Analysis In Stata Research Articles

THE ROLE OF MOTIVATIONAL LANGUAGE AS A MODERATION BETWEEN VARIOUS BEHAVIOR KNOWLEDGE OF WORK BEHAVIOR INNOVATIVE AND JOB SATISFACTION

The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which the influence of knowledge sharing behavior on innovative work behavior and employee job satisfaction with motivational language as a moderating variable. Hypothesis testing was tested using STATA analysis. The tests used include validity analysis, reliability analysis and regression hypothesis testing. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 45 employees at PT Serumpun Indah Perkasa. The results of the study found that knowledge-sharing behavior has a positive effect on innovative work behavior, while knowledge-sharing behavior has a negative effect on employee job satisfaction. Furthermore, motivational language is a moderating variable of the relationship between knowledge sharing behavior and innovative work behavior.

Demographic and socio-economic correlates of knowledge of the ovulatory cycle among tribal women in India: Evidence from the nationally representative survey (NFHS-5)

BackgroundThe knowledge of ovulatory cycle (KOC) is the basis for natural family planning methods. The absence of knowledge is a notable issue since the ovulatory cycle plays a crucial role in reproductive health and empowers women to make informed decisions that influence their lives. This study examines the knowledge of the ovulatory cycle among reproductive tribal women in India and its demographic and socio-economic determinants.MethodsThe data were derived from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2019–2021. The effective sample size for the present study was 1,01,914 tribal women aged 15–49 years in India. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis were conducted to find the preliminary results. Additionally, multivariable binary logistic regressions were conducted to determine the likelihood of KOC among tribal women across different characteristics. We conducted statistical analysis in STATA 17.0 (StataCorp) and used ArcGIS 10.8.2 for spatial mapping.ResultsOut of 1,01,914 tribal women, 78.8 per cent lack correct knowledge of the ovulatory cycle. Notably, Education level significantly influences KOC, with secondary education showing higher odds of KOC (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI:1.006–1.528) compared to no education. Christian women exhibit lower odds of having KOC (AOR: 0.749, 95% CI:0.564–0.996) compared to Hindu women. Husband/partner’s education level shows a strong association, with higher-educated partners correlating with higher odds of KOC (AOR: 2.501, 95% CI: 1.807–3.461) for higher education. Knowledge of any contraceptive method and current contraceptive use type are strongly associated with KOC. Additionally, rural residence negatively influences KOC (AOR: 1.545, 95% CI: 1.236–1.932), while exposure to mass media has a positive effect (AOR: 1.152, 95% CI: 0.975–1.362) albeit modest.ConclusionThe study highlights the need for targeted educational and awareness programs to improve KOC among tribal women in India. By addressing factors such as education, religious influences, and place of residence, we can empower these women to make informed decisions about their reproductive health, ultimately enhancing their overall well-being and quality of life. This knowledge is not only a foundation for natural family planning but also a key driver of women’s agency and autonomy in shaping their lives.

Alcohol Use as a Predictor of Risky Sexual Behaviour among Young Adults in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviour (RSB). This study further aimed to examine whether alcohol use, gender, and employment status predicted RSB among young adults in the Cape Flats. A better understanding of these predictors could potentially lead to a more thorough comprehension of the relation between alcohol consumption and RSB among young adults within the South African context. The study employed a cross-sectional correlational survey design, with a sample of 1001 participants aged 18 to 25 (51% women), using the street-intercept method. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, with age and geographical location employed as inclusion criteria. We used the Self-Report Risky Sexual Behaviours Scale (SRSBS) and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), which were cognitively tested and modified, in English and Afrikaans. The data were analysed via multivariate multiple regression analysis in Stata. The key findings indicate that alcohol consumption is an important predictor of RSB. Alcohol consumption accounted for 23.22% of the variation in RSB. We also found that alcohol consumption and gender were significant (p < 0.1) predictors of RSB, but not employment status (p > 0.01). Being a woman decreased RSB. The model indicates that alcohol use and gender explain 18.41% of the variance in RSB. This study provides support for the growing body of research evidence that has established a significant link between alcohol consumption and RSB, highlighting the need for longitudinal research to determine patterns of risky drinking in the general population.

