Anaerobic Power Production Research Articles

Re: "Regular Use of Cannabis in Female Athletes Is Associated with a Reduction in Early Anaerobic Power Production" by Lisano et al.

Re: "Regular Use of Cannabis in Female Athletes Is Associated with a Reduction in Early Anaerobic Power Production" by Lisano et al.

Regular Use of Cannabis in Female Athletes Is Associated With a Reduction in Early Anaerobic Power Production.

Lisano, JK, Flores, VA, Kisiolek, JN, and Stewart, LK. Regular use of cannabis in female athletes is associated with a reduction in early anaerobic power production. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 616-622, 2023-Despite a growing number of claims related to the ability of cannabis use to affect health and performance, there is limited research available, especially in female athletes. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether chronic cannabis use in physically active female athletes is related to altered health and performance. Healthy, physically active, female cannabis users (CU: n = 12) and noncannabis users (NU: n = 12) with an average age of 23.8 ± 3.7 years and 19.3 ± 4.2% body fat completed athletic performance and health assessments. Significance was set at alpha = 0.05. The age of onset of regular cannabis use was 20.1 ± 2.8 years in CU with an average duration of cannabis use of 5.8 ± 3.1 years. There were no differences between groups with respect to body size, body composition, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory function, or muscular strength. Cannabis users produced significantly less power in the first 2 stages of the Wingate assessment, but CU experienced significantly less anaerobic fatigue. Although body composition and cardiovascular fitness were comparable, average C-reactive protein concentration classified CU with higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Athletes and coaches who rely heavily on anaerobic performance should consider these findings because they indicate that regular cannabis use may affect early power production and CVD risk.

Hamstring Flexibility Can Predict Lower Body Anaerobic Power Production in Recreationally Trained College Males

The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of hamstring flexibility on anaerobic power production in recreationally trained college males (n=20) aged 18+ years. A standard sit and reach test was used to determine flexibility levels in the participant’s hamstring muscles. A standard 30 s Wingate test was used to calculate relative anaerobic power produced by the lower extremity. The participant’s fatigue index was also calculated and related to the participant’s hamstring flexibility. Correlation analysis was performed at a statistical significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Sit and reach scores did not significantly predict relative mean power and predict fatigue index (f (1,18)=2.58, p=0.126; (f (1,18)=1.71, p=0.207). However, sit and reach scores significantly predicted peak power (f (1,18)=7.92, p=0.011); relative peak power (f (1,18)=5.31, p=0.033) and mean power (f (1,18)=8.82, p=0.008). In Conclusion, Implementing flexibility specific programs into sports training may have a positive effect on performance in sports involving a power component.

Efficacy of a Personalized Hydration Plan on Repeated Countermovement Jump Performance after Exercise-Heat Stress

Exercise-induced hyperthermia, dehydration, and fatigue independently impair anaerobic power production, but any synergistic effect on anaerobic power is less known. Further, the efficacy of a personalized hydration plan in maintaining anaerobic power after exercise-heat stress is unclear. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of exercise-induced hyperthermia, dehydration, and fatigue on anaerobic power during a 20-second repeated countermovement jump (CMJ). Secondly, to assess the efficacy of a personalized hydration plan in maintaining anaerobic power during CMJ after exercise-heat stress. METHODS: Five males (age: 25.4±5.7 y; height: 175.4±8.2 cm; weight: 78.7±16.8 kg; VO2max: 60.1±6.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 50-90 min of exercise in warm conditions (wet bulb globe temperature: 27.0±2.24°C) with (EXP) and without (CON) fluid replacement equal to sweat rate in a counterbalanced, randomized, cross-over fashion. Gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) and fatigue (scale of 0-10) were measured throughout exercise. Dehydration was determined by percent body mass loss (BML). Peak power (PP), mean peak power (MPP), and heart rate (HR) were measured during CMJ pre- and post-exercise using dual force plates and a HR strap. Dependent t-tests evaluated post-exercise Tgi, fatigue, and BML between groups. Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVA evaluated differences in PP, MPP, and HR with α=0.05. RESULTS: Subjects achieved 2.59±0.52% BML in CON and 0.92±0.41% in EXP (p<0.001). Post-exercise Tgi (39.29±0.31, 39.03±0.61 °C, p=0.425) and fatigue (9±1, 9±2; p=0.424) were similar between CON and EXP, respectively. HR response during post-exercise CMJ was greater in CON than EXP (174±7, 161±11, p=0.040). No differences (p>0.05) were seen in PP or MPP pre-exercise (PP: 53.80±10.78, 55.80±11.63; MPP: 45.20±8.26, 45.80±8.14) to post-exercise (PP: 52.80±12.05, 52.20±8.17; MPP: 46.40±7.83; 44.20±7.29) for EXP and CON, respectively. CONCLUSION: Exercise-induced hyperthermia, dehydration, and fatigue to the levels achieved in this study did not affect anaerobic power. Fluid replacement reduced cardiovascular strain but did not affect anaerobic power during CMJ, likely due to the mild hyperthermia and <3% dehydration in CON. Supported by CSU Fresno Grad. Student Research and Creative Activities Support Award

