Analogous Experiments Research Articles

Sandbox Modeling of Transrotational Tectonics With Changeable Poles: Implications for the Yinggehai Basin

The main formation of the Yinggehai Basin has been related to the rotation of the Indochina block, resulting in large-scale strike-slip motion along the Red River Fault Zone (RRFZ). Transrotational tectonics played a key role in the evolution of the Yinggehai Basin. In this study, we present analog experiments with a preexisting basal velocity discontinuity boundary, rotation of crustal blocks concerning vertical axes, and syntectonic sedimentations to evaluate how the transrotational tectonics controls the evolutionary process of the Yinggehai Basin. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to monitor the deformation of the model surface. Four successive poles of rotation have been applied to the model. The basin evolution underwent two phases. An early phase of deformation is characterized by the nucleation of the main internal faults above the velocity discontinuity boundary and segmented en echelon border fault systems. In the early phase, the internal and boundary faults mainly accommodated large-scale strike-slip displacement. During progressive extension, the main internal faults deactivated, and tectonic activity is localized along the boundary and secondary internal faults in the late phase. The boundary faults in the rotating block play a dominant role in the widening and deepening of the rift zone at an accelerating rate. The model surface morphology shows similarities to the Yinggehai Basin, which is wide in the middle and converges toward the northwest and southeast. In addition, experimental profiles have been compared with seismic profiles in the Yinggehai Basin. The model results also indicate that the rotation of the Indochina block combines with strong strike-slip motion. The similarities between modeling and nature provide support for ∼250 km sinistral displacement along the RRFZ between ∼32 and ∼21 Ma.

Shortcut Faults and Lateral Spreading Activated in a Pull-Apart Basin by the 2018 Palu Earthquake, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Our understanding of pull-apart basins and their fault systems has been enhanced by analog experiments and simulations. However, there has been scarce interest to compare the faults that bound pull-apart basins with surface ruptures during earthquakes. In this study, we investigated the effects of a 2018 earthquake (Mw 7.5) on a pull-apart basin in the Palu–Koro fault system, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, using geomorphic observations on digital elevation models and optical correlation with pre- and post-earthquake satellite images. A comparison of active fault traces determined by geomorphology with the locations of surface ruptures from the 2018 earthquake shows that some of the boundary faults of the basin are inactive and that active faulting has shifted to basin-shortcut faults and relay ramps. We also report evidence of lateral spreading, in which alluvial fan materials moved around the end of the alluvial fan. These phenomena may provide insights for anticipating the location of future surface ruptures in pull-apart basins.

Observation of others’ threat reactions recovers memories previously shaped by firsthand experiences

Information about dangers can spread effectively by observation of others' threat responses. Yet, it is unclear if such observational threat information interacts with associative memories that are shaped by the individual's direct, firsthand experiences. Here, we show in humans and rats that the mere observation of a conspecific's threat reactions reinstates previously learned and extinguished threat responses in the observer. In two experiments, human participants displayed elevated physiological responses to threat-conditioned cues after observational reinstatement in a context-specific manner. The elevation of physiological responses (arousal) was further specific to the context that was observed as dangerous. An analogous experiment in rats provided converging results by demonstrating reinstatement of defensive behavior after observing another rat's threat reactions. Taken together, our findings provide cross-species evidence that observation of others' threat reactions can recover associations previously shaped by direct, firsthand aversive experiences. Our study offers a perspective on how retrieval of threat memories draws from associative mechanisms that might underlie both observations of others' and firsthand experiences.

Corrigendum: Differential Erosion and Sedimentation Process at the Longmenshan Foreland Basin, Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence From Analog Experiments

An author name was incorrectly spelled as **Huiyou Guan**. The correct spelling is **Youhui Guang**. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.