Using the RE-AIM Framework to Evaluate Implementation of Male Involvement Strategies to Optimize the PMTCT Program in Malawi: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Involvement of male partners has been shown to be key for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT). Despite the recorded success, uptake and implementation of strategies to involve men in PMTCT continues to be low in Malawi. In this study, we used the Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) implementation science framework to explore the implementation of male involvement (MI) strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi. We used a cross-sectional mixed-methods complementary-concurrent design from September to October 2020 in two health facilities. Qualitatively, we used a phenomenological approach and conducted seven focus group discussions (FGDs), three with women and four with men. We further conducted four key informant interviews (KIIs) among health care workers. Quantitatively, we conducted a cross-sectional study comprising 138 men presenting at an antenatal clinic (ANC). We used univariate analysis in Stata for the quantitative data, whereas a manual thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data. Implementation and adoption of the strategies was high among health providers and there were indications of maintenance of the strategies. Provider's attitude, coordinated service provision, integrated training and service provision, information provision, and baby's HIV outcomes were driving factors in implementing the MI strategies. These factors have contributed to the sustained implementation of the strategies over time. In contrast, financial and time constraints, inadequate human resources, and male-friendly spaces impede the implementation of MI strategies. Improving MI will require a systems approach considering health system and individual-level factors for both providers and consumers.

P-767 Urogenital defects in live births to women dispensed clomiphene citrate: A study within a whole of population birth cohort

Abstract Study question Is the risk of urogenital defects increased in live births where clomiphene citrate is known to have been dispensed by a pharmacist to the individual? Summary answer The risk of urogenital defects is elevated in singletons, and approximately doubled in male babies among women dispensed clomiphene citrate, as compared to unexposed women. What is known already Clomiphene citrate (CC) has been used for ovulation induction since 1967 &amp; is both inexpensive and largely effective. However, CC is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which is a class of drugs with the potential for endocrine disruption during fetal development. The link between urogenital defects and CC has previously been reported by ourselves and others. Whether the link continues to exist where individual level pharmaceutical prescribing and dispensing patterns are clearly ascertained has not been determined. Secondly, the interaction of prescribed clomiphene citrate functioning as an endocrine disruptor by fetal sex has not undergone formal statistical testing. Study design, size, duration A population-based cohort study of South Australia was assembled by linking all records from the state-wide perinatal registry for births between July 2003 and December 2011, including defects coded to ICD9 and BPA, with Commonwealth government data on pharmaceutical dispensing in the national Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), which includes individual level prescribing and dispensing of drugs for ovulation induction, including clomiphene citrate. Participants/materials, setting, methods We analysed de-identified pregnancy outcome data for all births in South Australia, linked to individual level national prescription data, to examine the prevalence of urogenital birth defects (&amp;gt;20 weeks gestation) for births occurring between July 2003 and December 2011following clomiphene citrate dispensing, with 5-years follow-up for defect notifications. Multivariate analysis in STATA within a Secure Unified Research Environment (SURE) was used to calculate odds ratios, adjusted for maternal confounders and socioeconomic circumstance. Main results and the role of chance We examined 2,264 singleton live births where women were dispensed clomiphene citrate for infertility. Births among women dispensed clomiphene citrate, compared to those without this exposure, had increased urogenital defects (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, CI = 1.34 - 2.24). This association was slightly reduced after adjustment for maternal characteristics that were potential confounders: age, socio-economic status (based on postcode of residence), Aboriginal ethnicity, born outside Australia in low or middle income country, parity, smoking, pre-existing diabetes or hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia (OR = 1.66, CI = 1.28 -, 2.15). There was evidence of an interaction with fetal sex, such that males were at particular risk. Sex-by-clomiphene interaction Male 1.92 (1.47, 2.52) Female 0.88 (0.37, 2.14) Test for interaction χ2(1) = 2.72; p = 0.09 The observed main effects are unlikely to be due to chance, and the sex-specific effect is biologically plausible, but limited in power. Further, there were 280 babies from multiple pregnancies to women exposed to clomiphene citrate that were excluded due to statistical limitations. Limitations, reasons for caution Our data report pharmacy dispensing, but not observed consumption, although infertile women are highly motivated to take this drug and over 5% of pregnancies were multiples, consistent with extensive use. The analysis for interactions and for multiples is currently restricted by power, which may resolve as the cohort number increases. Wider implications of the findings Clomiphene citrate (CC) may be a potent endocrine disruptor inducing urogenital defects, particularly in males. This is important as CC continues to be a WHO essential drug and a first line treatment globally, but with largely unmonitored use and without any industry initiated prospective safety study. Trial registration number Not applicable

