Analysis Of Young Adults Research Articles

Integrating OpenPose and SVM for Quantitative Postural Analysis in Young Adults: A Temporal-Spatial Approach.

Noninvasive tracking devices are widely used to monitor real-time posture. Yet significant potential exists to enhance postural control quantification through walking videos. This study advances computational science by integrating OpenPose with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to perform highly accurate and robust postural analysis, marking a substantial improvement over traditional methods which often rely on invasive sensors. Utilizing OpenPose-based deep learning, we generated Dynamic Joint Nodes Plots (DJNP) and iso-block postural identity images for 35 young adults in controlled walking experiments. Through Temporal and Spatial Regression (TSR) models, key features were extracted for SVM classification, enabling the distinction between various walking behaviors. This approach resulted in an overall accuracy of 0.990 and a Kappa index of 0.985. Cutting points for the ratio of top angles (TAR) and the ratio of bottom angles (BAR) effectively differentiated between left and right skews with AUC values of 0.772 and 0.775, respectively. These results demonstrate the efficacy of integrating OpenPose with SVM, providing more precise, real-time analysis without invasive sensors. Future work will focus on expanding this method to a broader demographic, including individuals with gait abnormalities, to validate its effectiveness across diverse clinical conditions. Furthermore, we plan to explore the integration of alternative machine learning models, such as deep neural networks, enhancing the system's robustness and adaptability for complex dynamic environments. This research opens new avenues for clinical applications, particularly in rehabilitation and sports science, promising to revolutionize noninvasive postural analysis.

Carotid wave analysis in young adults with a history of adolescent anorexia nervosa: a case control study

BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with abnormalities that may increase the risk of future cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the cardiovascular health of individuals who recovered from AN during adolescence by conducting wave power analysis.MethodsFormer AN patients discharged from the Royal Children’s and Monash Children’s Hospitals (N = 17) in Melbourne, Australia underwent ultrasound imaging of the right carotid artery. Wave power analysis was conducted to assess biomechanical interactions of the cardiovascular system. Patient measures were compared to healthy controls (N = 51).ResultsEighty-eight percent of the former AN patients and controls were female, aged approximately 25 years, with a healthy body mass index. Mean carotid flow and pulsatility index were not different between groups. Carotid arterial strain and distensibility were lower, and the wave speed and beta stiffness index higher in the former AN patients. Characteristic impedance was not different nor were the forward and backward wave amplitudes. However, wave reflection indices (ratios of backward-to-forward compression wave area, and wave-related effect on pressure and hydraulic power) were 12–18% lower in the former AN patients (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIncreased carotid artery stiffness and reduced wave reflection are evident in young adults who recovered from adolescent AN. This may relate to an adaptive process that helps to maintain or restore flow and characteristic impedance despite increased vessel stiffness, with this warranting future investigation.

Effect of post COVID-19 on body composition, physical fitness, sleep quality and quality of life among young adults: a cross-sectional study of matched pairs.

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) causes lung tissue inflammation, affects mental health, and disturbs sleep and the musculoskeletal system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on physical function and quality of life by comparing the body composition, physical fitness, sleep quality and quality of life between Thai young adults with and without post COVID-19 infection. A cross-sectional study was comprised of two matched groups (post COVID-19 group and non COVID-19 group) with 36 participants in each group. Data about body composition, physical fitness, sleep quality and quality of life were collected using the bioelectrical impedance analysis, the 1-min sit-to-stand test, the hand grip strength test, the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire and the EuroQol-5D-5L, respectively. Independent samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test were used to compare between the two groups. The changes in oxygen saturation and respiratory rate after the physical fitness test and the sleep quality analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without post COVID-19 infection (p = 0.006, p = 0.003 and p = 0.003, respectively). However, quality of life and body composition were not significantly different between groups. COVID-19 influenced the changes in oxygen saturation and respiratory rate after the physical fitness test and the sleep quality analysis in young adults. The results should be utilized to facilitate physical rehabilitation for COVID-19-infected individuals following infection. Those who have not been infected with COVID-19 must be informed of self-protection measures to avoid contracting the virus.

The effect of body weight on left atrial function determined by longitudinal strain analysis in young adults.

