Analog Signal Transmission Research Articles

Compact, Energy Efficient Simultaneous Transmission of Analog and Different Digital Signals With a Single Ring Modulator

Compact, Energy Efficient Simultaneous Transmission of Analog and Different Digital Signals With a Single Ring Modulator

Characterization of Tracking Modules Based on DSSD Sensors at the SC-1000 Accelerator for the BM@N Project

The results of studying characteristics of modules based on double-sided microstrip silicon sensors, which are designed to create the wide-aperture Silicon Tracking System for the BM@N facility, are presented. The main module features are the use of fast readout electronics based on the STS-XYTER chip and the application of ultralight (0.23% X0) aluminum microcables for transmitting analog signals from the sensor strips to the input channels of the readout electronics. The results of testing different configurations of tracking modules on the extracted beam of protons at the SC-1000 accelerator in the PNPI are presented. The stable operation of readout electronics is demonstrated at loads close to the maximum values of 360 kHz s–1 cm–2. The signal-to-noise ratio was no less than 23. The measured coordinate resolution of the modules within the beam telescope was 17 ± 0.4 μm, and the detector efficiency of recording for protons with energy of 1 GeV was no less than 99%.

Proposed CNN Model for Audio Recognition on Embedded Device

The audio detection system enables autonomous cars to recognize their surroundings based on the noise produced by moving vehicles. This paper proposes the utilization of a machine learning model based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) integrated into an embedded system supported by a microphone. The system includes a specialized microphone and a main processor. The microphone enables the transmission of an accurate analog signal to the main processor, which then analyzes the recorded signal and provides a prediction in return. While designing an adequate hardware system is a crucial task that directly impacts the predictive capability of the system, it is equally imperative to train a CNN model with high accuracy. To achieve this goal, a dataset containing over 3000 up-to-5-second WAV files for four classes was obtained from open-source research. The dataset is then divided into training, validation, and testing sets. The training data is converted into images using the spectrogram technique before training the CNN. Finally, the generated model is tested on the testing segment, resulting in a model accuracy of 77.54%.

Heterogeneously Integrated Multicore Fibers for Smart Oilfield Applications

In the context of Industry 4.0, the smart oilfield is introduced, which relies on large-scale information exchange among various parts, and there is an urgent need for special fiber links for both increased data transmission capacity and high-sensitivity distributed sensing. Multicore fibers can be expected to play a critical role, in the parts of cores that are responsible for data transmission, while others are used for sensing. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneously integrated seven-core fiber for interconnection and awareness applications in smart oilfields, which could not only support digital and analog signal transmission but could also measure temperature and vibration. The core for digital signal transmission has a low differential mode group delay of 10 ps/km over the C-band, and the crosstalk between adjacent cores is lower than −55 dB/km at the pitch of 50 μm. A 25-Gbaud transmission over 50 km is simulated. Each core for analog signal transmission has a large effective area of 172 μm2 to suppress the nonlinear effect due to the watt-scale input power. The proposed heterogeneously multicore fiber exhibits great potential to be applied in smart oilfields, meeting the demand for efficient and cost-effective oil production.

Spatiotemporal Modulation of Plasticity in Multi‐Terminal Tactile Synaptic Transistor (Adv. Electron. Mater. 1/2023)

Synaptic Transistors In article number 2200733, Ye Zhou and co-workers design a multi-terminal MoS2 synaptic transistor to mimic the parallel signal transmission behaviors of biological multipolar neurons. With the combination of microstructured pressure sensors, an intelligent tactile recognition system is built up to realize spatiotemporal tactile recognition and modulation of synaptic plasticity.

Power-over-Fiber with Simultaneous Transmission of Optical Carrier for a High Frequency Analog Signal over Standard Single-Mode Fiber

Efficient simultaneous transmission of light with a power of more than 2 W at a wavelength of 976 nm and an optical carrier for transmitting a high-frequency analog signal at a wavelength of 1550 nm over a distance of 1 km over a standard single-mode fiber was experimentally demonstrated. Electrical power up to 350 mW (5 V, 70 mA) was obtained from a multi-junction silicon photocell, resulting in the optical transmission efficiency of about 70% and a photocell efficiency of 25%. The power transmission did not affect the transmission of the high frequency analog signal. Key broadband analog transmission characteristics such as noise figure (NF < 25 dB) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR3 > 117 dB/Hz2/3) were achieved and were close to the fundamental shot noise limit. This approach is promising for powering a remote antenna unit in optical fronthaul architecture.