다가올 미래 나는 안전한가

As concerns have been raised about the potential negative impacts of future safety threats on individuals' lives, this study aimed to explore the factors that influence perceptions of the future in the present moment. Using multiple regression analysis in Stata 17 SE, the study was based on variables related to social perspectives, willingness to participate in social activities, and evaluations of corporate activities. The results showed that individuals who held positive social values tended to evaluate the negative impacts of future safety threats on their lives as less severe. On the other hand, individuals who tended to participate in various activities to solve social problems tended to evaluate the negative impacts of future safety threats on their lives as more severe. The continued prominence of “safety” as a social issue reflects the increasing need for institutional improvements based on societal understanding. In this regard, the significance of this study lies in its empirical research on individual perceptions of safety awareness formed based on various backgrounds.

MARKET RETURNS UNDER VOLATILITY, LIQUIDITY, INFORMATION ASYMMETRY, DISPOSITION EFFECT DURING COVID

Covid-19 has affected financial and stock markets globally. It is one of the biggest natural disasters in known history. It has impacted stock markets adversely. This paper examines the moderating effect of volatility, liquidity, information asymmetry, and disposition effect on stock returns in wake of covid-19 pandemic. Moderated OLS regression technique is used to run the analysis in STATA. The results suggest that covid-19 total reported cases impact returns significantly while volatility and information asymmetry also have a significant effect on returns and strengthen the impact of covid-19 on returns. The disposition effect impacts return negatively and significantly and strengthens the impact of covid-19 total cases on returns while covid-19 total deaths do not have any significant impact on returns and no moderation is proved as such. This study gives insight to managers and investors in emerging markets to consider major shifts in the market during unpredictable events like covid-19. On the academic level, this study provides a stepping-stone for understanding markets better during black swan events (Like covid). The findings are largely in line with the earlier literature on natural disasters. Keywords: Liquidity, Volatility, Disposition Effect, Returns, Information Asymmetry, Covid-19

Access to information on gender-based violence prevention during COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda: a cross-sectional study.

During the lockdowns to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda, women and girls, disproportionately, had increased exposure to gender-based violence (GBV). Access to high-quality and empowering information or knowledge to minimise the incidences of GBV for women, girls, men and boys, was, therefore, crucial. The purpose of this study was to understand the characteristics of the individuals who were unable to access such information, and if received information, was associated with more awareness in the populace. The data analysed were from a cross-sectional nationally representative phone survey of individuals aged 18 years and above from all four regions of Uganda. The survey was carried out by Uganda Bureau of Statistics using a purely quantitative approach, and all questions were closed-ended. The sample was stratified by sex, age, and geographical region, and executed in November 2020, six months after COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for data analysis in STATA software. Female respondents with tertiary education (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.26, 0.85) and male respondents with tertiary education (OR=0.70; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.00) were more likely to receive information on GBV prevention. Both female (aOR=0.68; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.88) and male (aOR=0.66; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.87) respondents who were working had about a third the odds of being unable to access information about GBV prevention. Female respondents living in urban areas were associated with less odds of being unable to access the information (aOR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.59, 1.00), while unmarried male respondents had higher odds of being unable to access the information (aOR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.89). Respondents who reported being vulnerable to GBV were also more likely to know someone who experienced GBV. This was similar for female respondents (PR=3.00; 95% CI: 2.26, 3.98) and male respondents (PR=3.01, 95% CI: 2.3, 3.95) (PR=5.49; 95% CI=4.12-7.30). Results also indicated that both male (PR=1.28; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.43) and female respondents (PR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.37) who did not perceive themselves at risk of GBV were less likely to know a GBV survivor. The individuals who were unable to access information had characteristics associated with GBV perpetration or victimization. Monitoring the dissemination and quality of information empowers individuals and communities to develop local solutions to GBV prevention and protection. The design of GBV prevention messages and delivery channels needs to take into consideration the risk factors at the different levels of the socio-ecological model (individual, community, institutional, and society). Interventions aimed at increasing access to information on GBV prevention should consider the different socio-demographic as well as context-specific factors. There was no funding source for this study.

