MANOVA Analysis Research Articles

Интеллектуально одаренные пятиклассники: нужна ли практика обогащенного обучения в начальной школе?

The article presents the results of a study of the features of cognitive development and learning motivation of intellectually gifted and normotypical fifth-graders who studied in the primary grades according to programs of various types – enriched and traditional (typical). Using the two-way MANOVA analysis of variance, we tested the assumption about the influence of primary school education on the cognitive development and learning motivation of intellectually gifted and normotypical fifth-graders (N=150). Research methods: "Standard Progressive Matrices" by Raven, computerized tests for diagnosing basic cognitive characteristics (number sense, working memory and information processing speed) Tikhomirova T.N. and Malykh S.B., the author's technique "Figurative and verbal creativity", "Scale of educational motivation" Gordeeva T.O. It was revealed that intellectually gifted fifth-graders, regardless of the educational program, are characterized by higher rates of intrinsic cognitive motivation, intelligence, sense of number and speed of information processing compared to their normotypical peers. It is shown that "giftedness" and not the "educational program", affects the sense of number and the speed of information processing, while the influence of the factors "giftedness" and "educational program" on indicators of learning motivation was not found. The type of education in elementary school is critical to the development of the creative potential of intellectually gifted children. In enriched learning, gifted children demonstrate significantly higher levels of verbal and figurative creativity than their gifted peers in traditional learning. With respect to normotypical peers, no significant positive effects of enriched learning on creativity indicators were found.

Student's Performance through Online and Offline in core Information Technology courses: A Comparison

Online based education was enforced during the COVID-19 pandemic to minimize interruption in the pedagogy of teaching. Impact of transition from face-to-face to online based education on students’ learning needs to be studied. This research aims to compare the continuous assessment performance of students in both gmeet-based online and traditional offline classroom methods. Data required for this study was obtained from an academic institution (TCE-Madurai). Three core courses namely Database Management System (IV semester), Web Programming (V semester), and Theory of Computation (III semester) in the Department of Information Technology for both online (2018-2022 batch and 2019-2023 batch) and offline (2017-2021 batch) approach has been compared while considering the same cohort. Each course is designed with Course Outcomes (COs). We did Extrapolative analysis, Descriptive analysis, Correlation analysis, Regression analysis, ANOVA, and MANOVA analysis to find the relationship between internal assessments and terminal examination. The dataset has been collected from 337 students’ from the 2018-22 batch and 134 students from 2017-21 batch in the B.Tech program. Internal assessment includes three continuous assessment tests (CATs) and three assignments marks mapped with respect to corresponding COs. Terminal exam marks were also considered in the study. The dataset contains various features like scores of individual students in both internal assessments and terminal exams. Regression analysis helped to derive the relationship between final exam score which includes a specific course, a specific student, and a specific mode of delivery - Online / Offline. It explained the relationship between final exam score and internal assessment marks. It is observed that the students in online mode had significantly higher scores for the majority of the CourseOutcomes, mainly at the Knowledge level. It is difficult to measure certain areas like students’ skills and attitude level such as students’ peer Engagement, Human Interaction, Communication/Preparation, Critical thinking, and Team skills in online mode. Keywords—Regression analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, Online Vs Offline, Core courses, Performance, Internal test, Terminal exam,

Discrimination of the sister hedgehog species Erinaceus concolor and E. roumanicus(Erinaceomorpha: Mammalia): a geometric morphometric approach

This study investigates skull variation between the two closely related hedgehog species, Erinaceus concolor and E. roumanicus by using geometric morphometric analyses based on 2-dimensional landmarks. For this purpose, a total of 68 specimens were evaluated: 54 E. concolor and 14 E. roumanicus. The results of PCA, ANOVA and MANOVA analyses showed significant shape differences between the species, especially for the dorsal cranium. Shape differences were most prominent on the neurocranium and viscerocranium regions of the dorsal surface of the cranium and in mandibular ramus and the premolar regions. DFA tests were statistically significant against the null hypothesis of equal species means and crossvalidation scores were high enough to distinguish the species. Regression analyses also showed highly significant allometric differences between the two species, for both crania and mandibles. Finally, this study indicates that E. roumanicus is not only present in the European part of Turkey, but also in northwestern Anatolia.