Obesity is a risk factor for various cardiovascular disorders. Left atrial (LA) function is vital for predicting adverse outcomes in many diseases. LA strain was recently proposed as a noninvasive and valuable parameter for LA functional evaluation. We investigated the effect of body mass index (BMI) values on left atrial functions determined by longitudinal strain analysis in young adults without concomitant disease. We prospectively included 134 subjects in our study. Participants were categorized into three subgroups, obese, overweight, and control, according to their BMI. Conventional echocardiographic measurements and strain analysis were performed on all patients. There were 41 patients (30.5%) in the obesity group, 46 patients (34.3%) in the overweight group, and 47 patients (35.0%) in the control group. Obese patients had significantly larger LA volume (46.9 ± 12.1 ml; p < 0.001) compared to overweight and control subjects; however, LA volume index (21.4 ± 6.1 ml/m2 vs. 22.4 ± 6.1 ml/m2 vs. 22.4 ± 5.0 ml/m2; p = 0.652) were similar between groups. In the LA strain analysis, obese patients were found to have lower left atrial reservoir longitudinal strain (LASr) compared to both the overweight and control group (44.2 ± 5.8% vs. 39.1 ± 3.7% vs. 36.5 ± 4.9%; p < 0.001); moreover obese patients had significantly worse left atrial contraction phase longitudinal strain (LASct) (-15.1 ± 3.1% vs. -13.1 ± 2.5%; p = 0.007) and left atrial conduit phase longitudinal strain (LAScd) (-29.0 ± 7.1% vs. -23.3 ± 5.4%; p < 0.001) values compared to the control group. However, LASct and LAScd values did not differ between overweight and obese patients. LA function determined by LA strain analysis was impaired in obese and overweight individuals compared to the control group, even in the early stages of life. The prognostic significance of this finding should be investigated in prospective studies.

Relationship between Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior, Spinal Curvatures, Endurance and Balance of the Trunk Muscles-Extended Physical Health Analysis in Young Adults.

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are associated with poor well-being in young people with adverse effects extending into adulthood. To date, there are many studies investigating the relationship between physical activity (PA) and posture, but there are no data on the relationship between the type and intensity of PA and sedentary behavior, their association with thoracic and lumbar spine angles, and with endurance and balance of the trunk muscles, especially in healthy young adults aged 18-25 years. Moreover, there are no data on the relationship between PA and sedentary behavior and musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary health, as well as quality of life (QoL) and sleep that would provide a more comprehensive picture of physical health status. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the extent to which PA and sedentary behavior are associated with each other and with changes in spinal curvatures, endurance and balance of trunk muscles in an extended analysis of physical health status in young adults aged 18-25 years by additionally including measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory capacity, and QoL and sleep. A total of 82 students (58% female, 42% male) aged 18-25 years completed all required tests. Primary outcome measures included the following: PA and sedentary behavior calculated from the long form of International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ-LF), spinal curvatures measured by a Spinal Mouse® device, endurance and balance of the trunk muscles measured using trunk endurance tests and their ratio. Overall, 50% of students were classified as minimally active and 50% as health-enhancing PA (HEPA) active. The angles of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis showed no correlation with PA or time spent sitting. However, students with the lowest PA had significantly higher scores on the trunk extensor endurance test and trunk extensor/flexor endurance test ratio, indicating imbalanced trunk muscles. Moreover, these students spent the most their time sitting. Only PA of vigorous intensity and PA during recreation, leisure, and sports significantly correlated with QoL related to physical health. QoL related to physical and psychosocial health had significantly higher scores when students spent less time sitting. In addition, we found significantly better respiratory performance and SQ at higher PA values, i.e., PA during recreation, leisure, and sport. Our results suggest that students with low PA levels and more time spent sitting have imbalanced trunk muscles, worse respiratory function, and poorer QoL and sleep. Moreover, these findings in college students may reflect their lifestyle and suggest that more PA needs to be promoted to prevent the development of chronic diseases including musculoskeletal disorders.