Unveiling the Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on Low-Carbon Green Utilization of Farmland: The Roles of Farmland Transfer and Management Scale

Low-carbon green utilization of farmland, which is a significant driver of high-quality development of agriculture, has aroused wide concern in the recent years. In practice, the expansion of digital financial inclusion seems to provide valuable opportunities for the development of low-carbon green utilization of farmland. In these conditions, using Chinese provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020 and structural equation model (SEM) analysis in STATA 16.0, this paper empirically verified that: (1) digital financial inclusion is positively related to low-carbon green utilization of farmland; (2) farmland transfer mediates the relationship between digital financial inclusion and low-carbon green utilization of farmland; (3) farmland management scale positively moderates the relationship between farmland transfer and low-carbon green utilization of farmland and it is in support of moderated mediating effects. This paper attempts to investigate whether, how, and when digital financial inclusion can affect low-carbon green utilization of farmland, which provides new empirical evidence for the improvement of farmland green utilization.

Digital Financial Inclusion, Cultivated Land Transfer and Cultivated Land Green Utilization Efficiency: An Empirical Study from China

Digital financial inclusion (DFI), characterized by digitalization and inclusiveness, has generally been recognized as a significant promoter of efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability of agricultural production. Simultaneously, cultivated land green utilization efficiency (CLGUE), which is the significant guarantees of food security, social stability and environmental protection, has attracted increasing attention in the recent decades. In practice, DFI seems to be a vital antecedent of the improvement of CLGUE. However, in the academic field, research on whether and how DFI can affect CLGUE is scarce. In this case, based on triple bottom line theory, this paper theoretically and empirically investigates whether and how DFI can reinforce CLGUE through the mediator of cultivated land transfer (CLT). Using Chinese provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020 and structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis in STATA 16.0, this paper identified the following: (1) DFI can directly facilitate CLGUE; (2) DFI can indirectly improve CLGUE through CLT. (3) DFI has regional heterogeneity in the improvement of CLGUE. Compared to the central and western areas, the positive relationship between DFI and CLGUE in the eastern areas is more obvious; (4) compared with main grain producing and main grain producing and marketing balance areas, the positive relationship in the main grain marketing areas is more obvious. Our research is one of the first to explore the mediating mechanism between DFI and CLGUE from the perspective of CLT.

Depressão, estado de saúde e satisfação de vida em ouvidores de vozes

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to review the occurrence of depressive episodes and their relationship with the health status and life satisfaction in patients who hear voices. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out between February and March 2019. For data collection, a questionnaire was used on socioeconomic and health conditions as well as the Beck’s Depression Inventory and Life Satisfaction Scale. The database was elaborated in the Epidata program and the analysis in Stata 11. Results: A total of 112 patients participated in the survey; 82 answered all the questions in Beck’s inventory. Patients who reported that they considered their health as very bad or bad and those who had high blood pressure experienced depression. Poor life satisfaction was also associated with the presence of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: It is therefore evident the importance of considering such aspects in the health care of voice-hearers.

Evaluation of quality of life and depression in family caregivers of patients with type 1 diabetes in Iran: A case-control study.

Diabetes as a silent epidemic and one of the top four causes of death in the world. This study was designed to evaluate the quality of life and depression in family caregivers of patients with type 1 diabetes in Iran. The study was case-control study (cases, n = 50; controls, n = 50). The cases consisted of family caregivers of patients with type 1 diabetes who referred to the endocrinology clinic of Kosar Hospital in Semnan in 2020. The controls were a random sample from among family caregivers of non-diabetic patients who had referred to the same center in the same year. Demographic and family variables, the 36-Item Short Form Survey questionnaire, and Beck's Depression Inventory were used to collect data. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models with receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were used to data analysis in STATA 14. The multivariable logistic regression model showed a significant association between existence of a patient with type 1 diabetes with number of caregivers' children (odds ratio (OR) = 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-2.94), quality of life (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.74-0.90), sex (OR = 10.04; 95% CI: 2.29-43.99), and income level of caregivers (OR = 6.49; 95% CI: 1.35-31.08); however, it did not show a significant relationship with depression (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.94-1.10). The quality of life in family caregivers of type 1 diabetics is low and gender, income level, and number of caregivers' children were the most important factors predicting it. Therefore, psychological interventions to manage stress and improve the quality of life of family caregivers are recommended.