Covid-19 Pandemi Dönemi Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinde Fiziksel Aktivite ve Yaşam Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişki

The purpose of this survey was to examine the levels of physical activity and life quality of Sports Sciences students in Turkey during the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to achieve this objective, necessary authorizations were secured and the survey was conducted by using surveys forms prepared in a digital environment and a total population of 414 students was reached in Turkey, including 224 male and 190 female students. The Turkish version of IPAQ short form was used to determine the physical activity levels of the students whereas SF-36 life quality questionnaire was used to evaluate their life quality. Package SPSS was used for the analysis of the data obtained. Chi-Square test was used to establish the relationship between physical activity and gender variables. Independent Sampling t-test was used for the comparisons of life quality sub-dimensions according to the gender variable while single way Manova analysis was conducted to determine the difference between the activity level and life quality sub-dimensions. Tukey analysis was used to be able to determine the origin of the differences between the groups. A significant difference was observed at four sub-dimensions of the life quality scale according to gender whereas no meaningful difference was observed at any sub-dimensions according to the area of specialization and grade. A relationship was determined between gender and physical activity as the female students were observed to have a greater inactivity tendency during the pandemic. On the other hand, a significant effect on life quality was determined according to physical activity levels.

The relationship between perceived freedom, leisure involvement, and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities

Background: ‪‪This study is aimed to determine the relationship between the perceived freedom, involvement and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities. Material and Methods: ‪The sample of the study consisted of 523 members. The Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale, the Leisure Involvement Scale and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form were used as data collection tools. In analysing the data, independent t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used. Results: ‪‪Independent t-Test results determined a significant difference between OHQ-SF scores according to the participants’ gender. MANOVA analysis result showed that the main effect of the gender variable on the sub-dimensions of LIS was significant, and there was a difference in all sub-dimensions. The main effect of marital status on the sub-dimensions of LIS was significant, while there was a positive and low-level relationship between age and OHQ-SF. Conclusions: ‪The levels of OHQ-SF, PFLS-25 and LIS differ depending on the individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics. Moreover, there was a positive and low level of relationship between OHQ-SF and PFLS-25 and LIS, and a positive and low level of correlation between PFLS-25.

Excellence in Internal Quality Assurance: An Empirical Study in United States

Assessment or internal quality assurance (IQA) processes have often been driven by external stakeholders such as accreditation and governmental agencies of higher education, which are focused on accountability rather than quality improvement. This research examined how private and non-profit Doctoral and Research institutions with less public financial dependence and accountability requirements adopted the Excellence in Assessment (EIA) rubric to improve their IQA models that supports improvement. A survey based on National Institute of Learning Outcomes Assessment (NILOA) EIA rubric was sent to the ASSESS Listserv to learn if there was a difference in EIA scores related to source of funding and Carnegie characteristics. A two-way MANOVA analysis of the survey responses showed that there was no difference in IQA practice followed EIA rubric between source of funding (public and non-profit private institutions) and Carnegie classification (Research and Comprehensive). Recommendations are made regarding the reliability of the EIA rubric. The EIA designation can serve as a framework for U.S. and non-U.S. higher education institutions to benchmark and improve the current IQA processes.