Different neuromuscular control mechanisms regulate static and dynamic balance: A center-of-pressure analysis in young adults

The analysis of the center of pressure (CoP) trajectory, derived from force platforms, is a widely accepted measure to investigate postural balance control. The CoP trajectory could be analyzed as a physiological time-series through a general stochastic modeling framework (i.e., Stabilogram Diffusion Analysis (SDA)). Critical point divides short-term from long-term regions and diffusion coefficients reflect the level of stochastic activity of the CoP. Sample Entropy (SampEn) allows quantifying the CoP complexity in terms of regularity. Thus, this study aimed to understand whether SDA and SampEn could discriminate the neuromuscular control mechanisms underpinning static and dynamic postural tasks. Static balance control and its relationship with dynamic balance control were investigated through the CoP velocity (Mean Velocity) and the area of the 95th percentile ellipse (Area95). Balance was assessed in 15 subjects (age: 23.13 ± 0.99 years; M = 9) over a force platform under two conditions: static (ST) and dynamic, both in anterior-posterior (DAP) and medio-lateral (DML) directions. During the DAP and DML, subjects stood on an unstable board positioned over a force platform. Short-term SDA diffusion coefficients and critical points were lower in ST than in DAP and DML (p < 0.05). SampEn values resulted greater in ST than in DAP and DML (p < 0.001). As expected, lower values of Area95 (p < 0.001) and Mean Velocity (p < 0.001) were detected in the easiest condition, the ST, compared to DAP and DML. No significant correlations between static and dynamic balance performances were detected. Moreover, differences in the diffusion coefficients were detected comparing DAP and DML (p < 0.05). In the anterior-posterior direction, the critical point occurred at relatively small intervals in DML compared to DAP (p < 0.001) and ST (p < 0.001). In the medio-lateral direction, the critical point differed only between DAP and DML (p < 0.05). Overall, SDA analysis pointed out a less tightly regulated neuromuscular control system in the dynamic tasks, with closed-loop corrective feedback mechanisms called into play at different time intervals in the three conditions. SampEn results reflected more attention and, thus, less automatic control mechanisms in the dynamic conditions, particularly in the medio-lateral task. The different neuromuscular control mechanisms that emerged in the static and dynamic balance tasks encourage using both static and dynamic tests for a more comprehensive balance performance assessment.

Understanding socio-labor inclusion among young adults with autism spectrum and mental disorders: preliminary findings

IntroductionPrevious studies suggest that adults with mental disorders (MD) or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are more likely to be unemployed than those without MD. However, it is unclear whether working adults with MD or ASD perceive the same effort-reward balance as their counterparts without MD or ASD.ObjectivesTo analyze labor conditions and to identify factors associated with effort-reward imbalance among young adults with ASD, MD and those from the general population (GP).MethodsA qualitative and quantitative study design is being conducted to analyze the rates of employment among young adults with ASD, and to identify factors associated with employment rates (Fondecyt ID11201028.). As part of this study, we conducted a quantitative analysis in young adults 16 to 30 years of age in two regions of Chile between August and October, 2022. Young adults with MD and ASD were compared with adults of similar age recruited from the GP. We applied a questionnaire to collect data on participant’s sociodemographic information, autonomy level and employment status. We applied the short Spanish version of the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment (OC) questionnaire, which has been widely used in Latin American countries.Chi-square test was used and the Kruskal Wallis H Test was applied to compare among groups. The statistical significance was set at P&lt;0.05.ResultsOverall, 422 participants were included in the analysis (mean age 22±3.2, 64.2% women, 65.2% students, and 4.4% unemployed). Of the total respondents, 22% of young adults from GP, 17.8% with MD, and 4.8% with ASD were working at the moment of the survey. Regarding autonomy level, a higher proportion of participants with ASD needed support (36.4%), compared with 9.7% and 0.8% of young adults with MD and GP, respectively. Of the population who reported working (n=125), about 56.0% have a permanent job, and 44% a seasonal or occasional job. The median value for the effort–reward ratio was 0.96 (range 0.4–1.8), with no significant differences between the groups. Of those participants working, 44.3% showed an ERI ratio higher than 1, which was higher in participants with ASD (60%). ERI-esteem was significantly different (P=0.01) among ASD (7.0; range 5-8), MD (6.0; range 2-8) and PG (6.0; range 2-8). In the OC questionnaire, young adults with ASD were more likely to think about work (P=0.01) and having trouble sleeping at night due to work issues (P=0.03) than GP and MD groups.ConclusionsThe ASD group showed higher overcommitment and a considerable proportion of subjects at risk of effort-reward imbalance at work, were more likely to think about work at home, and had trouble sleeping thinking about work. Our preliminary results highlight the importance of considering the working conditions of young adults diagnosed with ASD and the need to provide them with enough support to promote labor inclusion.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Multivariate longitudinal data for survival analysis of cardiovascular event prediction in young adults: insights from a comparative explainable study

