Analog Phone Research Articles

A qualitative assessment of the role of mobile phone technology in enhancing motorcycle taxi services in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

ABSTRACT Motorcycle taxis (MCT) have become a popular means of mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have facilitated the revolution of these services. This study assesses the role of technology in the revolution of motorcycle taxis (MCT) services in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study was a qualitative case study with data collected from 35 research participants. This study found that mobile phone technology is increasingly used by MCT drivers and customers to facilitate the provision and consumption of services. The technology has revolutionized the services. Even though smartphones have spread well in the country, analog phones are equally valued as they enable customers and drivers to keep in touch through phone calls and short messages. Despite the significance of the technology, various challenges were observed, including poor digital skills and increasing road accidents.

Genotoxicity in Analog and Smart Mobile Phone Users by Assessing Micronuclei in Oral Exfoliated Cells – A Comparative Study

Abstract Aim: The number of micronuclei in oral exfoliated buccal mucosal cells of analog (basic) and smart mobile phone users was evaluated and compared. Materials and Methods: The study population constituted 30 individuals using basic and smartphones within the age group of 45–55 years. They were divided into two groups: Group 1–15 participants using basic mobile phones and Group 2–15 participants using smart mobile phones. Exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were collected from both right and left buccal mucosa, stained with Papanicolaou stain, and evaluated microscopically for the estimation of micronuclei count. Mean micronuclei count was compared statistically between the study groups and also between the sides of frequent usage and opposite sides within the study groups. Results: There was a significant increase in the mean micronuclei count in Group 2 compared to Group 1 and the comparison of mean micronuclei count between the side of frequent phone usage (right side) and opposite side (left side) also showed significant difference in both Groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: Despite technological advance and high-end features, the use of smartphones causes more genotoxicity compared to basic model or analog phones. Although this technology-dominated era mandates use of such phones as a part of routine lifestyle, it is imperative to adopt safety precautions such as use of headphones while talking, carrying a separate pouch for mobile phones to minimize the genotoxic damage.

Digital health literacy among the ageing population: A comparative cross-sectional study between rural and urban Telangana, India

BackgroundDigital health literacy (DHL) is the confluence where health literacy meets digital literacy. DHL has been labelled as one of the digital determinants of health by the World Health Organization. The present study estimated and compared the DHL between Telangana's urban and rural ageing adults, and their potential determinants. MethodsA cross-sectional study was undertaken among 318 of the ageing individuals (≥45 years) of Hyderabad, visiting the primary health centres in the rural and urban field practice during March 2023. A Telugu version of the eHealth literacy scale (eHEALS) and health literacy scale tools were administered by the interviewers. Adjusted analysis was conducted by multiple linear regression method. ResultsOverall, 20.4% of the study participants had good DHL, with a similar proportion between rural and urban areas (rural-20.1% and urban-20.8%, p value-0.889). The median eHealth literacy score among the study participants was 8. While 36.5% and 45.9% had smartphones and standard analogue phones, respectively in urban areas, only 19.5% and 38.4% had smartphones and standard analogue phones, respectively in rural areas. Computer usage in the past month, higher educational qualification, and ownership of mobile phones were significant determinants of DHL. A mild but significant correlation between DHL and health literacy screening scores was found. ConclusionConsidering the low DHL among the ageing population, enabling environment with enhanced access to mobile phones/smartphones and familiarity with information and communication technology gadgets must be established to improve their DHL.

Perceptions and Attitudes Toward an Interactive Voice Response Tool (Call for Life Uganda) Providing Adherence Support and Health Information to HIV-Positive Ugandans: Qualitative Study