Differences of Motor Proficiency in Preschool Girls Related to Organized Physical Activity

This study purpose was to determine the level of motor competence and differences in motor skills of preschool girls aged 5 to 7 from Serbia according to participation in organized physical activities. 
 Materials and methods. Ninety-one girls aged 5-7 years (mean ± 6.4) were divided into three subsamples: control group, rhythmic gymnastics and sports school. Girls were assessed with the MABC-2 test. Descriptive statistics analyzed the basic characteristics of participants according to the level of motor competence. Furthermore, Pearson’s χ2 test for contingency tables, MANOVA and discriminant analysis were employed to find differences in motor proficiency among groups. 
 Results. Significant differences have been found in girls attending rhythmic gymnastics in aiming & catching on the upper bound of moderate effect size (p < 0.001, η2 = 139), and total test score moderate effect size (p = 0.006, η2 = 0.105) compared to girls who did not participate in organized physical activity. The discrimination coefficient explained the differences in girls in aiming and catching, with a contribution of 41.4%, balance skills with 24%, and a total test score of 22.9%. According to the level of motor competence, 61% from the control group and 40% from the sports school group scored below average in aiming & catching. The total test score of ≥ 50 percentile was achieved by 68.3% of girls in the control group, 84% in the sports school group, and 96% in rhythmic gymnastics. 
 Conclusion. This study confirms that sports practice contributes to the development of motor capabilities and influences individual differences in children’s scores. Our findings can contribute to understanding how important it is to promote object control skills games for girls and older preschoolers generally.

Longitudinal assessment of the common sense model before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large coeliac disease cohort study

ObjectivePsychosocial factors likely play a substantial role in the well-being of those living with coeliac disease, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, little research has examined well-being in this cohort using an integrated socio-cognitive model. This study had two aims: (1) Examine changes in gastrointestinal symptoms, psychosocial factors, and well-being outcomes (i.e., psychological distress, quality of life [QoL]) associated with the pandemic, (2) Examine the interrelationship of these variables across timepoints using the Common Sense Model (CSM). Methods1697 adults with coeliac disease (Time 1, pre-pandemic; 83.1% female, mean age = 55.8, SD = 15.0 years) and 674 follow-up participants (Time 2, pandemic; 82.8% female, mean age = 57.0, SD = 14.4 years) completed an online questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using repeated measures MANOVA and cross-lagged panel model analyses. ResultsParticipants reported improved QoL, and reduced gastrointestinal symptoms, negative illness perceptions and maladaptive coping from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic. There was no significant change in pain catastrophising or psychological distress. Cross-lagged effects showed gastrointestinal symptoms to predict negative illness perceptions, which in turn were predictive of poorer outcomes across all variables except pain catastrophising. Consistent with the CSM, there was a reciprocal relationship between illness perceptions and QoL over time. Maladaptive coping and pain catastrophising demonstrated limited predictive utility. ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic appears to have had a small beneficial effect across several indices of well-being among adults with coeliac disease. Cross-lagged relationships highlight illness perceptions as a predictor of well-being outcomes and a potential target for psychosocial interventions.

The Relationships Between Leisure Satisfaction, Job Performance, and Life Satisfaction: A Sample of Private Sector Employees in Turkey

This study aimed to describe the relationships between leisure satisfaction, job performance, and life satisfaction among private-sector employees. The study sample consisted of 347 employees, 158 males, and 189 females, working in a private company in Istanbul. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The data collection tools included the “Leisure Satisfaction Scale”; the "Job Performance Scale", and "Life Satisfaction Scale". The data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA, and Pearson Correlation analysis. The analysis results showed no significant difference between the Life-SS and Leisure-SS scores by gender, but there was a difference in the JPS scores. No significant difference was measured in any scales by marital status. There was a significant statistically meaningful difference between the Life-SS and JPS scores by working types, but no difference in the Leisure-SS scores. There was a difference between the Life-SS and JPS scores; the difference in the Leisure-SS scores was not significant. There was a positive and low-level relationship between JPS and Life-SS. Similarly, a positive and low-level relationship was found between the "Psychological," "Educational" and "Social" sub-dimensions of Leisure-SS and Life-SS. However, there was no relationship between the sub-dimensions of JPS and Leisure-SS. In conclusion, there were meaningful differences in all scale scores by specific socio-demographic characteristics; there was a positive correlation between the "Psychological," "Educational" and "Social" sub-dimensions of Leisure-SS and the Life-SS, and that there was no relationship between Leisure-SS, Life-SS, and JPS. As a result, it can be said that as individuals' job performance and leisure time satisfaction increase, their life satisfaction also increases.