Textural evolution of metallic phases in a convecting magma ocean: A 3D microtomography study

The textures of solid and molten metal in the presence of varying fractions of silicate melt at high temperature have been investigated to shed light on differentiation processes occurring in magma oceans formed on rocky bodies of the early solar system. Analogue experiments have been performed in a three-phase system (composed of coexisting metal, forsterite and silicate melt) in both static (1 GPa, 1723 K) and dynamic (i.e. agitated, at 1 bar, 1713 K and 1743 K) conditions. Micro-textures were analyzed with SEM and EBSD techniques, while meso-textures of the metallic phase were analyzed using ex-situ 3D microtomography.Although all samples exhibit the same micro-scale organization consistent with the minimization of local interfacial energies, their meso-scale textures differ significantly. Static conditions produce metal grains that have shapes close to spherical, corresponding to the state predicted by the grain-scale minimization of interfacial energies. In contrast, under dynamic conditions and in the presence of high silicate melt fractions (≥50 vol%), molten metal coalesces to form pools with sizes that are several orders of magnitude larger than those predicted by grain growth mechanisms. Furthermore, in agreement with expectations based upon an interfacial energy budget, images show that nickel grains, whether solid or molten, do not occur surrounded entirely by silicate melt, but rather in contact with both forsterite crystals and silicate melt, leading to the formation of composite aggregates.Assuming that a magma ocean has less than 50 vol% of crystals (the upper limit that permits convective motion), thermodynamic calculations indicate that at the necessary temperatures, the metallic subsystem (Fe-Ni-S) of the planetesimal is entirely molten and the silicate residue is only composed of olivine. Convective motions in such a body will drive agitation, promoting the formation of composite aggregates of olivine and molten iron-sulfide, their initial coalescence and subsequent fragmentation. In detail, these composite aggregates have a reduced density contrast with the surrounding silicate melt that reduces their settling velocities compared to pure metal. They also entrain olivine during the downward migration of iron-sulfide pools. Olivine grains concentrate at the surface of the metallic pools, hindering coalescence between pools or with a pre-existing core. An alternative differentiation scenario for core formation is explored in which the simple compaction of partially molten mixtures in the basal non-convecting layer of the magma ocean expels the interstitial silicate melt upward, such that the local fraction of iron-sulfide increases by mass-balance, reaching its percolation threshold and allowing core formation. This process is not only limited to early accreted planetesimals but may also occur in terrestrial bodies.

How initial basin geometry influences gravity-driven salt tectonics: Insights from laboratory experiments

As a rifted margin starts to tilt due to thermal subsidence, evaporitic bodies can become unstable, initiating gravity-driven salt tectonics. Our understanding of such processes has greatly benefitted from tectonic modelling efforts, however a topic that has gotten limited attention so far is the influence of large-scale salt basin geometry on subsequent salt tectonics. The aim of this work is therefore to systematically test how salt basin geometry (initial salt basin depocenter location, i.e. where salt is thickest, as well as mean salt thickness) influence salt tectonic systems by means of analogue experiments. These experiments were analyzed qualitatively using top view photography, and quantitatively through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), and 3D photogrammetry (Structure-from-Motion, SfM) to obtain their surface displacement and topographic evolution. The model results show that the degree of (instantaneous) margin basin tilt, followed by the mean salt thickness are dominant factors controlling deformation, as enhancing basin tilt and/or mean salt thickness promotes deformation. Focusing on experiments with constant basin tilt and mean salt thickness to filter out these dominant factors, we find that the initial salt depocenter location has various effects on the distribution and expression of tectonic domains. Most importantly, a more upslope depocenter leads to increased downslope displacement of material, and more subsidence (localized accommodation space generation) in the upslope domain when compared to a setting involving a depocenter situated farther downslope. A significant factor in these differences is the basal drag associated with locally thinner salt layers. When comparing our results with natural examples, we find a fair correlation expressed in the links between salt depocenter location and post-salt depositional patterns: the subsidence distribution due to the specific salt depocenter location creates accommodation space for subsequent sedimentation. These correlations are applicable when interpreting the early stages of salt tectonics, when sedimentary loading has not become dominant yet.