The continuing decline in AIDS-related deaths in the African region is largely driven by the steady scale-up of antiretroviral therapy. However, there are challenges to retaining people living with HIV on treatment. Call for Life Uganda (CFLU) is an interactive voice response tool using simple analogue phones. CFLU supports patients with daily pill reminders, preappointment reminders, symptom reporting and management, and weekly health promotion tips. Mobile health tools are being increasingly used in resource-limited settings but are often adopted without rigorous evaluation. This qualitative study conducted at 12 months after enrollment assessed patients' experiences, perceptions, and attitudes regarding CLFU. We conducted a qualitative substudy within an open-label randomized controlled trial titled "Improving outcomes in HIV patients using mobile phone based interactive software support." Data were collected through 6 focus group discussions with participants sampled based on proportion of calls responded to-<25%, between 25% and 50%, and >50%-conducted at the Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago, and the Kasangati Health Centre IV. NVivo (version 11; QSR International) was used in the management of the data and in the coding of the emerging themes. The data were then analyzed using content thematic analysis. There was consensus across all groups that they had more positive than negative experiences with the CFLU system. Participants who responded to >50% of the calls reported more frequent use of the specific elements of the CFLU tool and, consequently, experienced more benefits from the system than those who responded to calls less frequently. Irrespective of calls responded to, participants identified pill reminders as the most important aspect in improved quality of life, followed by health promotion tips. The most common challenge faced was difficulty with the secret personal identification number. Findings showed participants' appreciation, high willingness, and interest in the intervention, CFLU, that demonstrated great perceived potential to improve their access to health care; adherence to treatment; health awareness; and, consequently, quality of life. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02953080; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02953080.

Why Utilities Are Crucial to All Smart Cities

The transition from urban centers as we know them today to the city of the future—a “smart” city—is inevitable. We've witnessed such fundamental shifts in all walks of life. Analog phones went digital and became “smart.” Household devices evolved from being push button garage doors, thermostats, and ovens, to sensor‐driven controllable technologies. Today, we are seeing electric water and gas meters, streetlights, waste bins, along with a litany of other municipal equipment becoming “smart” as well.

Analysis of FXS (Foreign Exchange Subscriber) Port on IPPBX (Internet Protocol Private Branch Exchange)

PBX is a telephone communication connection device that is commonly used in buildings that require a telephone connection. However, some PBX products cannot be directly connected to analog telephones, so they require a module called an S2 module. S2 module can converts the port on the PBX to an FXS port that can be connected to an analog phone. Apart from PBX, there is ITG which can be used as telephone line communication. However, ITG already has an FXS port so it does not require additional modules. In Indonesia, there are standard provisions for the use of analog telephone communication devices which have been regulated in SNI for analog telephones. This research examines analog telephone communication devices according to SNI in Indonesia. The results of this test show the TA400 and MyPBX Standard at the impedance value when the on-hook state gets an average value of 64 K?, when the off-hook condition averages a value of 343 ?, the AC voltage test when the call comes on average gets a value of 343 ?. a value of 60 VAC, which means that it meets the SNI standard.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ТА АНАЛІЗ РОБОТИ ВНУТРІШНЬОЇ ТЕЛЕФОННОЇ МЕРЕЖІ НА БАЗІ IP-СТАНЦІЇ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ПРОТОКОЛУ SIP

The development of Internet technologies is characterized by wide possibilities for introducing various telecommunication services, in particular IP telephony, which provides users with a new technology for multimedia traffic transmittion using Internet networks. Special data transfer protocols (SIP and H.323) are being actively developed to apply this technology, which enables the organization of private and corporate data networks. The paper analyzes the use of these protocols based on the Panasonic KX-NS500 IP station, which has made it possible to give recommendations on improving the operation of internal telephone network for the transmission of voice traffic for various types of codecs. The article discusses the problem of improving the efficiency of IP based voice communications using SIP and H.323 protocols. A communication model, that uses three analog phones and three IP phones serviced by an IP station, is proposed. The telephone line uses SIP protocol. The OPNET Modeler software environment is used to investigate the performance of the proposed network model. The optimal type of voice codec for SIP protocol and the possibilities of using the protocol in the organization of internal telephone network using the IP station are determined. The telecommunication network segment using SIP protocol has been simulated and the characteristics of two communication codecs most commonly used in VoIP technology have been analyzed. Based on the simulation, the assessment of the quality of the speech signal by the MOS rating, the range of delay of the speech signal and the choice of a codec to play a voice signal for the proposed network model have been made.

P‐13.13: The Technology of Narrow Border in Mobile Display

Thanks to new display technology development, mobile phone has been evolving from early analog phone to current smart phone. Most noticeable evidences include display evolution from digital to liquid crystal (LCD), and to more recent active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED), color advancement from monochromic to full‐color, and display panel size from small‐screen to large‐screen. Besides, full‐screen has also become a new trend in mobile phone market since 2017. To meet the full‐screen display and/or to achieve the high screen‐to‐body ratio, display panel makers have come out a variety of screen design, notch, dew‐drop, hole‐punch, etc. Equally important, narrow border is another key technical requirement that will help increase the screen‐to‐body ratio, ultimately, enhancing visual experience. Technically, screen‐to‐body ratio of 90% or higher can be considered as a full‐screen. In order to meet this full‐screen display, it is necessary to reduce the bottom‐border from 4 mm to 1 mm, and leftand right‐borders from 1.2 mm to 0.5 mm, simultaneously. However, narrow border should be compatible with ESD, De‐mux circuits. This would require a width of about 1 mm in the FANOUT area. In addition, since the upper/left/right‐borders are only 0.5 mm or narrower, frit sealing may have only about 300 um in width, putting panel reliability in a great risk.In this paper, we will describe our technology route that not only can meet narrow border specification in the AMOLED display, but also can maintain the panel stability.