Physically-Secured Ghost Diffraction and Transmission

A new approach to realizing physically-secured ghost diffraction and transmission is proposed in this letter. A series of random 2D arrays of numbers are used as optical information carriers to transmit original data, e.g., analog signals or images as ghosts. Computer-generated magnification factors are applied for optical data encoding, and physically-generated scaling factors are generated with absorptive filters in free-space optical data transmission. The series of computer-generated magnification factors and physically-generated scaling factors serves as security keys, and is explored to realize high-fidelity and high-security free-space optical data (ghost) transmission. It is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed method is feasible and effective in different environments, i.e., without or with scattering media. The proposed physically-secured ghost diffraction scheme offers a new research perspective on secured optical information (e.g., analog signal) transmission in free space.

Low-loss microwave photonics links using hollow core fibres

There are a host of applications in communications, sensing, and science, in which analogue signal transmission is preferred over today’s dominant digital transmission. In some of these applications, the advantage is in lower cost, while in others, it lies in superior performance. However, especially for longer analogue photonics links (up to 10 s of km), the performance is strongly limited by the impairments arising from using standard single-mode fibres (SSMF). Firstly, the three key metrics of analogue links (loss, noise figure, and dynamic range) tend to improve with received power, but this is limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering in SSMF. Further degradation is due to the chromatic dispersion of SSMF, which induces radio-frequency (RF) signal fading, increases even-order distortions, and causes phase-to-intensity-noise conversion. Further distortions still, are caused by the Kerr nonlinearity of SSMF. We propose to address all of these shortcomings by replacing SSMFs with hollow-core optical fibres, which have simultaneously six times lower chromatic dispersion and several orders of magnitude lower nonlinearity (Brillouin, Kerr). We demonstrate the advantages in this application using a 7.7 km long hollow-core fibre sample, significantly surpassing the performance of an SSMF link in virtually every metric, including 15 dB higher link gain and 6 dB lower noise figure.

Receivable signal sequence number increase in LED visible light wireless communications by spatially parallel signal transmission

Receivable signal sequence number increase in LED visible light wireless communications by spatially parallel signal transmission

Implementation of 12 bit R-2R DAC using cadence(90nm)

An R-2R DAC utilizes less special esteem which is in contrast with to the binary weighed- input DAC. Continuous sampling and measuring of an analog signal occurs over time. This project depends on R-2R Ladder for investing Low power utilization, no dynamic chip and Low DNL. The DAC is executed in a virtuoso device on 90 Nanometer CMOS Technology. The two stages in our projects seems to be Operational Amplifier and R-2R Ladder Digital to analog converters enable transmission of analog signals over digital signal processing chips [1].Two stages are involved in the OP-Amp, the first one being a differential amplifier. We use this Differential Amplifier to obtain high gain and second stage namely Common Source Amplifier. It increases Gain that leaded from the first stage and increases it Output swing. In our project,R-2R DAC is implemented using CADENCE 90nm tool.