BackgroundMultivariate longitudinal data are under-utilized for survival analysis compared to cross-sectional data (CS - data collected once across cohort). Particularly in cardiovascular risk prediction, despite available methods of longitudinal data analysis, the value of longitudinal information has not been established in terms of improved predictive accuracy and clinical applicability.MethodsWe investigated the value of longitudinal data over and above the use of cross-sectional data via 6 distinct modeling strategies from statistics, machine learning, and deep learning that incorporate repeated measures for survival analysis of the time-to-cardiovascular event in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort. We then examined and compared the use of model-specific interpretability methods (Random Survival Forest Variable Importance) and model-agnostic methods (SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) and Temporal Importance Model Explanation (TIME)) in cardiovascular risk prediction using the top-performing models.ResultsIn a cohort of 3539 participants, longitudinal information from 35 variables that were repeatedly collected in 6 exam visits over 15 years improved subsequent long-term (17 years after) risk prediction by up to 8.3% in C-index compared to using baseline data (0.78 vs. 0.72), and up to approximately 4% compared to using the last observed CS data (0.75). Time-varying AUC was also higher in models using longitudinal data (0.86–0.87 at 5 years, 0.79–0.81 at 10 years) than using baseline or last observed CS data (0.80–0.86 at 5 years, 0.73–0.77 at 10 years). Comparative model interpretability analysis revealed the impact of longitudinal variables on model prediction on both the individual and global scales among different modeling strategies, as well as identifying the best time windows and best timing within that window for event prediction. The best strategy to incorporate longitudinal data for accuracy was time series massive feature extraction, and the easiest interpretable strategy was trajectory clustering.ConclusionOur analysis demonstrates the added value of longitudinal data in predictive accuracy and epidemiological utility in cardiovascular risk survival analysis in young adults via a unified, scalable framework that compares model performance and explainability. The framework can be extended to a larger number of variables and other longitudinal modeling methods.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005130, Registration Date: 26/05/2000.

Drug dependence analysis in young adults living in Moscow and across Russia for the years 2010-2020

Relevance. A statistical study of drug addiction among young people for 2010-2020 is needed in order to develop recommendations for the treatment of drug addiction. The aim of the research was to analyze trends of substances dependence disorder among adolescents. Materials and Methods. The present research is based on the national statistics data collected and presented in Federal Statistical Monitoring Form № 11 ‘Data on substances dependence disorder cases’; Federal Statistical Monitoring Form № 37 ‘Data on drug and toxic substances (inhalant) addicted adults’, which include estimates about adolescents aged 15-17 who seek addiction treatment initiation at public medical health facilities across Russia and in Moscow. The monitoring period is from 2010 to 2020. All substances dependence disorder morbidity rates were analyzed according to ICD-10 and presented as a breakdown of: drug addiction (dependence) syndrome and health detrimental abuse, first admissions; diagnostic groups, and medical conditions - mental disorders and deviant behaviors caused by drug and non-narcotic psychoactive substances abuse. The data were collected, compiled and Microsoft Office Excel 2016-processed to underlie a database. Results and Discussion. Alcohol and psychoactive substances abuse disorders showed the downward trend, both across Russia and Moscow. Drug abuse disorders showed the decline across Russia, while Moscow saw the same rates growing. Conclusion. The set of the government-backed programs adopted across Russia and in Moscow to fight the spread of adolescent substances dependence disorders delivered a positive result.