The evolutionary relationship between arm vertebrae shape and ecological lifestyle in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea).

Ophiuroidea are one of the most diverse classes among extant echinoderms, characterized by their flexible arms composed of a series of ossicles called vertebrae, articulating with each other proximally and distally. Their arms show a wide range of motion, important for feeding and locomotion, associated with their epizoic and non-epizoic lifestyles. It remains to be explored to what degree the phenotypic variation in these ossicles also reflects adaptations to these lifestyles, rather than only their phylogenetic affinity. In this study, we analyzed the 3D shape variation of six arm vertebrae from the middle and distal parts of an arm in 12species, belonging to the intertidal, subtidal and bathyal zones and showing epizoic and non-epizoic behaviors. A PERMANOVA indicated a significant difference in ossicle morphology between species and between lifestyles. A principal component analysis showed that the morphology of epizoic ophiuroids is distinct from non-epizoic ones; which may reflect variation in arm function related to these different lifestyles. The Phylogenetic MANOVA and phylogenetic signal analysis showed that shape variation in the vertebral articulation seems to reflect ecological and functional adaptations, whereas phylogeny controls more the lateral morphology of the vertebrae. This suggests a convergent evolution through ecological adaptation to some degree, indicating that some of these characters may have limited taxonomic value.

Assessing moodle-assisted e-learning for students’ concept understanding and critical thinking skills in algebra

Conceptual understanding and critical thinking skills are necessary for all students to help them in their learning process. This research aims to determine the effect of Moodle-assisted e-learning on (1) conceptual understanding, (2) critical thinking skills, and (3) conceptual understanding and critical thinking skills combined. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with random cluster sampling was used as the sampling technique. An algebra written test was used to collect research data. Furthermore, the researchers performed the normality test, homogeneity test, and MANOVA analysis to analyze the data. The researchers discovered that Moodle-assisted e-learning influenced students' conceptual understanding, critical thinking skills, and conceptual understanding and critical thinking skills.

Impact of Common Dizziness Associated Symptoms on Dizziness Handicap in Older Adults.

Background: A cross-sectional observational study was designed to determine the impact of dizziness associated symptoms on the dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) in older adults (≥60 years).Methods: In total, 785 individuals referred to a multidisciplinary dizziness unit were assessed. Participants completed self-report questionnaires with general questions about symptoms of dizziness as well as the DHI. The DHI subscores (physical, functional, emotional) were calculated. Medical diagnoses were collected from the medical records of the patients. One-way MANOVA and networking analysis were used to analyze the impact of dizziness associated symptoms on dizziness handicap.Results: Most patients reported swaying dizziness (60.6%) and feeling of unsteadiness (59.8%) with substantial overlap between the types of dizziness. Most frequent dizziness associated symptoms were ear noise/tinnitus, visual problems, and nausea/vomiting. Network analysis revealed that visual disturbances, headache, and hearing impairment were associated with higher DHI and explained 12% of the DHI variance in the linear regression. In the one-way MANOVA visual problems and headache had an effect on all three DHI subscores, while hearing impairment was associated with the functional and emotional subscores of DHI.Conclusion: Distinct dizziness associated symptoms have substantial impact on dizziness handicap in older adults. A multifactorial assessment including these symptoms may assist in tailoring therapies to alleviate dizziness handicap in this group.

A Study on The Counselors’ Levels of Professional Pride And Job Satisfaction According to Certain Variables