Chen system-based chaotic transceiver for frequency output quartz transducers

The application of unidirectional synchronization of two coupled Chen systems is exhibited in this work. In spite of the high dependence on initial conditions, which means that two initially close phase trajectories with time become uncorrelated, it is possible to synchronize two dynamic systems to make them evolve identically. Data transmission using chaos requires mixing an information signal with a chaotic carrier. This procedure performs data encryption and spreads the spectrum of an information signal, which increases information security and reliability. Thus, the prospect of using devices with chaotic dynamics in modern telecommunication and telemetry applications is due to several factors, including high information capacity, various frequencies, and confidentiality of messages. The proposed scheme is considered to be used in a measuring transducer design that requires sensors to operate at a long distance from the rest of the scheme. We propose an application of a chaotic oscillator as a transceiver module for a quarts sensor transducer, which could be used in a telemetry application. The process of producing non-periodic but determined oscillations by the non-linear Chen system and signal transmission application, based on it, are the subject of the research. The complete synchronization of two unidirectionally connected Chen systems and its signal transmission application are considered. The goal is to develop a transceiver extension for the quartz measuring transducer scheme to ensure the stable operation of sensors at a long distance from the rest of the scheme. The result of the research: a chaos synchronization scheme was applied to transmit a frequency-modulated signal, obtained from a difference-frequency block of the quartz sensor transducer. Additionally, the mathematical model and numerical modeling of the Chen dynamical system has been done. The numerical solution of the system's differential equations was obtained using Matlab software. To study the change in the dynamic regime depending on the parameters of the model, the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents was calculated and bifurcation diagrams were constructed. The circuit design of the Chen oscillator was built using Multisim software, which uses the PSpice model to simulate electrical components. A model of an analog signal transmission system with chaotic mixing of a frequency output signal with a chaotic carrier has been proposed as an extension of the use of quartz transducers in measuring devices.

Design and Implementation of Dual-channel 100MSPS Data Acquisition Module

Aiming at the problems of single channel acquisition mode of traditional oscilloscope recorder, insufficient acquisition flexibility, low acquisition frequency, transmission delay, etc., this paper proposes a design method of dual-channel signal acquisition module based on FPGA hardware platform. This design uses a high-sampling-rate ADC chip AD9268 as a dual-channel acquisition port to achieve 100MSPS sampling frequency acquisition, while simultaneously transmitting the converted digital signal through the SerDes serial port. In the FPGA implementation process, a channel conditioning module is added to adjust the gain and offset of the input data. The test results show that the system can realize synchronous sampling, processing, and transmission of the input analog signal, and the acquisition process is stable, and the collected signal has a high degree of restoration and no distortion.

Prototype characterization of a charge-integration pixel detector readout chip with in-pixel A/D conversion

HYLITE (High dYmamic range free electron Laser Imaging deTEctor) is a hybrid pixel detector readout chip, which is designed for advanced light sources such as X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) and diffraction-limited storage rings. It is a charge-integration readout chip which has three gains for different dynamic ranges and automatic gain-switching function. The full dynamic range covered by HYLITE is 1 ∼ 104 photons with an energy of 12 keV for each pixel in every shot. In-pixel ADC is designed to achieve front-end digitization and a 10 kHz continuous frame rate. HYLITE0.1 is the first prototype chip for functional verification that was produced in CMOS 0.13 μm technology. It consists of a pixel array with 6 × 12 pixels and a periphery with full standalone operation features. The size of each pixel is 200 μm × 200 μm. Three design variations of pixels with different integrating capacitance and structures were designed to optimize between area and performance. A 10-bit Wilkinson ADC is integrated in each pixel to digitize the outputs of the pre-amplifier. Therefore, analog signal transmission of long distance is avoided and a frame rate of 10 kHz can be achieved. In this paper, we present the design of HYLITE0.1 and the test results of this prototype chip.

Development of analog signal transmission in LAr for DUNE

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is currently investigating a new prototype design for its second far detector module. The new concept proposes a vertical drift liquid argon time projection chamber, with a cathode at mid-height in the detector and anodes made of printed circuit boards, located at the top and bottom of the detector. In this context, the design of the photo-detection system needs to be revisited, opening a window of opportunity for further optimization and new developments. It is envisaged to distribute the photo-sensors (x-ARAPUCA) on the cathode surface. Such a system is required to operate within high-voltage surfaces, with both power supply and signal delivered using non-conductive materials. This article describes the on-going work to collect and read-out the signal of the photo-sensors, which are re-shaped into large tiles containing 160 SiPMs each. A new ganging scheme for the SiPMs is introduced. In particular, this article will focus on the proposed option to read out the sensors using an analog optical transmitter, that should ensure the transmission of the signals — with a wide dynamic range — to the outside of the cryostat to be digitized.