A Traditional Chinese Medicine Plant Extract Prevents Alcohol-Induced Osteopenia.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced in the treatment of bone diseases and alcoholism. Chronic excessive alcohol use results in alcohol-induced bone diseases, including osteopenia and osteoporosis, which increases fracture risk, deficient bone repair, and osteonecrosis. This preclinical study investigated the therapeutic effects of TCM herbal extracts in animal models of chronic excessive alcohol consumption-induced osteopenia. TCM herbal extracts (Jing extracts) were prepared from nine Chinese herbal medicines, a combinative herbal formula for antifatigue and immune regulation, including Astragalus, Cistanche deserticola, Dioscorea polystachya, Lycium barbarum, Epimedium, Cinnamomum cassia, Syzygium aromaticum, Angelica sinensis, and Curculigo orchioides. In this study, Balb/c male mice were orally administrated alcohol (3.2 g/kg/day) with/without TCM herbal extracts (0.125 g/kg, 0.25 g/kg, or 0.5 g/kg) by gavage. Our results showed that after 50 days of oral administration, TCM herbal extracts prevented alcohol-induced osteopenia demonstrated by μ-CT bone morphological analysis in young adults and middle-aged/old Balb/c male mice. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that chronic alcohol consumption inhibits bone formation and has a neutral impact on bone resorption, suggesting that TCM herbal extracts (Jing extracts) mitigate the alcohol-induced abnormal bone metabolism in middle-aged/old male mice. Protocatechuic acid, a natural phenolic acid in Jing extracts, mitigates in vivo alcohol-induced decline of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) gene expression in the bone marrow of Balb/c male mice and in vitro ALP activity in pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Our study suggests that TCM herbal extracts prevent chronic excessive alcohol consumption-induced osteopenia in male mice, implying that traditional medicinal plants have the therapeutic potential of preventing alcohol-induced bone diseases.

The reliability of measures provided by the Unstable Platform for Balance Analysis in young adults with and without visual information

PurposeThe Unstable Platform for Balance Analysis (UP-balance) has been used in several studies to evaluate different situations of balance and constraints. However, the reliability of its measurements has not been analysed yet. Therefore, the present study investigated the reliability of the measures provided by UP-balance in young adults in bipedal posturę with and without vision.MethodsFor such analysis, 30 young adults, male and female (mean age: 22.9 years; &lt;i&gt;SD&lt;/i&gt; = 3.8 years), performed 3 attempts of the task which consisted in maintaining balance on an UP-balance on a bipedal base for 20 seconds, with and without visual information, with perturbations in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions.ResultsThe UP-balance variables presented high inter-trial reliability (ICC &gt; 0.76; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), except for balance time in the anterior-posterior direction and non-vision condition, which exhibited moderate inter-trial reliability (ICC = 0.73; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05).ConclusionsUP-balance seemed to be a reliable instrument for the analysis of balance in situations of instability on a base support.

Examining the roles of social media use and connections to public actors on democratic engagement: An analysis of young adults in three Asian societies

Social media platforms not only provide young adults exposure to information about political and social affairs, but also opportunities to curate connections with influential public actors that can engender greater public expression and participation in civic life. We examine these dynamics using probability surveys of young adults in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Results across the three samples showed that social media connections with journalists and activists were positively related to exposure to and sharing of public affairs content. Sharing public affairs content on social media in turn was related to greater willingness to speak out about political and social issues beyond the social media platforms. These experiences further empower youth to engage in civic participation. This study elucidates the importance of public actors on social media as socialization agents for youth that can engender subsequent public expression and civic participation across societies with different political and media systems.