The study examines whether counselors’ levels of professional pride and job satisfaction significantly differ according to gender, education level, receiving supervision for individual counseling, receiving supervision for group counseling, seeing university education as adequate, the job title used, and seniority. The study group consisted of 661 counselors. Of the participants, 71.6% are female (n=473) and 28.4% (n=188) are male; and as for their age ranges, 71.3% (n=471) are between 21-30 years, 20.0% (n=132) are between 31-40 years, 7.6% (n=50) are between 41-50 years, and 1.2% (n=8) are between 51-60 years of age. The “Professional Pride Scale”, the “Job Satisfaction Scale”, and a “Personal Information Form” were used to collect the study data. Data analysis was based on MANOVA, Games-Howell Test, Scheffe Test, and Discriminant Analysis. The results demonstrate that the counselors’ mean scores in professional pride and job satisfaction do not significantly differ according to gender and receiving supervision for individual and group counseling. On the other hand, significant differences were found between the counselors’ mean scores in professional pride and job satisfaction according to education level, seeing university education as adequate, and the job title used. As for seniority, the counselors’ mean score in professional pride significantly differed, while their mean scores in job satisfaction did not significantly differ according to seniority. The study results are discussed in light of the literature and certain suggestions are made accordingly.

The Relationship Between Spirituality and Hopelessness Among Cancer Patients in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spirituality and hopelessness in cancer patients. The study used a cross-sectional and correlational design and included 650 cancer patients. The data were collected using a patient information form, the Spiritual Orientation Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The data were analyzed by MANOVA and linear regression analysis. Cancer patients had high levels of spirituality (89.74 ± 32.79) and low levels of hopelessness (6.50 ± 5.61). A statistically significant relationship was found between the mean Spiritual Orientation Scale scores of the patients and their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status, educational status, employment status, income) (p < 0.05). A statistically significant relationship was found between the mean Beck Hopelessness Scale scores of the patients and their sociodemographic characteristics (age, marital status, income status) (p < 0.05). According to the linear regression analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between the spirituality and hopelessness levels of the patients (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.503, b = - 0.641). As the patients' spirituality increased, their levels of hopelessness decreased.

Comparing the utilities consumptions in Dubai per category and community: MANOVA and cluster analysis approaches

UAE is marked by the increasing demand for water and electricity due to demographic, environmental and economic factors, coupled with the dependence on water desalination process, which is costly, consumes a lot of energy and is non-environmentally friendly. Like most of the authorities in UAE, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority is facing the challenges of balancing supply with demand and responding to consumer requirements, from one side, and addressing the continuously increasing consumption and slowing it down from another side. Therefore, policy makers can benefit from statistical data analysis in order to make informed decisions. This study aims to equip decision makers with useful tools and analysis to address some of their short- and long-term objectives related to production and consumption. The current study focused on three main objectives: (i) analysing the production of the desalination plants in Dubai, (ii) comparing the consumptions of water and electricity based on the four categories residential, commercial, industrial and others, and (iii) segmenting the various communities in Dubai depending on their consumption behavior. The data used for this study is collected from the open government data and SAS Programming is adopted for data analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that the desalinated water production follows an upward trend, yet still not in line with the consumption growth. Furthermore, there are significant differences between the four categories for both water and electricity consumptions. The highest levels of consumptions are associated with the residential and commercial categories. Finally, the cluster analysis technique revealed fifteen clusters of communities depending on the consumption levels.

The impact of quality management systems on financial performance under crisis conditions: evidence from SMEs

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of total quality management (TQM) practices adopted by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on their financial performance in a period where economic and social crisis conditions are recognised. A questionnaire was distributed to 400 recipients and a total of 392 questionnaires have been fully and accurately completed resulting in a response rate equal to 98%. Those primary data collected were statistically processed conducting a scoring analysis and a multivariate (MANOVA) analysis. The scoring analysis showed the level of quality elements implemented and the MANOVA analysis presented the effect they had on the financial performance of the quality-oriented SMEs. The analysis revealed that all quality-oriented SMEs presented an improved performance in the two financial measures such as solvency and efficiency compared to the profitability and liquidity measures. The TQM SMEs (the quality-oriented SMEs that have continued their quality journey reaching the TQM level) were the ones that have shown further improvement in their financial performance and of those, the micro-SMEs were the most financially sustainable companies. In addition, the quality-oriented SMEs have continued their quality journey towards TQM, presenting an increased rate of transition to higher quality levels, using their Altman Z-score as the criterion.