High Modulation Efficiency and Dynamic Range Optical Single Sideband Modulation Without Gain Penalty in Nonlinear Distortion Suppression

The optical single sideband (OSSB) modulation with tunable optical carrier to sideband ratio (OCSR) is a promising and popular technique in wideband analog signal transmission and microwave signal processing, which can improve modulation efficiency and combat the fiber chromatic dispersion. However, in all reported schemes for achieving OSSB modulation with tunable OCSR, the spurious free dynamic ranges (SFDR) of the systems are all limited by the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3). In this paper, our object is to improve the SFDR and suppress the IMD3 in a novel OSSB modulation with tunable OCSR. The proposed system consists of a primary channel and a secondary channel. In primary channel, an OSSB modulation with tunable OCSR is implemented. In secondary channel, the optical carrier and first-order sidebands are perfectly cancelled out, which can suppress the IMD3 without gain penalty at the same received optical power. In this way, a large-SFDR OSSB modulation with tunable OCSR is realized. Experimental results exhibit that the IMD3 gets effective cancellations without gain penalty under unchanged total received power, and the output microwave signal power obtains about 11-dB improvement by optimizing the OCSR. A greatly increased SFDR of over 128 dBHz4/5 is achieved in the proposed system.

THE NEW BASIC REALIZATIONS OF OPERATIONS “EQUIVALENCE” OF NEURO-FUZZY AND BIOINSPIRED NEURO-LOGICS TO CREATE HARDWARE ACCELERATORS OF ADVANCED EQUIVALENTAL MODELS OF NEURAL STRUCTURES AND MACHINE VISION SYSTEMS

The perspective of neural networks equivalental models (EM) base on vector-matrix procedure with basic operations of continuous and neuro-fuzzy logic (equivalence, absolute difference) are shown. Capacity on base EMs exceeded the amount of neurons in 4-10 times. This is larger than others neural networks paradigms. Amount neurons of this neural networks on base EMs may be 10 – 100 thousand. The base operations in EMs are normalized equivalence operations. The family of new operations “equivalence” and “non-equivalence” of neuro-fuzzy logic’s, which we have elaborated on the based of such generalized operations of fuzzy-logic’s as fuzzy negation, t-norm and s-norm are shown. Generalized rules of construction of new functions (operations) “equivalence” which uses operations of t-norm and s-norm to fuzzy negation are proposed. Despite the wide variety of types of operations on fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations and the related variety of new synthesized equivalence operations based on them, it is possible and necessary to select basic operations, taking into account their functional completeness in the corresponding algebras of continuous logic, as well as their most effective circuitry implementations. Among these elements the following should be underlined: 1) the element which fulfills the operation of limited difference; 2) the element which algebraic product (intensifier with controlled coefficient of transmission or multiplier of analog signals); 3) the element which fulfills a sample summarizing (uniting) of signals (including the one during normalizing). The basic element of pixel cells for the construction of hardware accelerators EM NM is a node on the current-reflecting mirrors (CM), which implements the operation of a limited difference (LD) of continuous logic (CL). Synthesized structures which realize on the basic of these elements the whole spectrum of required operations: t-norm, s-norm and new operations – “equivalence” are shown. These realizations on the basic of CMOS transistors current mirror represent the circuit with analog and time-pulse optical input signals. Possibilities of “equivalence” circuits synthesis by such functions limited difference cells are shown. Such circuits consist of several dozen CMOS transistors, have low power supply voltage (1.8…3.3V), the range of an input photocurrent is 0.1…24 μA, the transformation time is less than 1 μs, low power consumption (microwatts). The circuits and the simulation results of their design with OrCAD are shown.

Optical analog-signal transmission and retrieval through turbid water.

In this paper, we propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, and robust method to optically transmit analog signals in free space through turbid water. In the proposed method, each pixel of original signal is sequentially encoded into random amplitude-only patterns as information carrier. A single-pixel detector is utilized to collect light intensity at the receiving end. To verify feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, a number of optical experiments are carried out in different kinds of water conditions, e.g., clean water, water mixed with milk, water with salt, and water with salt and milk. In addition, real seawater samples are also tested. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method shows high robustness against different propagation distances through turbid water and resists the effect of various turbulence factors. The proposed method is applicable to transmit information with high fidelity and high robustness against light wave diffusion in free space through complex environment. Furthermore, the proposed method is easy to operate and is cost-effective, which could open up a novel insight into optical signal transmission in free space through turbid water.