Abstract 1398: Impact of proteasome inhibitor specificity and efficacy on apoptosis induction by combination with ABT-199

Abstract Metastatic Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (STS) are a rare and highly heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies that carry a poor prognosis. Therapy is hampered by a limited number of effective treatments, and the almost non-existing long-term survival rate illustrates the need of effective targeted treatment. As a potential approach, we investigated combination of the clinically approved BH3-mimetic drug ABT-199 with different proteasome inhibitors (PIs): Bortezomib, Carfilzomib and Ixazomib, each with proven efficacy, e.g., in multiple myeloma. ABT-199 selectively inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while Bortezomib (BOZ) and Ixazomib (IXZ) bind reversible to the β1 and β5 subunits of the 20S proteasome and Carfilzomib (CFZ) irreversibly blocks the subunits β2 and β5. We investigated whether the combination of ABT-199 with CFZ or IXZ shows synergistic activity as recently published for BOZ. SW982 sarcoma cells were cultured with PIs alone or in combination with ABT-199. Cell death was detected by flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential (TMRM) and exposure of phosphatidyl serine (Annexin V). To elucidate potential differences due to specificity of PIs, we analyzed expression of BCL-2 family proteins by Western Blot and performed analogue experiments in knock-out (BAXKO, BAKKO, BOKKO) cell lines. In combination, ABT-199&BOZ or ABT-199&CFZ showed comparable synergistic cell death induction in SW982 while ABT-199&IXZ less efficiently induced cell death. Engineered SW982 knock-out cell lines suggests specific relevance of BOK in IXZ induced apoptosis, whereas all tested PIs crucially depend on BAX for apoptosis induction in combination with ABT-199. Also, as shown for ABT-199&BOZ, both CFZ and IXZ, alone and in combination with ABT-199, efficiently induced expression of NOXA. Strikingly, and in line with augmented cell death induction, ABT-199&CFZ resulted in highest expression of NOXA as compared to BOZ and IXZ. ABT-199&PIs synergistically induce apoptotic cell death in SW982 and corresponding knock-out cell lines with CFZ showing exacerbated expression of NOXA. ABT-199&CFZ also induced strongest stabilization of p53, a transcriptional key regulator of NOXA. We suggest that simultaneous inhibition of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 by ABT-199 and the enhanced expression of NOXA double-hit on the BCL-2 and the MCL-1 signaling axis force the cells over the threshold of apoptosis. Enhanced efficacy of CFZ is dually caused by reduced degradation of NOXA and enhanced stabilization of p53, which in turn transactivates expression of NOXA. In conclusion, PI specificity and efficacy modulate apoptosis induction by combination with ABT-199. Future efforts, e.g. knock-out of relevant BH3-only proteins, will elucidate the observed variable efficacy of these and other PIs for prospective translation in clinical applications. Citation Format: Sandra Weller, Benjamin Schaefer, Tobias Beigl, Kathrin Böpple, Walter E. Aulitzky, Hans-Georg Kopp, Frank Essmann. Impact of proteasome inhibitor specificity and efficacy on apoptosis induction by combination with ABT-199 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1398.

Natural ventilation flows established by a localised heat source in a room with a doorway and a high-level vent

Ventilation flows generated by a localised heat source within a room containing two openings to the ambient environment are examined. The openings are representative of a doorway and a high-level vent, and a steady two-layer stratification of well-mixed fluid is established within the room for all cases considered. Classical displacement ventilation flow is observed when the interface between the two layers is above the height of the doorway. Displacement ventilation flow can persist when the interface within the room is below the height of the doorway; in general, however, an unbalanced exchange flow forms across the doorway and the ventilating flow is found to be dependent on the doorway aspect ratio, the doorway height relative to the room height, the effective area of the high-level vent (relative to the square of the room height) and the rate of entrainment into the plume generated by the localised heat source. An analytical model is presented which predicts the ventilation rates and temperature structures within the room for these flows. Results from analogue experiments demonstrate good agreement with the model for a wide range of the parameter space relevant to the full-scale application.

