall within the start, peak, or end of a high mortality episode. Least-squares means for predicted mortality from a negative binomial generalized linear model showed that mortality was highest and lowest for peak days and normal days, respectively (3.475 ± 0.1729 and 0.591 ± 0.0156 pigs, respectively; P < 0.05; Table 1). Mortality during start or end days of an episode did not differ from each other (2.185 ± 0.1973 and 2.069 ± 0.1881 pigs, respectively; P > 0.05; Table 1) but were significantly greater and lower than a normal or peak day, respectively (P < 0.05; Table 1). The proposed analytical method provides more precise classification of mortality episodes in pig cohorts than previously proposed methods. Results from this method can be used in models to predict the start of mortality episodes, providing ample time for intervention to reduce the overall number of dead pigs in wean-to-finish pig production.

Examining the contact problem of a functionally graded layer supported by an elastic half‐plane with the analytical and numerical methods

This study offers a comparative study of the analytical and numerical methods for investigating a contact problem. The contact problem comprises a functionally graded layer supported by a half‐plane and loaded with a distributed load from the top surface. First, the analytical and numerical solutions to the problem are acquired by utilizing a theory of elasticity and finite element method, respectively. The problem is transformed into a system of integral equations in which the contact stress is an unknown function. The solution of the integral equation was achieved with Gauss–Jacobi integration formulation. The finite element model of the problem is created using ANSYS software, and the two‐dimensional analysis of the problem is performed. Results were obtained from the samples for different material properties and loading conditions. The distributed load width and non‐homogeneity parameters significantly impact on contact mechanics. The results indicate that the contact area and the contact stress obtained from finite element method (FEM) are close to the analytical results. As a result, acceptable error rates were obtained. Finally, this study provides evidence of a good agreement between the two methods.

Characterization and Quantitation of a Sulfoconjugated Metabolite for Detection of Methyltestosterone Misuse and Direct Identification by LC-MS.

Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic androgenic steroids detected in doping control analysis. The metabolism of MT in humans leads to several phase І metabolites and their corresponding phase Ⅱ conjugates. Previous studies have postulated the 3α-sulfoconjugate of 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (S2) as principal sulfate metabolite of MT, with a detection window exceeding 10 days. However, a final direct and unambiguous confirmation of the structure of this metabolite is missing until now. In this study, we established an approach to detect and identify S2, using intact analysis by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without complex sample pretreatment. An in vitro study yielded the LC-MS/MS reference retention times of all 3-sulfated 17-methylandrostane-3,17-diol diastereomers, allowing for accurate structure assignment of potentially detected metabolites. In an in vivo excretion study with a single healthy male volunteer, the presence of the metabolite S2 was confirmed after a single oral dose of 10mg MT. The reference standard was chemically synthesized, characterized by accurate mass mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and quantified by quantitative qNMR. Thus, this study finally provides accurate structure information on the S2 metabolite and a direct analytical method for detection of MT misuse. The availability of the reference material is expected to be of benefit for further evaluation and subsequent analytical method validation in anti-doping research.

166 Beyond solubility: Navigating the complex landscape of dietary fiber in swine digestion and physiology

Abstract Dietary fiber comprises a diverse group of cell wall polysaccharides, along with lignin, that resist digestion by endogenous enzymes in non-ruminants. Over the past 50 yr, our understanding of dietary fiber has significantly advanced, resulting in diverse definitions and analytical methods that have deepened our comprehension of its role in swine nutrition. However, the analysis of dietary fiber remains one of the most intricate, expensive, and resource-intensive aspects of monogastric nutrition research. From the early days of crude fiber and detergent fiber techniques to the more recent methods such as non-starch polysaccharide and total dietary fiber methodologies, analytical techniques have evolved to encompass the complex carbohydrates found in diets. Translating these chemical and analytical understandings into physiological insights poses a formidable challenge for nutritionists. This presentation aims to discuss these analytical concepts and challenges in understanding dietary fiber, with a particular focus on its impact on swine nutrition and physiology. Going beyond the concept of ‘solubility,’ we will delve into the physicochemical and physiological properties of dietary fiber, emphasizing its intricate roles in the swine digestive milieu. This includes aspects such as digestion kinetics, fermentability, rheology, viscosity, and microbial ecosystems. Moreover, research consistently demonstrates that dietary fiber can have positive effects on gastrointestinal health under specific production and dietary conditions. Paradoxically, it can also negatively impact energy digestibility and feed efficiency. By modeling the chemical nature of fiber and its role in digestion physiology, it could be possible to bridge this gap to optimize production goals and swine health in high fiber diets. This presentation will highlight the significance of a holistic comprehension of the intricate aspects of dietary fiber within swine nutrition and future directions for incorporating it into formulation metrics. Such knowledge is pivotal for navigating the complexities of incorporating fiber into diet formulation, effective management, and the pursuit of sustainable practices.