Supply Chain Logistics Using the Internet of Things and Corporate Social Responsibility for a Sustainable Environment

In the digitalization era, costs can be minimized and operations get fast for a sustainable environment. To compete in this modern era and manage operations, the supply chain shifted to smart technology to meet the goals of CSR for a sustainable environment. IoT has a great influence on the close-loop logistics operations in firms. This paper investigates the benefits of IoT in closed-loop logistics operations’ effects on the goals of CSR for a sustainable environment and how the use of smart technology impacts the operations of CLSC to meet the goals of CSR for a sustainable environment. For data, we get the data of firms that are on close-loop logistics and firms that are using smart technology for their operations. regression for analysis in STATA. Results show that firms that are using smart technology for their operations are achieving more CSR goals for a sustainable environment. The Internet of Things will not instantly contribute to the accomplishment of CSR targets, despite the fact that it has a direct and positive influence on closed-loop supply chains (CLSC). The CSR goals are not directly relatowith the internet of things; nevertheless, the internet may be utilized as regulatory or assisting tools in order to achieve them. CLSC helps to change the sustainability measures in the environment. . Firms should shift to the closed loop supply chain to minimize the resources and better places for businesses to achieve CSR goals for a sustainable environment

Portfolio: A command for conducting portfolio analysis in Stata

Portfolio analysis is widely used in empirical asset pricing to explore the cross-sectional relation between two or more variables. In this article, we introduce the methodology of portfolio analysis and describe a new command, portfolio, that provides a one-step solution for portfolio analysis. portfolio calculates the equal- or value-weighted returns with a t statistic for the portfolio and tests the significance of a long-short strategy in portfolios. portfolio also provides the Newey–West standard-error adjustment option for alleviating the impact of potential autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in financial time series.

Construction of Combined Teaching Evaluation System Based on STATA Analysis

Designing a reasonable combined teaching scheme is not only the need to achieve teaching optimization, but also a reasonable choice to improve the overall level of teaching efficiency. The existing researches lack an evaluation system to judge the rationality of their designs. Therefore, this paper takes music teaching as an example to carry out the research on the construction of combinatorial teaching evaluation system based on STATA analysis. Firstly, the implementation process of the combined teaching strategy is provided here, and the construction of the combined teaching evaluation system is carried out from seven aspects, namely teaching in fun, emotional experience, student engagement, elicitation and induction, teaching according to students’ aptitude, creative development and vividness and intuitiveness. The entropy weight method is adopted to assign the weight of the combined teaching evaluation index of music major courses. Based on stata15.1 software tool, regression analysis is carried out on the main factors that affect the effect of combined teaching, and the relevant regression analysis model is constructed to realize the effect prediction of short-term combined teaching scheme in the case of small samples. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the evaluation system and analysis model.

One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) Lysate Samples Are Suitable to Establish a Transcriptional Metastatic Signature in Patients with Early Stage Hormone Receptors-Positive Breast Cancer.

The One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) is being adopted worldwide for sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) staging in breast cancer (BC). As major disadvantage, OSNA precludes prognostic information based on structural evaluation of SLNs. Our aim is to identify biomarkers related to tumor-microenvironment interplay exploring gene expression data from the OSNA remaining lysate. This study included 32 patients with early stage hormone receptors-positive BC. Remaining OSNA lysates were prepared for targeted RNA-sequencing analysis. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed by DESeq2 in R and data analysis in STATA. The results show that, in metastatic SLNs, several genes were upregulated: KRT7, VTCN1, CD44, GATA3, ALOX15B, RORC, NECTIN2, LRG1, CD276, FOXM1 and IGF1R. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed three different clusters. The identified DEGs codify proteins mainly involved in cancer aggressiveness and with impact in immune response. The overexpression of the immune suppressive genes VTCN1 and CD276 may explain that no direct evidence of activation of immune response in metastatic SLNs was found. We show that OSNA results may be improved incorporating microenvironment-related biomarkers that may be useful in the future for prognosis stratification and immunotherapy selection. As OSNA assay is being implemented for SLNs staging in other cancers, this approach could also have a wider utility.