Numeral terms and the predictive potential of Bayesian updating

AbstractIn the experiment described in the paper Noah Goodman & Andreas Stuhlmüller. 2013. Knowledge and im-plicature: Modeling language understanding as social cognition.Topics in Cognitive Science5(1). 173–184, empirical support was provided for the predictive power of the Rational Speech Act (RSA) model concerning the interpretation of utterances employing numerals in uncertainty contexts. The RSA predicts a Bayesian interdependence between beliefs about the probability distribution of the occurrence of an event prior to receiving information and the updated probability distribution after receiving information. In this paper we analyze whether the RSA is a descriptive or a normative model. We present the results of two analogous experiments carried out in Polish. The first experiment does not replicate the original empirical results. We find that this is due to different answers on the prior probability distribution. However, the model predicts the different results on the basis of different collected priors: Bayesian updating predicts human reasoning. By contrast, the second experiment, where the answers on the prior probability distribution are as predicted, is a replication of the original results. In light of these results we conclude that the RSA is a robust, descriptive model, however, the experimental assumptions pertaining to the experimental setting adopted by Goodman and Stuhlmüller are normative.

Evolution of parallel, oblique and triple-junction rifts: Insights from analogue modelling

The study of extensional structures such as normal faults, grabens and rift systems using analogue modelling techniques has been widely used to understand the evolution of sedimentary basins. These have been particularly helpful to understand the generation of oil reservoirs and structural traps. The present work was inspired by the discussion on the origins of two sub-parallel grabens located in the intracratonic Parecis Basin in the centre-west of Brazil. Parallel, oblique or intersecting grabens may form by the reactivation of inherited basement weaknesses that can act as velocity discontinuities, with their geometry and proximity controlling the evolution of the resulting grabens. In this work, we use sandbox analogue experiments to investigate the geometric and kinematic evolution of two nearby, sometimes intersecting, grabens. We do this by varying the distance and the geometry of two basal velocity discontinuities (VDs). In all experiments, an extension of 3 cm (scaling to 12 km) was prescribed to affect a 3 cm thick sand pack. The materials were deformed using a plexiglass box with two basal velocity discontinuities attached to two lateral movable walls. In a first set of experiments, we varied systematically the distance between the VDs. In the second set, we varied the angles between the VDs with different configurations, including situations in which the VDs intersect forming triple junctions. The results show that when the VDs are initially close (<2 cm, corresponding to ~8 km in nature) there is the formation of a wide graben composed of two sub-grabens that interfere with each other, while if the spacing between the VDs is >2 cm, the grabens develop independently and do not interfere. Furthermore, it is possible to conclude that whenever (not interfering) VDs are prescribed to the base of a sand pack it always leads to the formation of asymmetric grabens, except when the two VDs are initially close to each other. In the experiments with conjugate triple-junction VDs, the extension was shared between two independent asymmetric grabens where the VDs were at a certain distance from each other, and always led to the formation of a wide graben where the VDs were close or intersect each other.

Caldera Collapse as the Trigger of Chaos and Fractured Craters on the Moon and Mars

AbstractChaotic terrains are broad regions on Mars characterized by the disruption of the basaltic bedrock into polygonal blocks separated by deep fractures. To date, the proposed genetic scenarios often involve the occurrence of subsurface ice or liquid H2O. Nevertheless, similar features also occur within some craters on the Moon, namely floor‐fractured craters (FFCs), where water ice reservoirs are not present. We propose a new formation mechanism for Martian chaotic terrains as well as for lunar and Martian FFCs. The proposed mechanism does not require a major role of water but multiple cycles of inflation and deflation of a buried magma chamber. This process results in a particular type of caldera collapse, called the piecemeal (or chaotic) caldera collapse. A series of analog experiments show both geometrical and quantitative correspondence with natural case studies: Arsinoes Chaos (Mars), an unnamed FFC (Mars), and Komarov crater (FFC on the Moon).