Locus of Control and Anxiety: A Quantitative Analysis in Young Adults

Locus of Control and Anxiety: A Quantitative Analysis in Young Adults

Analysis of young adults with Midline diastema opting Orthodontic correction

Analysis of young adults with Midline diastema opting Orthodontic correction

Neck Circumference as an Indicator of Overweight and Obesity in Young Adults

Neck circumference (NC) measurement is one of the simple screening measurements, that can be used as a marker of upper body fat distribution to notice overweight. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between NC and overweight/obesity. In this cross-sectional study a total 198 college students (120 Female, 78 Male) aged 18-23 years were participated using convenience method. Anthropometric measurements of students were measured according to the guidelines of world health organization. Students with NC ≥37 cm for male and ≥34 cm for female and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 are identified as overweight. The percentages of the male and female students with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were 9% and 15.8% respectively and with high NC were 47.4% and 23.3 % respectively. In both male and female students, there were significant and positive correlation of neck circumference with body weight (male, r=0.572; female, r=0.629; p=0.001), waist circumference (male, r= 0.407; female, r= 0.623; p=0.001), hip circumference (male, r=0.546; female, r=0.579; p=0.001), BMI (male, r= 0.532; female, r= 0.588; p=0.001), waist to hip ratio (female, r = .376; p= .001), and waist to height ratio (male, r= 0.33; female, r= 0.574; p=0.001). A significant and independent association was found between NC and overweight levels using multiple regression analysis in young adults. This study indicates neck circumference is a simple screening measure that can be used to identify overweight/obesity.

Research Tracker 6 Accelerometer Calibration and Validation in Comparison to GENEActiv, ActiGraph, and Gas Analysis in Young Adults

Background: The ability to objectively assess physical activity and inactivity in free living individuals is important in understanding activity patterns and the dose response relationship with health. Currently, a large number of research tools exist, but little evidence has examined the validity/utility of the Research Tracker 6 (RT6) monitor. Questions remain in regard to the best placements, positions, and cut-points in young adults to determine activity intensity across a range of activities. This study sought to address this gap in young adults. The study aims were 1) to examine criterion validity of RT6 in comparison to breath-by-breath gas analysis; 2) convergent validity of RT6 in comparison to ActiGraph and GENEActiv; 3) development of RT6 tri-axial vector magnitude cut-points to classify physical activity at different intensities (i.e., for sedentary, moderate, and vigorous); 4) to compare the generated cut-points of the RT6 in comparison to other tools. Methods: Following ethics approval and informed consent, 31 young adults (age = 22±3 years: BMI = 23±3 kg/m2) undertook five modes of physical activity/sedentary behaviors while wearing three different accelerometers at hip and wrist locations (ActiGraph GT9X Link, GENEActiv, RT6). Expired gas was sampled during the five activities (MetaMax 3B). Correlational analysis assessed the relationship between accelerometer devices and METs/VO2. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves analysis were used to calculate area under the curve and define cut-points for physical activity intensities. Results: The RT6 demonstrated criterion and convergent validity (r = 0.662–0.966, P &lt; .05). RT6 generally performed good to excellent across activity intensities and monitor position (sedentary [AUC = 0.862–0.911], moderate [AUC = 0.849–0.830], vigorous [AUC = 0.872–0.877]) for non-dominant and dominant position, respectively. Cut-points were derived across activity intensities for non-dominant- and dominant-worn RT6 devices. Comparison of the RT6 derived cut-points identified appropriate agreement with comparative tools but yields the strongest agreement with the ActiGraph monitor at the hip location during sedentary, light, and moderate activity. Conclusion: The RT6 performed similar to the ActiGraph and GENEActiv and is capable of classifying the intensity of physical activity in young adults. As such this may offer a more useable tool for understanding current physical activity levels and in intervention studies to monitor and track changes without the excessive need for downloading and making complex analysis, especially given the option to view energy expenditure data while wearing it. The RT6 should be placed on the dominant hip when determining activities that are sedentary, moderate, or vigorous intensity.

EEG Microstates Analysis in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder During Resting-State.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a useful tool to inspect the brain activity in resting state and allows to characterize spontaneous brain activity that is not detected when a subject is cognitively engaged. Moreover, taking advantage of the high time resolution in EEG, it is possible to perform fast topographical reference-free analysis, since different scalp potential fields correspond to changes in the underlying sources within the brain. In this study, the spontaneous EEG resting state (eyes closed) was compared between 10 young adults ages 18–30 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 13 neurotypical controls. A microstate analysis was applied, focusing on four temporal parameters: mean duration, the frequency of occurrence, the ratio of time coverage, and the global explained variance (GEV). Using data that were acquired from a 65-channel EEG system, six resting-state topographies that best describe the dataset across all subjects were identified by running a two-step cluster analysis labeled as microstate classes A–F. The results indicated that microstates B and E displayed statistically significant differences between both groups among the temporal parameters evaluated. Classes B, D, E, and F were consistently more present in ASD, and class C in controls. The combination of these findings with the putative functional significance of the different classes suggests that during resting state, the ASD group was more focused on visual scene reconstruction, while the control group was more engaged with self-memory retrieval. Furthermore, from a connectivity perspective, the resting-state networks that have been previously associated with each microstate class overlap the brain regions implicated in impaired social communication and repetitive behaviors that characterize ASD.