Telecommunications, Electromagnetic Fields, and Human Health

Telecommunication generates electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at radio and microwave frequencies. Transmitters have proliferated with siting of wireless communication networks, often co-located among other transmitters. “Cell” phones also have proliferated, representing small transmitters used in contact with human heads, and stored on human bodies. Telecommunications equipment is ubiquitous, and EMF exposure prolonged, raising the issue of possible health risks. Such risks, if any, must be managed. For example, epidemiology studies reported higher exposure to analog cell phone EMFs among brain cancer patients than among controls, but those risks were “managed” via replacement of analog phones with today’s digital phones, which have not been associated with human cancer. Challenges remain, recently from rodent bioassays that show dose-related association of lifetime exposure to cell-phone-type EMFs with heart schwannomas (cancers of Schwann cells, which insulate nerve cells) in male rats, though not in females. Human cancer risk, if any, remains to be characterized and quantified, which partly will depend upon whether EMFs indeed are non-ionizing as has been assumed, and whether a threshold or non-threshold (genotoxic) mechanism caused the cancers in the male rats. Health concerns have motivated further exposure reduction suggestions, and sometimes opposition to siting transmitters. Credible, objective explication of technical information to primarily non-technical audiences is necessary to support informed public participation and dispassionate weighing of telecommunications risks and benefits in community decision-making. Ultimately, experts and non-experts should adhere to the “precautionary principle,” requiring adoption of reasonably (but not excessively) pessimistic exposure and risk assumptions, whether or not they are likely to materialize.

Implementation of Hotspot Network for Internal Campus Communications Utilizing Smartphone and Free Software

VoIP (voice over internet protocol) telephone communication using a data network. There is a change in switching from circuit switching technology into packet switching. Phone exchange can now use the Personal Computer equipped VoIP applications. Even the development of mobile phone technology to make VoIP communication can be performed utilizing the Smartphone. VoIP applications commonly use such as WhatsApp, Line etc. However, this application will cut the user data packets and often the quality is not satisfactory due to limited bandwidth and location of the remote server. During this time, Udayana University campus at several locations has been equipped with Hotspot network is mostly used to connect to the Internet. Hotspot network can also be used for voice communications with VoIP technology by adding a VoIP server. This concept not raises communication costs and should produce sound quality will be better because of the close location of the server. Because that researchers need to develop a model of telephone communication network utilizing Smartphone hotspot and students to be able to communicate in a campus environment. Method of this research is to develop a network utilizing hotspots and VoIP telephone exchange using the mini PC installed software FreePBX. On the side of the Smartphone using the free soft phone application and for aircraft used FXS analog phone as a codec. Tests will be performed for the communication between Smartphone and Smartphone to FXS terms of QOS and MOS produced. The results obtained, if the latency and packet loss have a value corresponding to the Real Time Protocol (RTP), the obtained MOS appropriate for the codec used while with the same codec if the value of packet loss and latency results are high then MOS obtained be small or less good quality. So the quality of VoIP is highly dependent on the quality of the signal obtained hotspot. In general, VoIP communication using a Smartphone connected to the server on the network hotspot mini pc can be used as a voice communication on campus.

Digital healthcare: Fools gold or a promised land?