Complex structures synthesized in shock processing of nucleobases – implications to the origins of life

Abstract Nucleobases are nitrogenous bases composed of monomers that are a major constituent of RNA and DNA, which are an essential part of any cellular life on the Earth. The search for nucleobases in the interstellar medium remains a major challenge, however, the recent detection of nucleobases in meteorite samples and laboratory synthesis in simulated analogue experiments have confirmed their abiotic origin and a possible route for their delivery to the Earth. Nevertheless, cellular life is based on the interacting network of complex structures, and there is substantial lack of information on the possible routes by which such ordered structures may be formed in the prebiotic environment. In the current study, we present the evidence for the synthesis of complex structures due to shock processing of nucleobases. The nucleobases were subjected to the reflected shock temperature of 3500–7000 K (estimated) and pressure of about 15–34 bar for over ~2 ms timescale. Under such extreme thermodynamic conditions, the nucleobases sample experiences superheating and subsequent cooling. Electron microscopic studies of shock processed residue show that nucleobases result in spontaneous formation of complex structures when subjected to extreme conditions of shock. These results suggest that impact shock processes might have contributed to the self-assembly of biologically relevant structures and the origin of life.

Differential Erosion and Sedimentation Process at the Longmenshan Foreland Basin, Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence From Analog Experiments

We use analog experiments to investigate the influence of rapid filling of a foreland basin system during the development of a fold-and-thrust belt, in particular, the change of erosion–sedimentation along the strike in the Longmenshan foreland basin. A negative relationship between wedge geometries and the magnitude of erosion can be found; increased erosion results in out-of-sequence thrusting and fault reactivation in the wedge hinterland, to limit the forelandward propagation of the wedge. In contrast, increased sedimentation facilitates the forelandward propagation of the wedge. We focus on a natural example of the Longmenshan foreland basin, where a change in erosion–sedimentation along the strike during the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic is well documented. The comparison between our model and seismic sections indicates that such along-strike variation results in a rejuvenated foreland basin restricted to the southwestern part of the western Sichuan Basin in the Cenozoic.

Cryo-EM performance testing of hardware and data acquisition strategies.

The increasing popularity and adoption rate of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is evidenced by a growing number of new microscope installations around the world. The quality and reliability of the instruments improved dramatically in recent years, but site-specific issues or unnoticed problems during installation could undermine productivity. Newcomers to the field may also have limited experience and/or low confidence in the capabilities of the equipment or their own skills. Therefore, it is recommended to perform an initial test of the complete cryo-EM workflow with an 'easy' test sample, such as apoferritin, before starting work with real and challenging samples. Analogous test experiments are also recommended for the quantification of new data acquisition approaches or imaging hardware. Here, we present the results from our initial tests of a recently installed Krios G4 electron microscope equipped with two latest generation direct electron detector cameras-Gatan K3 and Falcon 4. Three beam-image shift-based data acquisition strategies were also tested. We detail the methodology and discuss the critical parameters and steps for performance testing. The two cameras performed equally, and the single- and multi-shot per-hole acquisition schemes produced comparable results. We also evaluated the effects of environmental factors and optical flaws on data quality. Our results reaffirmed the exceptional performance of the software aberration correction in Relion in dealing with severe coma aberration. We hope that this work will help cryo-EM teams in their testing and troubleshooting of hardware and data collection approaches.