Oxygen uptake during upper body and lower body Wingate anaerobic tests.

The aim of this study was to determine the aerobic contribution to upper body and lower body Wingate Anaerobic tests (WAnT). Eight nonspecifically trained males volunteered to take part in this study. Participants undertook incremental exercise tests for peak oxygen uptake and two 30-s WAnT (habituation and experimental) for both the upper and lower body. The resistive loadings used were 0.040 and 0.075 kg·kg body mass(-1), respectively. Peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) were calculated for each WAnT. The aerobic contribution of each WAnT was assessed using breath by breath expired gas analysis. Peak oxygen uptake was lower for the upper body when compared with the lower body (P = 0.001). Similarly, PPO and MPO were greater for the lower body (both P < 0.001). Absolute oxygen uptake during the upper body WAnT was lower than for the lower body (P = 0.013), whereas relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake) was similar (P = 0.997). The mean aerobic contribution for the upper body WAnT (43.5% ± 29.3%) was greater than for the lower body (29.4% ± 15.8%; P < 0.001). The greater aerobic contribution to the WAnT observed for the upper body in comparison with the lower body is likely due to methodological differences in upper and lower body WAnT protocols and potentially differences in anaerobic power production and exercise efficiency. The results of this study suggest that differences may exist for the aerobic contribution of upper and lower body Wingate anaerobic tests.

Aortic Wave Reflections Are Associated With Anaerobic Power Production In Young Adults.

Aortic Wave Reflections Are Associated With Anaerobic Power Production In Young Adults.

Effects of Saddle Height on Economy in Cycling

Research has demonstrated that properly adjusting saddle height is important for both performance and injury prevention during cycling. Peer-reviewed literature recommends the use of a 25 degrees to 35 degrees knee angle for injury prevention and 109% of inseam for optimal performance. Previous research has established that these 2 methods do not produce similar saddle heights. Previous research has also compared anaerobic power among a 25 degrees knee angle, a 35 degrees knee angle, and 109% of inseam and found an increase in anaerobic power at a 25 degrees knee angle. While anaerobic power production has been compared between these 2 methods, aerobic power and economy have not been. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in economy between these 2 methods of adjusting saddle height. Fifteen subjects, consisting of 5 cyclists (all men) and 10 noncyclists (2 men and 8 women), participated in this study. A graded exercise protocol was utilized in order to determine intensity for the remaining trials. On the last 3 trials, subjects rode for 15 minutes at the resistance at which they reached 70% of Vo2max on a cycle ergometer. Vo2, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were compared to detect differences in economy between saddle heights. No significant differences were noted in HR or RPE. Vo2 was found to be significantly lower at a saddle height set with a 25 degrees knee angle when compared to a 35 degrees knee angle and 109% of inseam. Findings from this study support the use of a 25 degrees knee angle for both performance and injury prevention.

