Analogical Information Research Articles

Intra-Site Use Patterns during the Early Holocene in the Cueva Maripe Site (Santa Cruz, Argentina)

ABSTRACT In this paper, we make a quantitative analysis of spatial patterns for the earliest archaeological component (early Holocene) at Cueva Maripe, a multiple-activity site located in Santa Cruz province (Patagonia, Argentina). We worked in a geographical information systems environment to systematize the analogical and digital information from excavations including the location of registered hearths, the frequency of lithic artifacts and bone remains, and the distribution of burnt materials. The visualization techniques and spatial statistics allowed us to define the intra-site structure of the site. Results suggest that Cueva Maripe was probably used as a short-term temporary camp. This spatial approach leads to a better understanding of the formation and occupation history of the site, as well as a method for comparing different intra-site use patterns between sites.

An Information-Theoretic View of WLAN Localization Error Bound in GPS-Denied Environment

This paper uses an information-theoretic lens to view the error bound of wireless local area network (WLAN) localization, which is recognized as one of the superior candidate localization techniques in the GPS-denied environment. Interestingly, we analogize the process of WLAN localization into one of information propagation in a parallel Gaussian noisy channel, and then derive the corresponding localization error bound from the channel capacity of the analogical information propagation system. Experimental results show that compared with the widely-known Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), the proposed approach performs better in localization error bound estimation under most of the cases of different access point deployment and reference point calibration.

Design by Analogy: Achieving More Patentable Ideas from One Creative Design

A patent is a kind of technical document to protect intellectual property for individuals or enterprises. Patentable idea generation is a crucial step for patent application and analogy is confirmed to be an effective technique to inspire creative ideas. Analogy-based design usually starts from representation of an analogy source and is followed by the retrieval of appropriate analogs, mapping of design knowledge and adaptation of target solution. To diffuse one core idea into other new contexts and achieve more patentable ideas, this paper mainly centered on the first two stages of analogy-based design and proposed a patentable ideation framework. The analogical information of the source system, including source design problems and solution, was mined comprehensively through International Patent Classification analysis and represented in the form of function, behavior and structure. Three heuristics were suggested for searching the set of candidate target systems with a similar design problem, where the source design could be transferred. To systematize the process of source representation, analogs retrieval, idea transfer, and solution generation, an ideation model was put forward. Finally, the bladeless fan was selected as a source design to illustrate the application of this work. The design output shows that the representation and heuristics are beneficial, and this systematic ideation method can help the engineer or designer enhance creativity and discover more patentable opportunities.

Comprensión del concepto de emergencia, desde el aporte de Holland, Kauffman y Andrade

Los procesos evolutivos están vinculados con el problema de la emergencia, la cual suele entenderse como una "aparición", que es explicada desde concepciones diferentes. Por una parte, en el programa de investigación de Holland en sistemas complejos adaptables (SCA), la adaptación de los agentes va a generar complejidad y emergencias. En el aporte de Kauffman, se sugiere que la biosfera se fabrica por sí misma, mediante la emergencia y persistente coevolución de agentes autónomos que desempeñan ciclos de trabajo. Finalmente, Andrade propone el papel de la forma como concepto que resuelve polaridades entre información digital y analógica, y el papel del registro y compresión de la información en la emergencia de nuevas posibilidades de organización. Ei presente documento explora estos aportes y presenta una visión conjunta.

Evaluating the Strength of Evidence: How Experience Affects the Use of Analogical Reasoning and Configural Information Processing in Tax

ABSTRACTEvidence evaluation in accounting often involves both the assessment of evidence relevance and the combination of its relevance and source to assess overall strength. We decompose this strength-assessment judgment into its components—relevance assessment and source and relevance combination—and consider the effects of experience. Participants in our experiment assess the strength and relevance of tax authorities in relation to a client scenario. Contrary to prior research, we find that more-experienced participants exhibit greater use of analogical reasoning when evaluating tax-authority relevance than do less-experienced participants. We find a similar experience effect in the use of configural information processing to combine authority source and relevance, a judgment not previously considered in tax. The effects of experience are particularly important in the current environment as the tax function is a leading cause of material weaknesses and restatements under Sarbanes-Oxley and tax executives cite increasing difficulty in hiring and retaining qualified professionals.Data Availability: Data are available from the authors on request.

Analogical Problem Construction and Transfer in Mathematical Problem Solving

An important objective of education is to increase a student's capability to competently address varied problems in a changing environment. To meet this goal, a student must learn to transfer knowledge and skills for one problem in one setting to analogical problems in new settings. This paper describes the results of three experiments studying the use of a specific learning task for promoting analogical transfer with word problems in basic probability among high school students. This strategy involved letting students construct their own analogous problems. It was assumed that such a procedure would allow students to more actively explore the underlying problem structure. The results of three experiments showed that, compared to a control group, students who used the analogical problem construction strategy were better at: (1) transferring analogical problem information between analogous source and target problems; (2) retrieving the analogous source problem; and (3) applying the retrieved analogous information to the target problem.