Digital healthcare is the use of technology to deliver healthcare. There are many facets of it. The paradigm of care at a distance e.g. a live interface is the most understood, whether it is the old fashioned analog phone call or that of todays Millenial who ‘get’ Skype or see video calling as a day to day reality.This has moved to non-live uses, asynchronous, the modern version of written communication, email, videomessage, Instagram, twitter or any one of a multitude of social media.It has progressed beyond that though to a plethora of devices, apps and cross breeds that promise to maximise your patients health, and often your practice income! Grand claims, if not ones supported by the evidence.They have broadened the range of providers from the plain vanilla (group) therapist to the Cyber support groups; from patient information sheets, to sophisticated hyperlinked, video embedded ‘hope box’, or manual on your phone. They have changed in vivo exposure from what was limited by travel time, to what is limited by the programmers imagination.Telemdecine can connect patients and providers worldwide – how can that not be an amazing promise, today's truly outstanding goal – tomorrow commonplace event.The promise of near infinite data; if only we can measure enough, we can treat better, may hold true for a physical paradigm such as mobile ECG or BP monitoring, but is it true for mental health?Science is not a door to infinite wisdom, but a rescue from unending ignorance. The evidence is that technological innovations are not a magic solution but tools widening access, they are to travel what the motorway is to the dust track. They are an equaliser in that more people can be reached than ever before–but they do not replace human skill and ability.By December 2015, 500 million smartphone users worldwide will be estimated to be using a health care application. Yet, there is no evidence of a systematic evaluation of a fraction of these apps. They may not be snake oil salesman, but has the placebo effect graduated from molecules to ones and zero's?We will explore the evidence to understand some of the promises and the realities of what was once Tomorrows World, here today.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Mobile Phone Usage and the Risk of Brain Tumors

Purpose: This literature review investigated the possible association between the use of mobile phones and brain tumors. Methods: In brief, 11 publications were retrieved from JSTOR, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Summon in order to compare the association between the usage of mobile phones in patients with a brain tumor and those without. Papers published in English, and after 2001 were selected for. There was no limit on age, gender, geographical location and type of brain tumor. Results: For regular mobile phone usage, the combined odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals) for three studies was: 1.5 (1.2-1.8); 1.3 (0.95-1.9); and 1.1 (0.8-1.4), respectively. Furthermore, the odds ratio did not increase, regardless of mobile phone use duration. Additionally, Lonn et al. observed that the risk also did not significantly increase when assessing the laterality (ipsilateral or contralateral) of the tumor in relation to side of head used for the mobile phone. Kan et al. observed an OR of 1.22 when comparing analog phone to digital phone use. Conclusion: This review concluded that there is no current association between mobile phone use and the development of brain tumors. Although certain studies speak in favor of an increased risk, many are plagued with either: sampling bias, misclassification bias, or issues concerning risk estimates. Further research needs to be done in order to evaluate the long-term effect of mobile phone usage on the risk of developing a brain tumor.

Mobile Phone Usage and the Risk of Brain Tumors

Purpose: This literature review investigated the possible association between the use of mobile phones and brain tumors. Methods: In brief, 11 publications were retrieved from JSTOR, PubMed, Google Scholar and Summon in order to compare the association between the usage of mobile phones in patients with a brain tumor and those without. Papers published in English, and after 2001 were selected for. There was no limit on age, gender, geographical location and type of brain tumor. Results: For regular mobile phone usage, the combined odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals) for three studies are: 1.5 (1.2 - 1.8), 1.3 (0.95 - 1.9), and 1.1 (0.8 - 1.4), respectively. Furthermore, the odds ratio did not increase, regardless of mobile phone use duration. Additionally, Lonn et al. (2005) observed that the risk also did not significantly increase when assessing the laterality (ipsilateral or contralateral) of the tumor in relation to side of head used for the mobile phone. Kan et al. (2007) observed an OR of 1.22 when comparing analog phone to digital phone use. Conclusion: This review concludes that there is no current association between mobile phone use and the development of brain tumors. Although certain studies speak in favor of an increased risk, many are plagued with either: sampling bias, misclassification bias, or issues concerning risk estimates. Further research needs to be done in order to evaluate the long-term effect of mobile phone usage on the risk of developing a brain tumor.

Performance of a remote interrogation system for the in-hospital evaluation of cardiac implantable electronic devices.

PurposePatients with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) often need device interrogation in an in-hospital environment. A diagnosis-only, remote interrogation device and process for CIED interrogation was developed to address this situation. Here, we describe our initial clinical experience with this system.MethodsThe LATITUDE Consult Communicator is a stand-alone interrogation-only device used to read the patient’s implanted CIED. Once retrieved, the data are securely transmitted via an analog phone line to a central server. The clinician can request a review of the transmitted data at any time. Following FDA approval, we determined the usage and performance of the system.ResultsCommunicators (n = 53) were installed in 42 hospital facilities. The most common location was in the emergency department (n = 32, 60 %). There were 509 discreet transmissions, which were categorized as follows: no arrhythmia episodes in the past 72 h and no out of range measurements (n = 174, 34 %); arrhythmia episodes in past 72 h but no out of range measurements (n = 170, 33 %); and further review recommended (n = 130, 26 %). (In 35 [7 %] instances, interrogation without analysis was requested.) The further review interrogations were then sub-divided into those of a non-urgent and urgent nature. Overall, only 53 (10 %) of the 509 transmissions were classified as urgent. Clinicians had access to full technical consultation in ≤15 min in 89 % of instances.ConclusionOur data demonstrate the feasibility of a new diagnosis-only, remote interrogation device and remote evaluation process for the interrogation of CIEDs in an in-hospital environment.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10840-015-0091-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