EFFECTS OF A DRINK CONTAINING CREATINE,AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN COMBINED WITH TEN WEEKS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON BODY COMPOSITION, STRENGTH, AND ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein vs. a carbohydrate placebo on body composition, strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic performance before and after 10 weeks of resistance training. Fifty-one men (mean ± SD; age: 21.8 ± 2.9 years) were randomly assigned to either the test drink (TEST; n = 23) or the placebo (PLAC; n = 28) and performed two 30-second Win-gate Anaerobic Tests for determination of peak power (PP) and mean power (MP), were weighed underwater for percent body fat (%fat) and fat-free mass (FFM), and were tested for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) dynamic constant external resistance strength and muscular endurance (END; number of repetitions performed with 80% of 1RM) on the bilateral leg extension (LE) and free-weight bench press (BP) exercises. The testing was conducted before (PRE) and after (POST) 10 weeks of resistance training (3 sets of 10 repetitions with 80% of the subject's 1RM performed 3 times per week) on the LE and BP exercises. Body weight, FFM, LE 1RM, LE END, BP 1RM, and BP END increased (p < 0.05), whereas %fat decreased (p < 0.05) from PRE to POST for both the TEST and PLAC groups. Peak power and MP, however, increased for the TEST group, but not for the PLAC group. These results suggested that the creatine-, amino acid–, and protein-containing drink provided no additional benefits when compared with carbohydrates alone for eliciting changes in body composition, strength, and muscular endurance after a 10-week resistance training period. The TEST drink was, however, more effective than carbohydrates alone for improving anaerobic power production.

Effects of Saddle Height on Anaerobic Power Production in Cycling

In competitive cycling, setting the proper saddle height is important for both performance and injury prevention. This is also true for ergometer use in a laboratory. The cycling literature recommends using a 25 to 35 degrees knee angle to set saddle height for injury prevention and recommends using 109% of inseam length for optimal performance. Prior research has demonstrated that these 2 methods do not produce similar saddle heights. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in performance between these 2 methods. Trained cyclists (n = 9) and noncyclists (n = 18) participated in this study. Anaerobic power production was compared using a 30s Wingate protocol at a saddle height of 109% of inseam and at 25 and 35 degrees knee angles. Saddle height set using 109% of inseam fell outside the recommended 25 to 35 degrees knee angle 63% of the time. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) for peak power and mean power in either group between saddle heights. The data when using 109% to set saddle height were then divided into those that fell within the recommended 25 to 35 degrees knee angle and those that fell outside. A 25 degrees knee angle produced a significantly higher mean power compared with 109% in those that fell outside the recommended range. An increase in power, at a 25 degrees angle, can be extrapolated to increased performance. There was no difference in performance detected in those individuals who fell within the recommended range. For this reason it is recommended that saddle height for cycles and ergometers be set using a 25 to 35 degrees knee angle for both trained and untrained cyclists for both injury prevention and increased performance.

Effects of a Drink Containing Creatine, Amino Acids, and Protein Combined With Ten Weeks of Resistance Training on Body Composition, Strength, and Anaerobic Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein vs. a carbohydrate placebo on body composition, strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic performance before and after 10 weeks of resistance training. Fifty-one men (mean +/- SD; age: 21.8 +/- 2.9 years) were randomly assigned to either the test drink (TEST; n = 23) or the placebo (PLAC; n = 28) and performed two 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Tests for determination of peak power (PP) and mean power (MP), were weighed underwater for percent body fat (%fat) and fat-free mass (FFM), and were tested for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) dynamic constant external resistance strength and muscular endurance (END; number of repetitions performed with 80% of 1RM) on the bilateral leg extension (LE) and free-weight bench press (BP) exercises. The testing was conducted before (PRE) and after (POST) 10 weeks of resistance training (3 sets of 10 repetitions with 80% of the subject's 1RM performed 3 times per week) on the LE and BP exercises. Body weight, FFM, LE 1RM, LE END, BP 1RM, and BP END increased (p < 0.05), whereas %fat decreased (p < 0.05) from PRE to POST for both the TEST and PLAC groups. Peak power and MP, however, increased for the TEST group, but not for the PLAC group. These results suggested that the creatine-, amino acid-, and protein-containing drink provided no additional benefits when compared with carbohydrates alone for eliciting changes in body composition, strength, and muscular endurance after a 10-week resistance training period. The TEST drink was, however, more effective than carbohydrates alone for improving anaerobic power production.