P3.09-25 Survival Analysis in Young Adults with Lung Carcinoma

P3.09-25 Survival Analysis in Young Adults with Lung Carcinoma

A concept analysis of young adults; Perception of HIV Counselling and Testing

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate perceptions of young adults regarding HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) and the factors contributing to either negative or positive perceptions towards the programme. This article is a report of a concept analysis of young adults' perceptions of HCT that were collected during the study.Background: Perception forms the core of HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) use by young adults, because it is from these perceptions that young adults will decide to follow an HCT programme or not, depending on how they perceive the programme. HCT as an entry point in HIV and AIDS services should be accessible and young adults' perceptions towards the programme be promoted in order to assist them to develop positive perceptions towards the programme, which will enhance its uptake.Data sources: A literature search was undertaken using internet search engines, different journals, websites and electronic literature indexes. A sample of 60 documents met the criteria. The inclusion criterion was any article addressing perceptions in psychology, social sciences, nursing and education were reviewed.Review method: A concept analysis was conducted according to the steps of Rodger andKnafl (2000); Walker and Avant (2005) and Wilson (1963).Results: Perception has been defined as a constructive process that relies on a top-down processing. This entails that people make inferences about what they see and try to make a best guess as to what the object is all about. Attributes for perception were defined as intensity and physical dimension of stimulus, past experiences, and attention factors such as readiness to respond to the stimulus, motivation and emotional state of the subject. Consequences include increasedHCTuptake by young adults, a positive lifestyle, a reduction in the spreading of HIV and AIDS and lowered HIV statistics amongst young adults.Conclusion: The study findings related to HCT and perceptions paved the way towards a further understanding of HCT as an entry programme in HIV/AIDS services or programmes in relation to young adults. The ability of young adults to use their auditory senses to hear the nurses talk about HCT and HIV, the ability to see the attitudes displayed by HCT counsellors, and their perceptions with regard to lack of privacy, together with a lack of treatment for HIV made young adults to perceive HCT programme as being of less importance to them.

Myofunctional orofacial examination: comparative analysis in young adults with and without complaints.

To verify myofunctional orofacial characteristics in young adults and to compare data on individuals with and without myofunctional complaints, aiming to identify the main myofunctional problems and differentiating them from characteristics that are common for this population, as well as to list items for myofunctional evaluation in this population. Cross-sectional study with 85 adult participants, aged between 19 and 39 years, selected through consecutive sampling at the Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences of Universidade Veiga de Almeida. The participants were divided into two groups: G1 (comprising 50 individuals referred for orofacial myofunctional disorders) and G2 (comprising 35 volunteers without complaints). Descriptive evaluation of craniofacial structures of hard and soft tissues, kinesiology and mandible range of motion and functional patterns of breathing, chewing, and swallowing was applied. Three expert Speech-Language pathologists assessed all participants. Statistical analysis was done using χ2-test, Student's t-test, or Mann-Whitney test. The reliability level was 99%. A predominance of Angle Class I pattern of occlusions for G2 (p<0.0001) was found. G1 showed (p<0.0001) mandible movements with deviations and joint noises, amplitude reduction in lateral and protrusive movements, unilateral chewing, nonexpected muscle contraction, temporomandibular joint noises, swallowing with excessive contraction of the orbicularis oris muscle, loud noise, and residues (p=0.006). The main myofunctional orofacial alterations in young adults with complaints refer to changes of the mandibular movements and patterns of chewing or of swallowing, reflecting the main items of the clinical evaluation. Many items of assessment and characterization do not differ between the groups, and these should be analyzed regarding their relevance.