170 Feeding the modern sow: Unlocking the value of dietary fiber

Abstract Our understanding of dietary fiber in sow nutrition is evolving rapidly, shifting from a once-overlooked portion of the diet to a critical component influencing intestinal functionality, gut microbiota, and modulation of digestion and metabolism. Recent advancements in fiber nutrition and analytical methods have highlighted its significance in optimizing sow lifetime productivity and welfare through its impact on nutrient utilization and overall health. Growing evidence supports the benefits of dietary fiber in gestation diets, notably contributing to sow well-being by reducing stress and behavioral issues observed in group housing systems (Sapkota et al., 2016). Accordingly, dietary fiber supplementation in gestation diets has been linked to the reduction of stillborn pigs, heavier piglet weights at birth, increased lactation feed intake, and reduced pre-wean mortality (Feyera et al., 2017). Supplementing dietary fiber during the peripartum phase has been shown to reduce the farrowing duration and the stillborn incidence (Theil et al., 2014); possibly linked to a reduction in constipation (Cardona et al., 2024) and enhanced sow energy status through greater short-chain fatty acids availability (Feyera et al., 2017). Despite the positive evidence, the practical application of dietary fiber supplementation in US sow diets has been limited due to insufficient characterization of fiber components in available ingredients. Recent advancements in analytical techniques, defining fiber components as total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble fiber (SF), and insoluble fiber (ISF), offer improved reliability and accessibility, overcoming previous barriers. Recent studies showed that a high fiber gestation diet (TDF 18% and 9% for high and low fiber diets, respectively) did not affect reproductive performance, liter size, individual piglet weight, or pre-wean mortality but it reduced weight loss during lactation (Paz et al., 2022). Moreover, studies conducted by Martinez et al. (2022) demonstrated that top-dressing dietary fiber during the peripartum phase reduced the wean-to-estrus interval (top-dress 0.45 kg or 0.90 kg/d, TDF 35%, ISF:SF ratios ranging from 2.6 to 7.4). These studies highlight the potential value of dietary fiber in US sow diets. However further research is warranted to determine the optimal level and desirable fiber characteristics to fully unlock its nutritional value in sow diets.

Development of an analytical method to quantify N-acyl-homoserine lactones in bacterial cultures, river water, and treated wastewater.

N-Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) play a major role in the communication of Gram-negative bacteria. They influence processes such as biofilm formation, swarming motility, and bioluminescence in the aquatic environment. A comprehensive analytical method was developed to elucidate the "chemical communication" in pure bacterial cultures as well as in the aquatic environment and engineered environments with biofilms. Due to the high diversity of AHLs and their low concentrations in water, a sensitive and selective LC-ESI-MS/MS method combined with solid-phase extraction was developed for 34 AHLs, optimized and validated to quantify AHLs in bacterial conditioned medium, river water, and treated wastewater. Furthermore, the developed method was optimized in terms of enrichment volume, internal standards, limits of detection, and limits of quantification in several matrices. An unanticipated variety of AHLs was detected in the culture media of Pseudomonasaeruginosa (in total 8 AHLs), Phaeobactergallaeciensis (in total 6AHLs), and Methylobacterium mesophilicum (in total 15 AHLs), which to our knowledge have not been described for these bacterial cultures so far. Furthermore, AHLs were detected in river water (in total 5AHLs) and treated wastewater (in total 3 AHLs). Several detected AHLs were quantified (in total 24) using a standard addition method up to 7.3±1.0µg/L3-Oxo-C12-AHL (culture media ofP. aeruginosa).

Wind energy feasibility and wind turbine selection studies for the city Surat, India

Abstract Wind energy represents a clean, abundant and cost-effective power source, fostering job growth and environmental mitigation. Although wind energy harnesses several gigawatts today, its availability hinges on diverse factors, with geographical location standing out. Commercial turbines, with varying capacity ranges, saturate the market. Locating site-specific suitability and matching the appropriate turbine to meet specific requirements are of paramount importance. This study aims to assess the feasibility of wind energy in Surat, Gujarat, India and select an optimal small commercial turbine for residential use. The research involves Rayleigh and Weibull probability distribution functions based on yearlong velocity data. These distributions are fitted with actual data, revealing the most probable velocity (vmf = 3 m/s) and velocity at maximum power (vpmax = 5 m/s). The power availability of the site has been assessed as 42.6 W/m2 using both graphical and analytical methods. Several commercial turbines have been shortlisted based on on-site power criteria and their specifications are evaluated against site power availability. A comparative analysis culminates in identifying the most suitable turbine for the location. The best suitable turbine for the site with an annual energy yield of 8 MW has been suggested amongst selected turbines for small-scale residential applications.