Reliability of Upper Extremity Wingate Anaerobic Testing in Persons With Complete Tetraplegia

0793 Accurate and reliable assessment of anaerobic power production provides important information regarding the ability to perform tasks requiring repeated bursts of muscular force. Arm Wingate anaerobic testing (WAnT), a 30-sec sprint on an arm cycle ergometer, has been found to be a reliable measure of upper extremity muscular power in persons without physical disabilities and in persons with paraplegia. PURPOSE: To examine test-retest reliability of arm WAnT performance in persons with complete cervical level spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: Forty five persons with motor complete SCI at levels C5-C7, performed two trials of WAnT. The study sample included three groups of 15 persons each at the C5, C6, and C7 levels of injury. Testing was performed using a Monark 834 E leg ergometer (Monark, Varberg, Sweden) attached to a table, foot pedals replaced with cushioned handgrips. The resistance load used during WAnT was 1%, 2%, and 3% of body mass for subjects in the C5, C6, and C7 groups, respectively. Power output during arm WAnT was determined by the SMI OptoSensor 2000 (Sports Medicine Industries, Inc., St. Cloud, MN, USA) hardware and software package. Measurements from testing included peak power (Ppk) and mean power (Pmn), which were compared between trials and between groups using two-way ANOVAs for repeated measures. Coefficients of determination (r2) were calculated between trials for Ppk and Pmn in each group. RESULTS: Results indicated significant differences between groups (C7>C6>C5) for both Ppk and Pmn, with no significant differences detected between trials for Ppk or Pmn. The r2 values between trials, for the three groups, ranged from 0.91 to .97 for Ppk and from .93 to .98 for Pmn. CONCLUSION: Upper extremity WAnT testing is a reliable outcome measure for assessment of anaerobic muscular power in persons with SCI tetraplegia.

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC KINETICS DURING SPEED SKATING COMPETITION

PURPOSE Prediction of speed skating performance with a power balance model requires assumptions about the kinetics of energy production, skating efficiency and skating technique during competitive events. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of aerobic and anaerobic energy production during simulated speed skating competition. METHODS Elite level speed skaters (n=8) performed a 1500m speed skating race and a submaximal efficiency test. External power output was calculated from video analysis together with aerodynamic models and ice friction measurements. The aerobic kinetics was calculated from breath-by-breath VO2. The mechanical equivalent of the aerobic power was calculated with the measured skating efficiency. The anaerobic kinetics was determined by subtracting the mechanical equivalent of the aerobic power from the external power output. RESULTS The skating efficiency was 0.158 (0.018). In the 1500m event, the kinetics of the anaerobic power production was characterized by a first order system as Pan=556 e−0.0494t + 88 (W). The rate constant for the increase in aerobic power was 0.153s−1, the time delay was 8.7s and the peak aerobic power was 331W; Paer=331 (1-e−0.153(t−8.7)) (W). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of the aerobic energy production is quite similar to that reported during simulated competition of cycling, running and kayaking, with the exception that the increase in aerobic power is more rapid. The pattern of the anaerobic energy production does not appear to fit an “all out” pattern, with near zero values during the last portion of the event, as assumed in our previous model, based on cycling experiments. The power balance model for speed skating needs to be revised according to the presented results.

The distribution of anaerobic energy in 1000 and 4000 metre cycling bouts.

In sprinting events of short duration, performance depends not only on the mean external power output and the frictional losses but also on the distribution of energy over the race. To investigate the optimal distribution of anaerobic energy during cycling the 1000 m time trial and the 4000 m pursuit, we simulated a power equation which contains expressions for the production of aerobic and anaerobic power, for frictional losses and for the rate of change of kinetic energy. Parameters for air- and rolling resistance were derived from the literature and the equations for aerobic and anaerobic power production were based on supra-maximal bicycle ergometer tests. Simulated lap and final times were compared to those realized by the best four athletes during the 1990 World Championships. The mean final times of these athletes of 64.1 s and 272.6 s for the 1000 m and 4000 m respectively were closely approximated by the simulated times of 63.7 s and 281.3 s. The simulations show that performance in the 1000 m race depends to a great extent on a large power output at the onset of the race. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this distance should be cycled in an all out fashion and not with a uniform velocity after the start despite the higher air frictional losses. For the 4000 m pursuit it appears to be more effective to perform a short but powerful start and then continue the race with a constant or only slightly decreasing power output.