Characterizing the physical properties of gelatin, a classic analog for the brittle elastic crust, insight from numerical modeling

Precise characterization of the mechanical properties of gelatin, a classic analog of the elastic crust, is necessary for scaling the mechanical models of the Earth's crust behavior in laboratory experiments. Here we reassess how to accurately calculate the Young modulus (E) of gelatin contained in experimental tanks. By means of dedicated analog experiments and finite element simulations, we estimate the bias introduced by using equations appropriate for a half-space to interpret the subsidence due to a cylindrical surface load applied on the gelatin. In the case of a standard experimental setup with gelatin adhering to the tank wall, we find E is overestimated by at least 5% for a box with lateral size smaller than 20 times the cylinder diameter. In addition, we deduce a correction factor to be applied when using an analytical formula. We confirm that measuring the shear velocity leads to accurate estimates for the rigidity of gelatin. We also propose a new method for in situ Young's modulus estimation, relying on the length of air-filled propagating crack. Indeed, for a given injected volume, this length depends only on the density contrast between air and gelatin and on the Young's modulus of the gelatin. The fracture toughness of the gelatin is estimated independently. Direct comparison between fracture toughness and Young's modulus shows that for a given Young's modulus, salted gelatin has a higher fracture toughness than unsalted gelatin.

Geometric Attributes of Polygonal Crack Patterns in Columnar Joints

AbstractA well‐ordered polygonal crack pattern is frequently observed on the outcrop surface of columnar joints. The crack pattern's geometry and topology result from the volume contraction of solidified lava during thermal dissipation. In this study, we conducted field measurements of columnar joints at four different sites with various lithologies in Japan to understand the influence of geography and lithological character on their geometric characteristics. Drone‐aided photography and computer‐based image analysis enabled us to examine the constituent polygons' geometric attributes and their statistics with high accuracy. This methodology revealed a relationship between the geometry and topology of the polygonal crack patterns. Moreover, we established a positive correlation between the polygon area and the number of vertices of a polygon at each study site, irrespective of lithology, or geographic position. These results are consistent with previous investigational studies, in particular starch‐based analog experiments.

Inheritance of Penetrative Basement Anisotropies by Extension‐Oblique Faults: Insights From Analogue Experiments

AbstractDuring rifting, pre‐existing penetrative basement fabrics can affect new faults in cover rocks by a mechanism that does not appear to involve reactivation. This subtle form of inheritance can significantly impact fault network architecture in rift basins above laterally variable basement domains with geomechanical anisotropies. Here we use multi‐layer, brittle‐ductile, crustal‐scale analogue experiments to study the influence of penetrative basement anisotropies on fault patterns in the overlying cover during a single phase of orthogonal rifting. The experiments were designed to test whether basement anisotropies, oriented 45° to the extension direction, can lead to the formation of rift faults that are oblique to both the imposed extension direction and basement anisotropies. Our experiments show that a penetrative, vertically layered, mm‐wide basement anisotropy creates extension‐oblique faults in the overlying cover. We interpret this to arise when local strike‐slip kinematics along the interfaces of mechanically contrasting materials in the basement combine with the regional imposed orthogonal extension, creating a transtensional regime. The width and spacing of alternating “strong” and “weak” basement zones interact with rift kinematics, impacting the orientation, kinematics and spacing of new faults in the cover. New insights on the influence of penetrative, pre‐existing basement fabrics on localized re‐orientation of 3D strain in the cover have implications for understanding complex fault systems in rift basins and transfer zones.

Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in 316L stainless steel columns when evaporated from lead\u2013bismuth eutectic