Analog and Digital Phase Modulation and Signal Transmission with Spin-Torque Nano-Oscillators

Researchers present a method of phase modulation and phase-shift keying for spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNOs), and demonstrate transmission of a voice signal (telephony) with their STNO-based gear. The key elements of the proposed method are the ability of an STNO to be synchronized by an external signal, and to shift its phase relative to the source's phase according to an additional control signal. These properties allow not only control of the phase, but also reduction of phase noise, which is a main issue for all oscillators with nanoscale dimensions. The results comprise a significant advance for wireless data and signal communication with nano-oscillators.

Ultratransparent PMN‐PT Electro‐Optic Ceramics and Its Application in Optical Communication

AbstractElectro‐optic (E‐O) materials are essential to modern information society, especially for optical switches, modulators, and filters in optical communication. In this paper, ultrahigh transparent (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐xPbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) relaxor ferroelectric ceramics are fabricated. The effect of Sm‐doping content (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol%) on PMN‐PT transparent ceramics is systematically investigated on the optical transparency, electro‐optic coefficient, extinction ratio, and half‐wave voltage. Results indicate that 0.5 mol% Sm‐doped PMN‐PT ceramic shows the optimal comprehensive performance, including high transparency of 69.6%, large quadratic E‐O coefficient of 35 × 10–16 m2 V−2, decent extinction ratio of 32 dB, and low half‐wave voltage (113 V at d = L = 1 mm). An electro‐optic modulator is designed based on the PMN‐PT transparent ceramics and its application in optical communication is realized, such as rapid information modulation, analog signal (audio frequency), and digital signal (graphic patterns) transmission. These results indicate that Sm‐doped PMN–xPT transparent ceramics are promising candidates for E‐O modulation applications.

Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph for Solar and Space Weather Studies

The Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph (CSRH) covering 400 MHz-15 GHz frequency range was constructed during 2009–2016 in Mingantu Observing Station, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Zhengxiangbaiqi, Inner Mongolia of China. The CSRH is renamed as MingantU SpEctral Radioheliograph (MUSER) after its accomplishment. Currently, MUSER consists of two arrays spreading over three spiral-shaped arms. The maximum baseline length is ∼3 km in both east-west and north-south directions. The MUSER array configuration is optimized to meet the needs of observing the full-disk Sun over ultrawide wavebands with images of high temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions and high dynamic range. The low frequency array, called MUSER-I, covers 400 MHz-2.0 GHz with 40 antennas of 4.5-m-diameter each and the high frequency array, called MUSER-II, covers 2–15 GHz with 60 antennas of 2-m-diameter each. The MUSER-I can obtain full-disk solar radio images in 64 frequency channels with a time cadence of 25 ms and a spatial resolution of 51.6″ to 10.3″ (corresponding to the frequency range 400 MHz to 2 GHz), whereas the MUSER-II can obtain full-disk solar images in 520 channels with a time cadence of 206.25 ms and a spatial resolution of 10.3″ to 1.3 (corresponding to the frequency range 2 to 15 GHz). A dynamic range of 25 dB can be obtained with snapshot images produced with the MUSER. An extension of MUSER in the further lower frequency range covering 30–400 MHz with an array of 224 logarithm-periodic dipole antennas (LPDAs) has been approved and will be completed during the next 4 years. The MUSER, as a dedicated solar instrument, has the following advantages providing simultaneous images over a wide frequency range with a unique high temporal-spatial-spectral resolutions; high-performing ultrawide-band dual-polarization feeds for wide-band signal collection; advanced high data-rate, large-scale digital correlation receiver for multiple-frequency and faster snapshot observations; and applications of new technologies such as using optical fiber to obtain remote antenna and wide-band analog signal transmission. The MUSER thus provides a unique opportunity to measure solar magnetic fields and trace dynamic evolution of energetic electrons in several radio frequencies, which, in turn, will help to have better understandings of the origin of various solar activities and the basic drivers of space weather.