A power equation for the sprint in speed skating

An analysis of the start of the 500 m speed skating races during the 1988 Olympic Winter Games showed a remarkably high correlation between the acceleration of the skater in the first second of the sprint and the final time ( r = −0.75). In this study a power equation is used to explain this high coefficient of correlation. The performance in speed skating is determined by the capability of external power production by the speed skater. This power is necessary to overcome the air and ice friction and to increase the kinetic energy of the skater. Numerical values of the power dissipated to air and ice friction, both dependent on speed, are obtained from ice friction and wind tunnel experiments. Using aerobic and anaerobic power production as measured during supra maximal bicycle tests of international-level speed skaters, a model of the kinetics of power production is obtained. Simulation of power production and power dissipation yields values of speed and acceleration and, finally, the performance time of the sprint during speed skating. The mean split time at 100 m and the final time at 500 m in these races, derived from simulation, were 10.57 s (±0.31) and 37.82 s (±0.96), respectively. The coefficient of correlation between the simulated 500 m times and the actual 500 m times was 0.90. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the distribution of the available anaerobic energy is an important factor in the short lasting events. For the same amount of anaerobic energy the better sprinters appear to be able to liberate considerably more energy at the onset of the race than skaters of lower performance level.

Within-cycle characteristics of the wheelchair push in sprinting on a wheelchair ergometer

To investigate power output and torque production in wheelchair sprinting, six able-bodied subjects performed nine 20-s sprint tests on a stationary wheelchair ergometer (load 0-8 kg). Ergometer data were analyzed and combined with kinematic data and surface electromyography. Of all power and torque parameters investigated, only maximal power output was independent of load (mean peak value 375 W, one-sided). Mean power output is suggested to be a useful indicator for anaerobic power production, but test conditions concerned speed in relation to handrim diameter should be specified. The relevance of the "mechanical constraint principle" for handrim propulsion is discussed. Within one cycle, power and torque curves showed a negative deflection at the beginning and a valley approximately halfway through the push phase. The relation of these phenomena to kinematic parameters and muscle activity is discussed.

A simulation of speed skating performances based on a power equation

Using kinetics of aerobic and anaerobic power production as measured during supramaximal bicycle tests of five speed skaters of international level, a model of the kinetics of power production during skating is obtained. Velocity time courses of a generalized speed skater were calculated for all Olympic distances (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m) by means of simulation of an equation of produced power, power dissipated to air and ice friction, and rate of change of kinetic energy of the skater. Different strategies of distribution of anaerobic energy during a race were compared. With a single equation it appeared to be possible to simulate the mean split and final times of the five distances realized during the Winter Olympics 1988 within an error which does not exceed 1.6% (mean error in final times: 0.8%). The results show that a fast acceleration (high initial power output) is crucial for the sprinting events (500 m and 1000 m). It is shown that this initial power output level is even more important than the total amount of energy available for a 500 m and 1000 m race. For the long distances the simulations show that skaters should combine a fast but short lasting start with a constant power output following the start in order to minimize air frictional losses.

Effect of Motor Dexterity and Approach Velocity on Anaerobic Power Production

To determine the effect of motor dexterity and velocity of approach on the measurement of anaerobic power, 60 trained men and 42 women were evaluated on the Margaria-Kalamen test and a low-box dexterity maneuver. Velocity through the 4-m acceleration zone preceding the stairs was measured using infrared cells. Results generally support the concept that dexterity makes a significant contribution to the ability to sprint up a flight of stairs for measuring power. Dexterity appeared to be more a factor in determining power output by women than by men. In men, approach speed and vertical velocity were more important factors in determining power production than dexterity.