Iodine evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been examined with respect to its adsorption behavior on stainless steel in various gases to establish a base for safety evaluations on LBE based nuclear reactors. In inert conditions the iodine forms a single species with an adsorption enthalpy between − 97 and − 106 kJ/mol. The adsorbed species is tentatively identified as bismuth monoiodide, BiI. Addition of moisture to the inert gas has no substantial influence on the adsorption behaviour. For the reducing hydrogen carrier gas depositions with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 87 to − 134 kJ/mol were observed in dry and water saturated conditions. The larger variation of adsorption enthalpies compared to analogous experiments in helium likely result from surface effects induced by the reactive gas. Formation of highly volatile species such as hydrogen iodide HI was not observed. In oxidizing conditions multiple iodine species with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 67 to − 83 kJ/mol were observed, with the exception of one experiment where only a lower limit of –ΔHads < 64 kJ/mol could be determined due to high volatility. The species occurring in oxidizing atmosphere are most likely monatomic iodine, iodine oxides and hydroxides. While oxygen as a carrier gas changes the speciation of iodine to more volatile compounds, it also introduces a retentive effect on the evaporation of iodine from the LBE sample. These results provide important information that establish a better understanding of safety related aspects pertaining to iodine transport in an LBE reactor. The determined thermodynamic data can be used for safety assessments of LBE-based nuclear facilities in normal operation conditions as well as for accident scenarios.

Basic versions of the EQ-5D questionnaire as standard&#x0D; international instruments for assessing the quality of life&#x0D; in metropolis. Short Review

Background. The quality of care is assessed by set of indicators, including quality of life indicators. Dozens of countries have approved the EQ-5D quality of life questionnaires and have developed national / regional&#x0D; evaluation systems. We carefully hypothesize that the broader usage of EQ-5D in real clinical practice of local Moscow health system could be incentivized and improved through the development of direct region-specific standard EQ-5D «values sets» for population of Russian capital. Purpose. Reviewing the results of the studies on values sets for EQ-5D as well as summarizing the parallel valuations of EQ-5D-3L and -5L by time trade-off based on two examples. Materials and methods. The study was carried out using open external databases. We analyzed&#x0D; the research works which employed the standard valuation methods for EQ-5D, including time trade-off and math&#x0D; modelling. Results. To obtain direct regional values for EQ-5D, standard international protocols (EQ-VT) are used with the inclusion of such tools as: time trade-off, visual analogue scale and experiments with discrete choice. In particular, the application of the time trade-off method allows the generation of direct region-specific values set for EQ-5D. Moreover, the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire was superior to EQ-5D-3L in many aspects. Conclusion. The best results in health assessments could be obtained by applying a variety of methods adapted to the specific&#x0D; highly urbanized region. The many issues behind the standardization of EQ-5D (particularly EQ-5D-5L) value&#x0D; sets in accordance with the cultural/societal preferences of Moscow city population as well as entire Russian population remain unresolved.

Visualizing and exploring nonlinear behavior, timescales, and mechanical signatures of human blood

Human blood is a thixo-elasto-visco-plastic (TEVP) material that exhibits unique fluctuations in mechanical properties based on physiology, and shear rate. We demonstrate new visual tools to help visualize and characterize these varied mechanical properties. Our objective is to demonstrate contemporary visual and numerical tools to help visualize and characterize the varied mechanical properties of human blood. Using the ARESG2 strain-controlled rheometer with double wall couette geometry and eight human blood donors, with lab test results, elastic and viscous properties are investigated using Series of Physical Processes (SPP) and MITLaos to both analyze and visualize the mechanical signatures of the blood. Variations of mechanical properties are shown via SPP generated Cole-Cole plots and MITLaos analysis. These variations are a function of physiological properties of blood on the day of the blood draw based on hematocrit, fibrinogen, cholesterol, triglycerides, and a host of other proteins and constituents. Each rheological experiment with blood is replicated with an analogous experiments with 0.04wt% xanthan in glycerol, and water to demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the human blood, and its rheological signatures are unique to human blood. Human blood is proven to be a TEVP material, as shown on a series of Cole-Cole plots for eight different donors, at two different frequency and strain amplitude combinations. Variations in Cole-Cole plots for each donor are shown. MITLaos average mechanical properties are calculated and shown. Aggregated elastic and viscous projections and a Cole-Cole plot is shown for Donors 1-8, along with 95% confidence interval.