Level up the life!! Leisure Involvement, Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction among University Students

Leisure participation, life satisfaction, and psychological needs stand out as concepts that are closely related to each other especially in exercise participation. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze leisure involvement, basic psychological need satisfaction, and life satisfaction level concerning some variables among university students who are regular exercise participants. Study participants comprised a total of 428 university students who were regular exercise participants. The participants, who were chosen using a convenience sampling method, completed the &amp;ldquo;Modified Involvement Scale&amp;rdquo; (MIS), &amp;ldquo;Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale&amp;rdquo; (BPNES) and Life Satisfaction Scale&amp;rdquo; (LSS). T-test, MANOVA, and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that the main effect of gender was significant on &amp;ldquo;MIS&amp;rdquo; &amp;ldquo;BPNES&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;LSS&amp;rdquo; in favor of male participants. There were significant effects of type of exercise in favor of individual exercise participants. Further, there were statistically significant correlations between all scales. Participation in leisure activities positively affects the person&amp;rsquo;s perspectives on all areas of life and determines the individual&amp;#39;s feelings like autonomy, competency, and feeling more related to their lives. The findings of this study also give useful insights into exercise psychology research and provide suggestions for future research.

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Identification of Shorea species based on leaf morphological character with multivariate analysis

Shorea is one of the largest genera of the Dipterocarpaceae family that dominates Indonesian forests. This genus has an essential role in meeting the supply of wood, both at home and abroad. There are 194 species of shorea in the tropics. However, there is a high degree of similarity between one species and another, making it difficult to identify it. This study aims to estimate the variation of leaf morphology among 6 species of shorea at PT. Reki using multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis is a statistical technique for analyzing data with a large number of variables. PCA (Principal component analysis), Biplot, and Manova were the three species of multivariate analysis used in this study. The results of PCA analysis showed that the variables of leaf elongation (PR), lamina length (PL) and leaf width to the base of the leaf (LP) had a strong relationship so that they could be used as a differentiator for the 6 shorea species. Biplot analysis showed that Shorea parvifolia, Shorea acuminata and Shorea leprosula had high similarities. It is also indicated by the leaves of the three species, which are more round in shape. The results of the Manova analysis showed a significant value <0.005, which means that all the variables tested have differences from one another. Shorea acuminata and Shorea leprosula have high similarity, and it is also indicated by the leaves of the three species, which are more round in shape.

Hemicellulolytic bacteria in the anterior intestine of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.)

Tropical agriculture produces large amounts of lignocellulosic residues that can potentially be used as a natural source of value-added products. The complexity of lignocellulose makes industrial-scale processing difficult. New processing techniques must be developed to improve the yield and avoid this valuable resource going to waste. Hemicelluloses comprise a variety of polysaccharides with different backbone compositions and decorations (such as methylations and acetylations), and form part of an intricate framework that confers structural stability to the plant cell wall. Organisms that are able to degrade these biopolymers include earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which can rapidly decompose a wide variety of lignocellulosic substrates. This ability probably derives from enzymes and symbiotic microorganisms in the earthworm gut. In this work, two substrates with similar C/N ratios but different hemicellulose content were selected. Palm fibre and coffee husk have relatively high (28%) and low (5%) hemicellulose contents, respectively. A vermicomposting mixture was prepared for the earthworms to feed on by mixing a hemicellulose substrate with organic market waste. Xylanase activity was determined in earthworm gut and used as a selection criterion for the isolation of hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. Xylanase activity was similar for both substrates, even though their physicochemical properties principally pH and electrical conductivity, as shown by the MANOVA analysis) were different for the total duration of the experiment (120 days). Xylanolytic strains isolated from earthworm gut were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results indicate that the four Actinobacteria, two Proteobacteria, and one Firmicutes isolated are active participants of the xylanolytic degradation by microbiota in the intestine of E. fetida. Most bacteria were more active at pH 7 and 28 °C, and those with higher activities are reported as being facultatively anaerobic, coinciding with the microenvironment reported for the earthworm gut. Each strain had a different degradative capacity.