Analogical Problem Construction and Transfer in Mathematical Problem Solving

An important objective of education is to increase a student's capability to competently address varied problems in a changing environment. To meet this goal, a student must learn to transfer knowledge and skills for one problem in one setting to analogical problems in new settings. This paper describes the results of three experiments studying the use of a specific learning task for promoting analogical transfer with word problems in basic probability among high school students. This strategy involved letting students construct their own analogous problems. It was assumed that such a procedure would allow students to more actively explore the underlying problem structure. The results of three experiments showed that, compared to a control group, students who used the analogical problem construction strategy were better at: (1) transferring analogical problem information between analogous source and target problems; (2) retrieving the analogous source problem; and (3) applying the retrieved analogous information to the target problem.

Synchronous and Asynchronous Collaborative Work in Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent engineering activities are strongly parallelized and involve a strong collaboration between the actors. Such collaborative works can be split into two families alternatively used:- asynchronous work, i.e. a set of synchronized tasks,- synchronous work, i.e. a task achieved by a working group.The architecture proposed here is based on parallelism management in computer science. Graphical tools are used to describe and organize collaborative work. Then, an integrated information system stores the information on products, projects management as well as actors description. Then, a meta model is added to the basic hypermedia structure of this information system. Consequently analogical or structural information retrieving functions are available and improve reusing abilities.

Conceptual metaphors are not automatically accessed during idiom comprehension

Do conceptual analogies motivate idiom use and comprehension in discourse? For example, a story in which a person is described as fuming would be analogically consistent with an idiom such as blew her top, but inconsistent with an idiom such as bite his head off. Earlier work by Nayak and Gibbs (1990) had suggested that people use such analogical information during idiom comprehension. We replicated their findings in an idiom choice task, suggesting that people can indeed make use of such knowledge. However, when reading times were used to assess idiom comprehensibility, no effects of analogical consistency were found. We conclude that conceptual analogies play little, if any, role in idiom comprehension unless people have the time (and motivation) to make considered judgments.

Télémesure hydrologique par réseau téléphonique commuté

In Belgium, the public telephone system is used for transmission of analogical facts. This telemeasurement system, developped by the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Catholic University of Louvain, is presently operational in four administrations, among which the hydrological Study Service of the Ministry of Public Works. The system is composed of automatic receiving machines which, on receipt of a call, transmit on the telephone line analogical information (pure frequencies of 600-800 Hz) corresponding either to measurements at the time of the call or to measurements reflecting the history of a phenomenon (last 10 timed values). These receivers require no local power. At the call centre, a central set, managed by a microprocessor, enables calls to be sent out (automatically or manually); can receive and measure the analogical data received from the automatic receivers ; and process this data in order to transform it into directly useable values and transfer it all to a mass memory. The receivers are compatible with ail analogical or digital receivers. The information is returned to a precision of around 0.1 %. To date, 8 microprocessor calling sets and more than 200 field sets are in use on a permanent basis in Belgium. More specifically, the Hydrological Study Service has equipped its measurement network with 65 telelimnimetres and 15 pluviographs. Thanks to this network, the HSS was able to follow, in actual time, the exceptional increase in the level of the waters of the Meuse on 20th and 21st July 1980. The availability in real time of the level and rainfall measurements enabled the duty officer to foresee the evolution of the rising level and to take the necessary precautions. During this difficult and critical time, the percentage of accurate data received by the HSS was 92 % and this in spite of the fact that this was in the face of disaster.

Measurement, in a duct, of the space-structure of the discrete-frequency noise generated by an axial compressor

A method for measuring the spatially coherent and incoherent structures of acoustic modes propagating in a duct, at a given frequency, is described. The first part of this paper deals with data acquisition in the laboratory; the second part concerns the analogical processing of the signals; the third part describes the numerical processing of the analogical information acquired, based on the fast Fourier transform. The method has first been developed and applied experimentally at ONERA for the characteristic frequencies generated by a six-bladed fan in a cylindrical duct 4 m long, 60 cm in diameter and carrying a low speed axial flow ( M o < 0·1). The results are presented and they show that in the near field of the fan, the azimuthal structure of the sound field is, in part, accounted for by Tyler and Sofrin's model. But other modes are also shown to exist and they propagate in the duct, their azimuthal structures being compatible with the propagation properties of the duct. The degree of coherence decreases with the axial distance from the source. The dispersion relation of the modes is discussed. For higher speed flows in a half scale model compressor, the method is being tested at SNECMA by SNECMA and ONERA.

A paradigm for reasoning by analogy

A paradigm enabling heuristic problem solving programs to exploit an analogy between a current unsolved problem and similar but previously solved problem to simplify its search for a solution is outlined. It is developed in detail for a first-order resolution logic theorem prover. Descriptions of the paradigm, implemented LISP programs, and preliminary experimental results are presented. This is believed to be the first system that develops analogical information and exploits it so that a problem-solving program can speed its search.