Teacher trust in others and teacher commitment co-mediate the path from school leadership to students' reading literacy in rural Chinese schools.

This study aimed to understand how teacher trust in others (TTO) and teacher commitment (TC) co-mediate the path from school leadership (SL) to students’ reading literacy (RL). Altogether 1,223 Grade 8 students (female =647; male = 576, Mage = 15.35, SD = 1.28) and their 34 principals from 34 secondary schools in rural western China were sampled and matched. All the students completed the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA 2008) reading tests, and their principals completed the Leading and Teaching in Schools Survey Scale online which the variables of SL, TTO, and TC were evaluated. In addition, the “many to many” step was employed to match principals’ data with the students’ data by STATA analysis. The results indicated that: (1) there were direct and indirect effects of SL on student RL in the mediation model; (2) the serial mediation of TTO and TC was significant between SL and RL. This finding implies that enhancing TTO and TC in rural schools will help improve student’s RL.

How and when does internal and external social media use for marketing impact B2B SME performance?

PurposeDespite its potential as a new source of competitive advantage, the performance implications of social media (SM) marketing (SMM) are not well understood. This study aims to investigate how and when SMM matters to firm performance, analysing the mediating role of product innovation (PI) and moderating the role of marketing innovation (MI) in business to business (B2B) small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachThis paper used structural equation modelling analysis in STATA, using the Australian bureau of statistics data set of 4,956 SMEs which operate in the B2B environment.FindingsThe results reveal differential moderating effects of MI on the direct SMM–performance relationship. MI positively moderates internal SMM and SM use for promotion and branding on firm performance. MI also negatively moderates SM use for customer communication on firm performance, underscoring SMM constituting a double-edged sword. The indirect effects of internal SM use and SM use for promotion and branding, and customer involvement in new product development on performance via PI are significant when MI is absent.Practical implicationsHence, B2B SMEs benefit from PI and existing SMM but do not benefit from dual PI and new MI.Originality/valueBy disaggregating SMM and explicating the mediating mechanism and moderating effects of MI, this study reveals how and under what conditions SMM matters to firm performance in B2B SMEs.

School Leadership Enhances Secondary Students' Achievement in Rural China Through Teacher Commitment and Collaborative Culture.

The effect of school leadership (SL) on student achievement (SA) has been extensively examined, whereas the influences of teacher commitment (TC) and collaborative culture (CC) have not been thoroughly explored. This study conducted a moderated mediation analysis by investigating (a) TC as a mediator in the relationship between SL and SA and (b) CC as a moderator of the relationship between SL and SA. Altogether, 3,134 (female =1,673, 53.4%; male =1,461, 46.4%) students and their 841 teachers from 80 middle schools in rural China were recruited and surveyed. SA was evaluated using Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2008 tests, including reading, math, and science, and SL, TC, and CC were evaluated using the Teaching and Leading in Schools Survey Scale. In addition, the “many to many” step was employed to match teachers’ data with the students’ data by STATA analysis. The results indicated that: (1) there were direct and indirect effects of SL on SA in the mediation model; (2) TC was confirmed as a full mediator between SL and SA; and (3) CC acted as a significant moderator of SL effects on SA through TC. Implications for improving school leadership and student achievement are discussed.

Relative distribution analysis in Stata

In this article, I discuss the method of relative distribution analysis and present Stata software implementing various elements of the methodology. The relative distribution is the distribution of the relative ranks that the outcomes from one distribution take on in another distribution. The methodology can be used, for example, to compare the distribution of wages between men and women. The presented software, reldist, estimates the relative cumulative distribution and the relative density, as well as the relative polarization, divergence, and other summary measures of the relative ranks. It also provides functionality such as location and shape decompositions or covariate balancing. Statistical inference is implemented in terms of influence functions and supports estimation for complex samples.