HRS Expert Consensus Statement on remote interrogation and monitoring for cardiovascular implantable electronic devices.

DavidSlotwiner,MD, FHRS, FACC(Chair),Niraj Varma,MD,PhD, FRCP(Co-chair), JosephG.Akar,MD,PhD, George Annas, JD, MPH, Marianne Beardsall, MN/NP, CCDS, FHRS, Richard I. Fogel, MD, FHRS, Nestor O. Galizio, MD, Taya V. Glotzer, MD, FHRS, FACC, Robin A. Leahy, RN, BSN, CCDS, FHRS, Charles J. Love, MD, CCDS, FHRS, FACC, FAHA, Rhondalyn C. McLean, MD, Suneet Mittal, MD, FHRS, Loredana Morichelli, RN, MSN, Kristen K. Patton, MD, Merritt H. Raitt, MD, FHRS, Renato Pietro Ricci, MD, John Rickard, MD, MPH, Mark H. Schoenfeld, MD, CCDS, FHRS, FACC, FAHA, Gerald A. Serwer, MD, FHRS, FACC, Julie Shea, MS, RNCS, FHRS, CCDS, Paul Varosy, MD, FHRS, FACC, FAHA, Atul Verma, MD, FHRS, FRCPC, Cheuk-Man Yu, MD, FACC, FRCP, FRACP From the Hofstra School of Medicine, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada, St. Vincent Medical Group, Indianapolis, Indiana, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, Sanger Heart & Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, The Arrhythmia Institute at Valley Hospital, New York, New York, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, Oregon, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital Saint Raphael Campus, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

RFID-based mobility for seamless personal communication system in cloud computing

The Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) was developed for making telephone calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line. However, traditional VoIP technologies have many disadvantages: user mobility is limited, and the need for Internet access makes it impossible to dial or receive data anytime from anywhere. Sensor technology has been integrated with VoIP to make mobility possible. However, maintaining communication quality while a VoIP account switches to the new IP address is difficult. Thus, this work proposes a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-based seamless personal communication system with cloud computing. The proposed system has two main technologies: RFID and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). First, RFID senses and recognizes mobile devices carried by users. Finally, SIP establishes and maintains VoIP calling.

SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) 기반의 VoIP 보안 대책 연구

인터넷 응용 기술 중 TCP/IP 기반으로 Voice 통화를 가능하게 하는 VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol)기술은 기존의 아날로그 전화보다 통신비용이 저렴하고 인터넷이 이용 가능한 곳 어디서든지 전화 통화가 가능한 장점으로 VoIP 전화 통화 서비스가 활성화되고 있는 추세이다. 현재 VoIP 기술에 구현되고 있는 Protocol에는 SIP(Session Initiation Protocol), H.323, MGCP, Megaco/H.248 등이 있으며, 이러한 프로토콜 중 SIP로 동일한 LAN에서 Asterisk IP-PBX를 이용한 SIP Server구성으로 VoIP 서비스 시스템 구현이 가능하다. 또한 VoIP 서비스를 이용하기 위한 단말로는 SmartPhone의 Application, PC의 SoftPhone 등을 오픈 마켓 혹은 인터넷에서 다운하여 사용 할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 SIP Server, 프로그램들만 이용할 경우 VoIP에 대한 공격을 피할 수는 없다. 이에 본 논문에서는 Asterisk를 이용하여 SIP server를 구현하고, VoIP 공격 방법 중 대표적인 도청 Test를 실시하여 도청 가능 여부에 대해 기술한다. 이에 도청 공격에 대한 보안 방법으로 TLS를 적용하여 도청 가능 여부를 판별하고, 보안 대책에 대해 연구하여 기술한다. Voice over IP refers to technology that enables routing of voice conversations over the Internet or a TCP/IP network. VoIP communication costs cheaper than traditional analog phone. Phone calls can be made to anywhere / anyone: Both to VoIP numbers as well as people with normal phone numbers. VoIP protocol equipment available today follows the SIP standard. Older VoIP equipment though would follow H 323, MGCP, Megaco/H.248. A SIP server is the main component of an IP PBX, dealing with the setup of all SIP calls in the TCP/IP network. A SIP server is also referred to a Asterisk IP-PBX. A VoIP telephone, also known as a SIP phone or a softphone, allows the user to make phone calls to any softphone, mobile or PC by using App store. A VoIP telephone can be a simple software-based softphone. However, the SIP Server and the program is vulnerable to VoIP attacks. In this paper, eavesdropping attacks tested by using the Asterisk SIP server. Eavesdropping attacks and TLS security methods apply to VoIP system. TLS can be applied to determine whether the eavesdropping available for VoIP Environments.

Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed 1997–2003 and 2007–2009 and use of mobile and cordless phones

We previously conducted a case-control study of acoustic neuroma. Subjects of both genders aged 20-80 years, diagnosed during 1997-2003 in parts of Sweden, were included, and the results were published. We have since made a further study for the time period 2007-2009 including both men and women aged 18-75 years selected from throughout the country. These new results for acoustic neuroma have not been published to date. Similar methods were used for both study periods. In each, one population-based control, matched on gender and age (within five years), was identified from the Swedish Population Registry. Exposures were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire supplemented by a phone interview. Since the number of acoustic neuroma cases in the new study was low we now present pooled results from both study periods based on 316 participating cases and 3,530 controls. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, gender, year of diagnosis and socio-economic index (SEI). Use of mobile phones of the analogue type gave odds ratio (OR) = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.0-4.3, increasing with >20 years latency (time since first exposure) to OR = 7.7, 95% CI = 2.8-21. Digital 2G mobile phone use gave OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1, increasing with latency >15 years to an OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.8-4.2. The results for cordless phone use were OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1, and, for latency of >20 years, OR = 6.5, 95% CI = 1.7-26. Digital type wireless phones (2G and 3G mobile phones and cordless phones) gave OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.0 increasing to OR = 8.1, 95% CI = 2.0-32 with latency >20 years. For total wireless phone use, the highest risk was calculated for the longest latency time >20 years: OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.2-9.0. Several of the calculations in the long latency category were based on low numbers of exposed cases. Ipsilateral use resulted in a higher risk than contralateral for both mobile and cordless phones. OR increased per 100 h cumulative use and per year of latency for mobile phones and cordless phones, though the increase was not statistically significant for cordless phones. The percentage tumour volume increased per year of latency and per 100 h of cumulative use, statistically significant for analogue phones. This study confirmed previous results demonstrating an association between mobile and cordless phone use and acoustic neuroma.

Examining the growth of digital wireless phone technology: A take-off theory analysis

The early phase of diffusion plays a critical role in determining information technology (IT) success in a market. Takeoff, the transition point from the introduction to the growth phase in the IT life cycle, is viewed as an acid test for whether a technology will succeed. We develop a theory to understand global takeoff for digital wireless phones that can be extended to other technologies with related characteristics. Drawing on technology dominance and product life cycle theories, we build a model that consists of standards, market competition, technology costs, and technology substitution to explain takeoff and subsequent market penetration growth. The data are from 41 developed and developing countries. The results suggest that the presence and effects of standards play an important role in driving takeoff and penetration growth. Familiarity with wireless phones and an installed base of analog phone technologies also explain faster takeoff times. Non-price factors are important drivers of penetration growth after takeoff as well. Our results have managerial and policy implications on innovative strategies, standards and competition policy settings for digital wireless phones.

Video Door Phone Surveillance System Using Powerline Communication Channel

Door is one of the essential communication apparatuses of the modern family. It is used to identify the visitor or for simple voice interlocution. The communication quality of this kind analog phone is not adequate; also, its functionality is also very limited. To cope with the trend of smart home networks development, this work employed a novel powerline communication chip to develop a networked digital video door phone system to replace the conventional ones. They transfer audio visual information and enhance the entrance guarding functions additionally. Three main tasks were developed in this project: construction of an outdoor video phone, construction of an indoor video phone server and porting an embedded operating system for this phone system. The experiment results of this project demonstrate the functionality of this phone system and the user's interaction with smart electrical home appliances over powerline.